净水厂生物活性炭池无脊椎动物群落结构研究

调查了南方某净水厂生物活性炭(BAC)池中无脊椎动物的群落结构周年变化.共发现无脊椎动物26种(属或类).轮虫为优势类群,其次为桡足类及其无节幼体、枝角类、寡毛类.调查期间BAC池炭总管水中无脊椎动物的平均丰度是主臭氧后水的8.2倍,炭滤后水中无脊椎动物的平均丰度是炭滤前水的12～18.7倍.研究结果表明,BAC池是无脊椎动物滋生的重要场所.春夏两季BAC池中无脊椎动物增长较快,水温升高对BAC池中无脊椎动物滋生起促进作用.夏季和其他时期分别以桡足类和轮虫占据优势,存在着小型无脊椎动物(轮虫)向大型无脊椎动物(桡足类)演替的现象.     

生物活性炭滤池水生动物的控制研究

研究了生物活性炭(BAC)滤池中的水生动物种类组成、干池对其生长的影响和干池后各类水生生物的变化规律.结果表明:①BAC滤池炭滤后水体中轮虫种类和数量最多,优势种为单趾腔轮属(Monostyla),桡足类优势种为完美美丽猛水蚤(Nitocra pietschmanni),寡毛类为(顠)体虫(Aeolosoma);炭层附着水生生物中轮虫占59%～100%,线虫占0～41%.②干池4 d后炭滤后水和炭层附着水生动物密度明显低于干池前,炭滤后水中水生动物总数、轮虫、桡足类及炭层附着水生动物总数分别减少了83.8%、85%和67%、69%.③干池后不同水生动物的生长规律不尽相同.轮虫增长最为明显,其次为桡足类、寡毛类和线虫,炭层附着生物在44 d内增长均不明显.④干池能够提高BAC滤池对CODMn的去除率.因此干池是一种控制BAC滤池水生动物密度的有效措施.     

生物活性炭滤池中无脊椎动物孳生问题与对策

以南方A、B两座臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理水厂为研究对象,探讨了生物活性炭滤池中无脊椎动物的来源及其生长繁殖特点.研究表明,生物活性炭滤池在运行过程中会孳生无脊椎动物,轮虫是无脊椎动物的绝对优势类群,其次是甲壳类浮游动物.在取水口或泵站采用氯等化学药剂灭活原水中的甲壳类动物,是控制生物在水处理系统繁殖和穿透的重要措施;优化砂滤池的运行参数并加强管理,控制生物进入生物活性炭滤池,是解决甲壳类动物穿透的根本途径.对于生物活性炭中孳生的甲壳类浮游动物,可采用药剂反冲洗和药剂浸泡进行去除和灭活.     

官厅水库浮游动物调查与水质评价

通过调查官厅水库不同样站浮游动物的生态状况，对官厅水库的水质污染进行评价。本次调查共检测到浮游动物105种，隶属于67个属。其中原生动物最多，共计59种，其次是轮虫35种，枝角类6种，桡足类及其无节幼虫5种。浮游动物在数量上具有原生动物占绝对优势，轮虫次之，枝角类与桡足类数量较少的特点。浮游动物的优势种群有急游虫Strombidiumuiride、螺形龟甲轮虫 Keratella cohlearis、矩形龟甲轮虫 Keratella quadrata、沟渠异足猛水蚤Canthocamptus staphylinus等。官厅水库浮游动物较丰富，大部分库区水体为中等污染，野鸭湖水体水质要优于官厅水库水体水质。     

黄河干流玛多段后生浮游动物群落结构研究

为研究黄河源后生浮游动物群落分布特征及其与环境因子的响应关系,于2016年8月、10月和2017年5月、8月、10月分别对黄河干流玛多段5个站点后生浮游动物群落结构和环境因子进行了调查分析。结果表明:①共监测到后生浮游动物62种,其中轮虫45种、枝角类10种、桡足类7种。②后生浮游动物种类和密度呈现出不同的季节变化趋势,种类数在10月最大,8月次之,5月最小;密度组成在8月最大,10月次之,5月最小。③根据后生浮游动物优势种组成,利用指示生物法进行河流水质评价,目前玛多段水体清洁、水质状况优良。④后生浮游动物优势种群落组成与环境因子的CCA结果显示,玛多段后生浮游动物群落结构分布主要受水体pH值、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数以及温度的影响。     

