多指标正交实验优化可发性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂的制备

用己内酰胺作改性剂,通过正交实验设计考察了甲醛和三聚氰胺摩尔比(F/M)、溶液pH值、反应温度(T)和反应时间(t)对可发性三聚氰胺甲醛(MF)树脂的储存期、固含量、黏度、MF泡沫密度及泡孔尺寸均匀性的影响,运用综合评分法和综合平衡法对正交实验结果进行了分析,得出最优水平组合:F/M=2.5,pH=8.0,T=90℃,t=60min。最优条件下合成的MF树脂可发泡性良好,制得的泡沫性能优良。     

甲醛/三聚氰胺配比对三聚氰胺甲醛泡沫塑料性能的影响研究

三聚氰胺和甲醛在温度为85～95℃、氢氧化钠为催化剂、持续反应3～4h的条件下,可反应生成一种固含量≥65%、化学性能相对稳定的三聚氰胺甲醛树脂。以这种树脂为基体,加入乳化剂、固化剂和发泡剂,经发泡工艺制备出三聚氰胺甲醛泡沫塑料。研究了甲醛/三聚氰胺的摩尔配比(F/M)对可发性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂的物理性能、有毒物质残余量、机械性能的影响,以及与树脂可发性的关系。结果表明,当F/M=3.0时,可发性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂的固含量为69%;黏度为1 280 mPa.s;抗弯曲强度为305.6 kPa;氧指数为40.5%;热释放速率为0.15 kW/m2;烟灰产率仅为2.1 m2/m2;峰值CO产量为0.0292 kg/kg。     

改性剂对低压短周期三聚氰胺甲醛树脂性能的影响

将己内酰胺、丙三醇、二甘醇和工业蔗糖等用作低压短周期三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(MF)的改性剂,并研究了各种改性剂对MF的固含量、缩聚时间及树脂储存稳定性的影响。试验结果表明:己内酰胺改性MF的固含量最高,缩聚时间为140～190min,树脂储存期最长(提高7d以上);丙三醇(或二甘醇)改性MF的固含量较高,缩聚时间为75～150min,树脂储存期提高5d左右;工业蔗糖改性MF的固含量最低,缩聚时间为50～105min,反应剧烈,不易控制,树脂储存期最短(提高3d左右);工业蔗糖的投料方式对树脂储存期影响较大,其他三种改性剂的投料方式对树脂储存期影响不大。     

低醛三聚氰胺树脂的制备与工艺研究

以三聚氰胺(M)、甲醛(F)和乙二醇(EG)为主要原料,三乙醇胺为催化剂,己内酰胺、H2O2为甲醛吸收剂,采用低n(F)∶n(M)比例、乙二醇醚化MF(三聚氰胺-甲醛)树脂、三聚氰胺分次加料和添加甲醛吸收剂等手段,制备MF树脂。研究结果表明:当n(F)∶n(M)=2.5∶1、n(EG)∶n(M)=2.0∶1、pH值为8～9、反应温度为80℃、三聚氰胺分次加料量为50∶40∶10(质量比)和n(己内酰胺)∶n(H2O2)∶n(甲醛)=10∶5∶100时,制成的MF树脂具有相对较低的游离甲醛含量(0.13%)和相对较长的储存稳定期(>120 d)。     

三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂工艺条件对体系游离甲醛含量的影响研究

本文采用"弱碱-弱酸-弱碱"工艺,以三聚氰胺为改性剂,制备了脲醛树脂胶粘剂,考察了甲醛与尿素摩尔比、出料p H值、三聚氰胺用量、尿素投料次数对UF树脂胶粘剂中游离甲醛含量的影响。结果表明,当U/F摩尔比为1.2、三聚氰胺改性剂用量2.5%、尿素分3批次投料时,合成的UF稳定性最好,UF中游离甲醛的含量为0.14%。     

