电声脉冲法中脉冲对空间电荷分布测量的影响

首先阐述了目前已广泛应用的电声脉冲法(PEA)测量电介质中空间电荷的原理,介绍了一台新型的PEA空间电荷测量装置(其电脉冲幅值和宽度可调),并利用此装置在相同的测试条件下测量了相同的试样。研究发现:对固定厚度的传感器来讲,空间电荷分布信号随脉冲幅值增加而增加,且其波形随脉冲宽度增加而展宽和增强。最后根据PEA测量空间电荷的原理合理分析了上述的现象。     

Innovative PEA space charge measurement systems for industrial applications

This article introduces new space charge measurement systems developed in Japan using the pulsed electroacoustics (PEA) method. The new methods include two types of 3-D systems, two types of transient systems for extremely high or low temperature, a small PEA unit for a portable system, and a mountable PEA unit that can be applied to another facility, such as a vacuum chamber. These new PEA systems should expand the applicable research field.     

High‐sensitivity PEA system with dual‐polarity pulse generator

The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method has been widely used to observe space charge distributions in various solid dielectric materials. The sensitivity of the conventional PEA system is around 1C/m³. When the charge density is less than 1C/m³, however, it is difficult to obtain an accurate result because the signal due to the Maxwell stress becomes comparable with the signal to be measured. The Maxwell stress is generated by applying the pulsed electric field to the dielectrics, and independent from the existence of either induced charges by DC bias voltage or internal charges. In order to eliminate the influence of the Maxwell stress, we have developed a new PEA system with a dual‐polarity pulse generator. The system allows measurement space at a charge density of around 0.03C/m³. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(2): 1– 7, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20496     

脉冲电声法空间电荷测量中波形过冲的纠正

采用脉冲电声法(PEA)测量固体电介质中空间电荷的分布,由于测量系统的频带限制引起非线性相位失真和损耗,在测量波形中发生过冲现象,严重影响对空间电荷形成机理及分布的判断。通过对下电极、传感器以及放大器对波形畸变的研究,在信号有效频率范围内,建立了信号的过冲纠正模型,采用Matlab软件方法实现信号的补偿,对过冲的波形进行重建和纠正,提高了所测波形的准确度,最大程度地再现真实的电荷分布信息。处理结果表明:电荷分布波形中的过冲畸变可以得到很好地纠正。     

改进电声脉冲法的交流空间电荷测量新方法

提出一种交流电压下的电声脉冲法空间电荷测试新方法。采用电脉冲作为触发源,利用数字示波器的长存储功能同时获取空间电荷信号和高压交流电压信号,从而避免了传统交流空间电荷测试方法的硬件同步。通过调整脉冲发生器的频率可获取不同相位下的高压交流下的空间电荷响应,并通过平均若干个交流周期的空间电荷信号获得足够信噪比的相位相关的空间电荷信号。通过对低密度聚乙烯工频50 Hz下的空间电荷测量结果表明,在交流电场下,下电极附近区域会形成异号电荷;与传统的交流空间电荷测量系统相比,由于测量时间得到很大程度缩短空间电荷信息能够最大限度保存,并且新系统较老系统有更高的相位分辨率,空间电荷衰减图形更能逼真的反映电荷动态变化。     

Phase-resolved pulsed electro-acoustic technique to detect space charge in solid dielectrics subjected to AC voltage

The PEA technique has been modified to study the space charge development in solid dielectrics subjected to AC electric field. Narrow (5 ns) electrical pulses are applied at various phase angles of the AC waveform. Special software, developed to precisely synchronize the pulse generator with the high voltage supply, applied the narrow pulses at 0deg phase angle and then in steps of 10deg till 360deg. By processing the PEA data at various phase angles of the AC waveform, without resorting to complex mathematical analysis, the electric field at which charges are injected into the polymeric insulation was determined. The phase resolved PEA technique can also provide the dynamics of space charge development under AC fields     

Three-dimensional PEA charge measurement system

The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method already has been used widely to measure the space charge distribution in the pulsed electric field direction of sheet specimens. We have developed a new PEA measurement system which can observe the space charge distribution in three dimensions. Since the PEA system is not damaged if the specimen breaks down, the new PEA system can measure the space charge distribution of dielectric materials safely and nondestructively within a short time     