三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物群落结构与水质评价

为研究青海三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物群落结构特征,分别于2017年5月初、8月初和9月底对三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物和主要水质指标进行了3次调查,分析了研究区的浮游动物种类结构、密度组成,并运用优势种指示法评价了水质情况。结果表明:3次共检出浮游动物98种。其中原生动物23种,占浮游动物总物种数的23.4%;轮虫51种,占52.0%;枝角类14种,占14.3%;桡足类10种,占10.2%。浮游动物种类密度介于0～3 201 ind./L,整体上呈现9月8月5月的情况。各监测断面水质状态优良,水体清洁。研究初步摸清了三江源重点河段湖泊浮游动物的背景值,可为该区域的水生态保护提供基础资料。     

浙江5座水源水库浮游动物调查及水质评价

为研究浙江5座水源水库浮游动物群落结构特征及水质状况,分别于2014年8月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)对浮游动物的群落组成、优势种、密度、生物量和多样性进行了调查分析。共鉴定出浮游动物53种,包括原生动物14种、轮虫18种、枝角类9种、桡足类12种,优势种为台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclopstaihokuensis)。水源水库物种年均密度和生物量分别为1088.85 ind./L和1.1 mg/L,丰水期(1869.49 ind./L和1.85 mg/L)明显高于枯水期(308.22 ind./L和0.35 mg/L)。运用香农威纳指数H'、Margalef物种丰富度指数d_M和Pielou均匀度指数J对5座中型水源水库综合评价,结果显示总体水质为清洁-轻污染水平,丰水期水质明显好于枯水期。     

饮用水系统中无脊椎动物问题研究

综述了自20世纪初至今的一百多年来,无脊椎动物在世界各地饮用水系统中出现的案例及其相关的研究趋势,并对从原水到输配管网的不同流程中无脊椎动物种类和丰度进行了总结和分析。纵观整个饮用水系统,可以看出无脊椎动物的种类数量整体呈"沙漏型"分布,即在原水和供水管网中发现了较水处理工艺中更多的种类;而无脊椎动物数量呈"倒金字塔型"分布,整体呈下降的趋势,但经颗粒活性炭过滤后,无脊椎动物的数量可能再次上升。伴随着无脊椎动物出现在饮用水系统中,由其引发的问题研究一直延续至今,从感官及卫生安全的角度对无脊椎动物孳生带来的问题进行了综述,饮用水中无脊椎动物的存在在很大程度上被供水单位看作是"美学问题",而研究者逐渐意识到并更加关注无脊椎动物对病原生物的迁移和保护所产生的健康风险。在综述前人研究的基础上,对未来相关领域的研究方向进行了讨论和展望。     

长荡湖浮游动物群落结构特征及影响因子分析

为了解长荡湖浮游动物群落结构特征以及与环境因子的关系,于2016年1～12月对长荡湖浮游动物和水质理化指标进行监测、分析。结果显示:长荡湖浮游动物共有48属74种,其中原生动物17属23种,占总种类的31.1%;轮虫15属30种,占总种类的40.5%;枝角类8属10种,占总种类的13.5%;桡足类8属11种,占总种类的14.9%。小型浮游动物(轮虫、原生动物)的生物数量和种类所占比例较高,而大型浮游动物(甲壳动物)所占比例较低。浮游动物生物密度年均为2653.6 ind./L,生物量年均为3.7027 mg/L。Pearson相关性分析表明:水温与角突臂尾轮虫、简弧象鼻溞和广布中剑水蚤呈极显著的正相关关系;p H与多肢轮虫呈显著的正相关关系,与钟形钟虫呈显著的负相关关系。     