改善模塑料性能的苯酚改性蜜胺树脂的制备

采用苯酚对三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF)进行改性,研究了3种原料(苯酚、三聚氰胺和甲醛)不同配比下的合成产物的模塑料性能,优选出低酚摩尔分数(8%)的用于模塑料加工的苯酚改性蜜胺树脂(PMF)。该树脂中甲醛与三聚氰胺的物质的量比(F1/M)为1.75∶1,甲醛与苯酚的物质的量比(F2/P)为1.7∶1,甲醛和苯酚的物质的量之和与三聚氰胺物质的量比((F1+F2+P)/M)为2.5∶1。该树脂可提高模塑料的加工性能,降低加工能量损耗,改善制品的模塑性和耐冲击性。     

MUF MF共缩合改性树脂胶黏剂的研究

同时采用共聚和共混的方法,合成了一种脲醛-三聚氰胺甲醛复合树脂胶黏剂。研究了合成工艺、三聚氰胺用量、MF与MUF共混比例对胶黏剂性能的影响。结果表明,反应后期加入5%三聚氰胺改性MUF树脂,MUF和MF树脂按M/U为40%共混时,共混树脂游离甲醛含量较低,耐水性能优良,综合性能较好。     

乙二醇体系下三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂的合成与表征

以乙二醇(EG)为溶剂,三聚氰胺(M)和多聚甲醛(F)为主要原料,氢氧化钾和三乙醇胺为催化剂,合成了三聚氰胺-甲醛(MF)树脂。采用红外光谱(IR)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、核磁共振(13C-NMR)、热重分析等对EG在MF树脂中的反应机理以及MF树脂的热性能进行了分析。研究表明:乙二醇可以与羟甲基化后的三聚氰胺反应,形成亚甲基桥和醚键结构。当m(EG)∶m(M+F)=0.6∶1、n(F)∶n(M)=2.5∶1、pH值为9~10、反应温度为95℃时,合成的MF树脂固体质量分数高(90.2%)、游离甲醛低(0.51%)、储存稳定性好(240 d)。树脂的热失重温度约为345℃,800℃残炭率为17.24%。     

三聚氰胺/纳米TiO_2联合改性脲醛树脂胶粘剂研究

以甲醛、尿素为原料,纳米TiO_2和三聚氰胺为改性剂,采用"碱-酸-碱"的合成工艺合成脲醛树脂,并对三聚氰胺/纳米TiO_2联合改性脲醛树脂工艺进行优化。研究结果表明:当纳米TiO_2用量不变,脲醛树脂的黏度、固含量、胶合强度随三聚氰胺加入量增加而增大,而固化时间和游离甲醛含量则呈现出相反的变化趋势;添加w(三聚氰胺)=1.5%(相对于尿素添加质量而言)改性后的脲醛树脂游离甲醛含量为0.41%,耐水胶合强度为1.25 MPa,对不同配比的甲醛/尿素(F/U)脲醛树脂,三聚氰胺/纳米TiO_2联合改性性能相似;改性后的脲醛树脂及纳米TiO_2能够均匀分布于木材表面,以保证较好的胶合强度和联合改性效果。     

干法制备高醚化三聚氰胺树脂

以三聚氰胺及甲醛等为原料,采用干法制备"低甲醛、高固含、高稳定性"的环保型高醚化三聚氰胺树脂,并对各反应阶段物料配比、温度、p H等多种影响因素进行了探讨,确定了最佳的制备条件。研究结果表明,当羟甲基化反应阶段n(三聚氰胺)∶n(甲醛)=1∶10,反应温度为75℃,p H=9.0,反应时间为50 min,醚化反应阶段n(六羟甲基三聚氰胺,即HMM)∶n(醇)=1∶10,反应温度为65℃,p H=5.5时,制成的高醚化三聚氰胺树脂固含量高达90%以上,羟甲基含量可达51.4%,且游离甲醛含量低于0.3%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。