全尺寸直流电缆脉冲电声法（PEA）空间电荷测量系统设计及声信号衰减与色散补偿

脉冲电声法（PEA）空间电荷测量是交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘直流电缆材料选型与评价的主要技术手段,被广泛应用于直流电缆薄膜试样。但应用该方法测量厚尺寸平板试样和大尺寸同轴试样以研究材料体效应对空间电荷的影响时,声波信号在材料中传播时的衰减与色散将直接影响电荷密度测量的精度和空间分辨率。提出了在空间电荷校准过程中利用理论计算直流电场的方法确定内外电极表面的电容电荷密度,然后计算确定在绝缘介质中传播的脉冲声波信号传递函数（该函数含有衰减和色散系数）,再对原始信号进行反卷积分运算以去除系统响应。在频域利用测量信号乘以传递函数获得脉冲声波信号经过衰减、色散恢复后的信号,从而保证大尺寸直流电缆试样测量中电荷密度及空间分辨率的测量精度。同时,设计了全尺寸直流电缆空间电荷测量系统,并在LabVIEW环境下开发了数据采集与处理系统。     

脉冲电声法空间电荷测量波形恢复的数据处理

采用脉冲电声法（PEA）测量固体电介质中空间电荷的分布时，由于受介质特性和系统硬件的影响，测量波形会发生畸变。文中用高斯函数模拟低场强下界面电荷波形衰减前后峰形的变化，建立了波形衰减模型。把介质的衰减因子看作一个传导矩阵，获得了恢复整个介质中空间电荷分布曲线的方程式。通过对信号在介质和放大器中传输过程的分析和建模，以Matlab软件对实测波形进行了恢复。结果表明：在电荷分布波形中电极A处的峰值可恢复到90％，而且被掩盖的异极性电荷得以显现。     

Comparison between the PEA method and the PWP method for spacecharge measurement in solid dielectrics

The principles of both pulsed electro acoustic (PEA) and pressure wave propagation (PWP) methods for measuring the space charge distributions in solid dielectrics are summarized. The relationship between the charge distribution in a specimen and voltage signal of the PEA method or the current signal of the PWP method are expressed in the time and frequency domains. Furthermore, the calibration method of the amount of accumulated charge density using deconvolution techniques is described for both methods. To compare these two methods, PMMA samples with and without space charge are measured using both methods. In addition, the electric field and electric potential distributions are calculated and discussed. The experimental results obtained using both methods are almost the same     

基于电声脉冲法的空间电荷测量装置

为了从微观角度分析绝缘材料老化和击穿的原因,研制了一套基于电声脉冲法(PEA)直接测量聚合物中空间电荷分布的试验装置。分析了电声脉冲法测量空间电荷的原理;设计了一种基于测试系传递函数的陡脉冲(幅值600V,脉宽10ns),以消除由系统硬件引起的过冲;讨论了各种干扰对测量结果的影响,设计了前置宽带高频小信号放大电路(增益34dB,带宽340MHz)和压电传感器。试验表明,该测量装置的分辨率可达到30μm,输出波形能直接反映试样中空间电荷分布,避免了复杂的数学处理,并以此装置实测了变频电机绝缘用聚酰亚胺膜中空间电荷的分布。     

Pulsed electroacoustic method for measurement of chargeaccumulation in solid dielectrics

This paper describes the principle of the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method, which was developed a few years ago for profiling the space charge distribution in an acoustically homogeneous solid material. Initially the PEA method could indicate the space charge distribution in the materials only indirectly. Some data processing, for example deconvolution, was necessary to obtain the charge profile. Some very important improvements were made recently to the PEA method which eliminated the need for deconvolution. This paper describes the latest improvements and the practical construction of the detecting electrode system under which the output signal is linearly proportional to the space charge distribution. Nowadays the PEA method can be used to measure the space charge distribution with or without DC electrical stress, not only in free-standing dielectric plates but also directly in coaxial cables     

基于脉冲电声法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术的研究进展

空间电荷现象严重制约着高压直流塑料电缆的发展。目前,脉冲电声法（pulse electric acoustic,PEA）是国际上常用的测量固体电介质中空间电荷分布的非破坏性的方法之一。首先从高压脉冲的注入方式出发,简述了几种基于PEA法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术;同时,提出了一种基于高压脉冲从测量电极注入电缆试样的改进测量装置,在该装置中通过蓄电池、环氧底座以及光电转换器等将采集数据的示波器进行对地隔离,从而提高了测量系统测量信号的频带宽度;然后,介绍了同轴塑料电缆空间电荷波形的恢复方法;最后,概述了空间电荷测量技术在评估电力电缆老化程度中的应用和未来在线测量空间电荷的可行性及发展方向。     

Analysis and discussion on conduction current based on simultaneousmeasurement of TSC and space charge distribution

A new analysis of conduction current distributed in dielectrics based on simultaneous measurements of thermally stimulated current (TSC) and time dependent space charge distribution is proposed. A new system pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method has been developed to enable simultaneous measurement of the TSC and the dynamic space charge and electric field distributions as a function of temperature within insulators. With the new system, the relationship between the TSC and the time dependent electric field distribution in electron beam (e-beam) irradiated PMMA has been investigated. From the time dependent electric field, the displacement current in dielectrics is obtained. The TSC is a typical external current which is represented as an addition of the displacement current and a conduction current in dielectrics. This paper makes it clear that the conduction current as a function of position is determined by the simultaneous measurement of the external current and the dynamic space charge distribution     