南水北调后密云水库浮游动物多样性及水生态环境评价

采用野外生态学方法,于2016—2018年(每年6月和9月)研究了北京密云水库浮游动物多样性和重金属生态风险,并对水库生态健康状况进行了评价。结果表明:密云水库浮游动物共检出4类113种,平均密度为4 497ind./L,平均生物量为7.50mg/L。优势种为针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)和台湾温剑水蚤(Cyclops taihokuensis)(桡足幼体)。浮游动物生物量以枝角类和桡足类为主,但种类和密度仍以原生动物和轮虫为主。浮游生物多样性良好,显示水体轻污染或无污染,但浮游动物小型化和优势种均显示有富营养化加剧的可能。水体中重金属均处在国家标准Ⅰ类,密云水库可作为优质水源。沉积物中重金属Cu、 Cd浓度明显减少,但Pb、 Cr、 As浓度明显增加,其中As浓度显著增加,并且潜在生态风险最高。总之,南水北调后,密云水库浮游动物群落结构复杂,在种类组成和数量上变化明显,多样性和均匀性均较好,但仍预示着潜在的富营养化风险;水体和沉积物中仍存在氮磷和沉积物中重金属偏高的问题,水库控制富营养化仍不容忽视。     

Investigation of microbial safety of a full-scale ozonation and biological activated carbon process under high humidity and temperature conditions

Microbial safety of a full-scale ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) process was investigated by examining pathogens, microbial community and particle counts, with emphasis on the BAC effluent. The process is located at South China, where the average humidity and air temperature were 70-80% and 22-24 °C, respectively. A high diversity of microbial community existed on the BAC media. Three types of dominant bacteria were identified, including Chryseobacterium indologenes, Bacillus brevis and Pseudomonas stutzeri, accounting for 90-95% of total bacteria number. As to pathogenic bacteria and viruses, an opportunistic pathogen, Bacillus cereus, was detected on the BAC. Six types of invertebrates were also observed on the medium, including rotifer, cyclops, nematode, clodecera, nauplius and blood worm. Diversity and number of invertebrates in the BAC effluent were higher than those in the BAC influent. Particle counts were generally less than 50 CNT/mL, with the maximum of 500 CNT/mL during the initial filtration stage after backwashing.     

Control of disinfection byproduct formation in Feng-Shan reservoir by the traditional treatment processes plus O3-pilot-plant test.

Two processes in the pilot plant were studied and compared to reduce the disinfection byproduct risk of the potable finished water of Feng-shan treatment utility in Taiwan. For 5 months study, two processes have both demonstrated to achieve a significant removal on the organic precursors of DBPs, including NPDOC and A-254. With the analysis of molecular weight distribution of organics in raw water, the study found the post ozonation plus BAC can provide additional enhancement in degrading organic contents. A process of coagulation/sedimentation/rapid sand filtration/post ozonation/BAC would be suggested as the advanced treatment process improving the supply quality of Feng-shan utility.     

组合工艺控制有机物及消毒副产物前体物的特性研究

通过XAD-8树脂将水中有机物分成疏水性、亲水性两部分,对传统常规处理工艺(混凝气浮、过滤)和深度处理工艺(臭氧氧化、生物活性炭)出水的DOC,UV254THMFP,HAAFP指标以及疏水、亲水有机物去除率进行了检测分析。结果表明,生物活性炭(BAC)单元工艺能同时去除疏水性和亲水性两种有机物,且两者去除率均为最高。其次去除效果较好的是传统的常规工艺。臭氧工艺具有将天然的疏水性有机物氧化成可生化降解的亲水性小分子有机物的特点,在预臭氧+常规以及O3-BAC组合工艺中,起到了强化去除有机物和消毒副产物前体物的效果。     

Invertebrate communities of former southern moravian floodplains (Czechoslovakia) and impacts of regulation

The natural hydrobiological conditions of southern Moravian floodplains have been drastically altered by regulation of the lower Dyje river and its tributaries. Natural floodplains were characterized by temporary pools and swamps, each inhabited by a typical community of aquatic invertebrates, and permanent water bodies (rivers and abandoned channels). Some aquatic taxa migrated onto ‘terrestrial’ localities during flood periods. Following regulation, floods were eliminated and most of the wet floodplain habitats disappeared, together with their typical species. The results of faunistic studies carried out in different permanent and temporary water bodies of the floodplains are reviewed. Altogether 188 taxa of planktonic and 206 taxa of benthic and semiplanktonic animals have been recorded. Of the planktonic community, rotifers (96 taxa) and copepods (41 taxa) have very favourable conditions for their development, especially in the spring. The main season for cladocera (53 taxa) development (summer) is less favourable due to the short duration of flooding (in flooded meadows) or poor oxygen conditions (in temporary pools with a high content of decaying organic matter). Among the zoobenthos, mainly facultative aquatic macroinvertebrates (larvae of insects) appear in these localities.     

Synergistic effect of biological activated carbon and enhanced coagulation in secondary wastewater effluent treatment

The use of secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE) is an essential strategy for making better use of limited water resources. However, a wide range of organic compounds eventually renders them unsuitable for recycling. In water treatment processes, biologically activated carbon (BAC) is adopted after physicochemical treatment. However, the effectiveness of such combination for SWWE remains poorly understood. This study investigates the effectiveness of various combinations: BAC/enhanced coagulation (EC) or EC/BAC, especially in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. The results showed that distinct advantage could be obtained by adopting BAC/EC combination rather than EC/BAC, as microbes in BAC not only remove non-coagulable compounds but also synergize the removal efficiency by releasing some coagulable humic substances.     

Significance of bacteria associated with invertebrates in drinking water distribution networks.

The implication of invertebrates found in drinking water distribution networks to public health is of concern to water utilities. Previous studies have shown that the bacteria associated with the invertebrates could be potentially pathogenic to humans. This study investigated the level and identity of bacteria commonly associated with invertebrates collected from the drinking water treatment systems as well as from the main pipelines leaving the treatment works. On all sampling occasions bacteria were isolated from the invertebrate samples collected. The highest bacterial counts were observed for the samples taken before filtration as was expected. There were, however, indications that optimal removal of invertebrates from water did not always occur. During the investigation, 116 colonies were sampled for further identification. The isolates represent several bacterial genera and species that are pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens of humans. Diarrhoea, meningitis, septicaemia and skin infections are among the diseases associated with these organisms. The estimated number of bacteria that could be associated with a single invertebrate (as based on average invertebrate numbers) could range from 10 to 4000 bacteria per organism. It can, therefore, be concluded that bacteria associated with invertebrates might under the worst case scenario pose a potential health risk to water users. In the light of the above findings it is clear that invertebrates in drinking water should be controlled at levels as low as technically and economically feasible.     

先导式泄压阀水力瞬变的仿真

先导式泄压阀是一种先进的防水击危害的智能水力装置,具有根据管道水压的变化自动做出开启或者关闭的功能.本文建立泄压阀水力瞬变流量、水压与泄压阀开度的函数关系,提出泄压阀主阀开度响应水压变化的递进模型,并设计出计算机数值仿真先导式泄压阀响应水压变化的动作过程的方法和程序.最后,以实际工程为例,研究了管道承受负压的能力,以及...     

Flooding frequency and invertebrate emergence from dry floodplain sediments of the river murray,Australia

Regulation of lowland rivers often alienates large areas of the floodplain, altering the natural regime of flooding frequency, duration, and magnitude. The extent to which such changes alter the productivity of river-floodplain ecosystems and the contribution of aquatic invertebrates emerging from dry floodplain sediments is unknown. To examine this in a section of the River Murray in South Australia, fourteen replicate sods of dry sediment collected from four areas of the floodplain that had experienced different average flood recurrence frequencies (annually, 1 in 7, 1 in 11, and 1 in 22 years) were inundated in the laboratory, simulating flooding. Invertebrates emerging from the dry sediments were sampled with replacement 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after inundation, enabling comparisons of temporal changes in faunal composition and biomass. The greatest biomass and numbers of invertebrates emerged from annually-flooded sods whereas sediments usually flooded once in 22 years yielded only protozoans. Large numbers of cladocerans and rotifers were recorded within two days of inundation whereas ostracods were not numerous until two weeks later. Heterogeneity in faunal composition and biomass among replicates probably reflected patchiness in microtopography and resting stage settlement, and variable hatching ‘strategies’. Although experimental conditions rapidly diverged from the natural situation over time because of the unrealistic constraints of enclosure, results suggest a potentially significant contribution by emergent invertebrates to the newly-inundated floodplain foodweb. Reducing floodplain inundation frequency through regulation and flood mitigation probably severely reduces this reserve, removing a food resource for young fish and other predators.     

广州蓄能电站高压钢筋砼岔管现场模拟试验洞设计

广州抽水蓄能电站高压钢筋砼岔管现场模拟试验洞是一项大型的试验科研项目,它主要为广州抽水蓄能电站高压钢筋砼岔管服务。该文介绍这一现场模拟试验洞的试验目的、结构设计、观测设计及压水试验要求等方面的问题。