Space charge behavior under ac voltage in water-treed PE observedby the PEA method

The pulsed electroacoustic method (PEA) has been applied to observe space charge formation under ac application (7 kV_pk, 50, 0.1 and 0.001 Hz) in water-treed polyethylene samples in order to understand the degradation mechanism of water trees. A system with phase-resolving capability has been developed to measure the space charge distribution at any phase angle of the applied ac voltage. By comparing the observed charge distributions with theoretically predicted ones, it has been shown that the interfacial polarization due to the difference in conductivity between the treed and the regions without trees dominate the space charge behavior. It has become clear that the PEA method can be a powerful nondestructive method for evaluating water tree length     

Space charge measurement techniques and space charge inpolyethylene

Recently, several new techniques such as LIPP, PIPS, PEA and TP methods have been developed to measure directly the space charge distributions in insulating polymers. Many papers have been published on space charge in insulating materials. In this paper, the space charge measurement techniques and space charge in polyethylene are reviewed. The space charge distributions in polyethylene depend strongly upon additives (antioxidants, antistatic agents, etc.), oxidation products, byproducts from the crosslinking reaction (acetophenone, etc.). Some of them enhance electron (or hole) injection from the electrode and, as a result, homo space charge is formed. Ionic carriers are supplied from some impurities to form hetero space charge. Space charge distributions are also sensitive to the electrode material and the interface between different materials. From the space charge behavior observed, the space charge effects on the high-field conduction and breakdown phenomena have been discussed quantitatively and some of the high-field phenomena in polyethylene have been elucidated     

基于预失真算法的任意波形发生器校准的研究

任意波发生器由于其可编程生成任意信号的特性,是信号与系统研究中的常用理想信号源,对其进行可溯源的校准是非常重要的。构建了由任意波形发生器、电缆、转接头、数字示波器和计算机组成的校准系统,采用预失真算法实现了对任意波形发生器的可溯源校准。预失真校准方法是基于补偿的思想,首先加载一个仿真的理想信号到任意波形发生器,由示波器进行可溯源测量,测量的信号包含了任意波形发生器和传输器件的失真,这个失真可以通过测量信号与理想信号的差值计算出来,根据这个失真对加载到任意波发生器的理想信号进行调整,最终实现了任意波形发生器的可溯源校准,使输入到示波器的信号成为一个理想信号。这是一个迭代过程,设计了迭代结束条件,即直至接近数字示波器的测量精度为止。为了验证校准方法的有效性,将50个等幅恒相的正弦波叠加而成的合成信号加载至任意波形发生器,经3次迭代,其相对误差的最大值从10.408 9%减小到2.305 3%。这表明研究的校准方法是有效的,校准后的任意波形发生器信号源系统可作为一个标准信号源,用于测量仪表的校准。     

High repetition rate PEA system for in-situ space charge measurement during breakdown tests

In order to investigate transient space charge phenomena, it is essential that the space charge profile be observed at a high repetition rate. We have developed a new space charge measurement system using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method, which can measure the space charge profiles every 10 /spl mu/s. It employs the most recent digitising oscilloscope model and a semiconductor switch. The effect of prestressing on impulse breakdown voltage of a low-density polyethylene sheet was investigated by using the new system. Experimental results suggest that positive charge injection was dominant immediately before the breakdown, and charge injection during the prestressing causes distortion of the electric field near the electrode, and enhances the subsequent charge injection due to the impulse voltage.     

固体电介质中空间电荷测试系统的设计

介绍了自主制作的用于平板型试品的电声脉冲法(PEA)空间电荷测量原理和测试系统系统。着重介绍了系统的原理和硬件结构以及相应的重要参数。本套测量系统的优点是:结构紧凑,测量精度较高,对于PE类材料中的空间电荷分布可以很好的进行测量。     

Space charge measurements on multi-dielectrics by means of the pulsed electroacoustic method

The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is now widely accepted as one of the most simple and effective techniques for the measurement of the dynamic space charge distribution in solid dielectrics. Recently, the PEA method has been applied also to laminar test objects composed of two or more layers of different dielectrics (multi-dielectrics). However, when a multi-dielectric is tested by means of the PEA method, the different acoustic and electric properties of the materials affect the detected space charge signal. In this paper, the principle of the PEA technique is reviewed in case the test object is a multi-dielectric. The generation, transmission and reflection of electrically-induced acoustic waves are described. Based on the proposed approach, results of PEA measurements performed on various kinds of multi-dielectrics are presented and discussed.