焊后时效热处理对6063铝合金CMT焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用5183铝合金焊丝为填充材料对6063铝合金板材进行协同脉冲冷金属过渡焊(CMT),并对焊接接头分别进行530℃1 h+170℃(4 h,8 h,12 h)的焊后固溶+时效热处理.以焊接接头为研究对象,重点对比分析了时效热处理时间(4 h,8 h,12 h)对焊缝和热影响区的显微组织、显微硬度及力学性能的影响.结果...     

焊后热处理对AA7075铝合金DP-MIG焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用双脉冲熔化极精性气体保护焊（DP-MIG）工艺方法焊接AA7075-T651铝合金,焊接试板采用固溶处理（480℃×50 min）后水淬,再进行（80℃×24 h）+（120℃×24 h）两级人工时效热处理,通过金相观察、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析、拉伸试验以及硬度测试,研究焊后热处理（PWHT）工艺对焊接接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝区经热处理后,晶粒由枝晶向等轴晶转变,晶界处非平衡第二相溶解,晶界变细,焊缝显微组织特性改善明显;焊接接头经热处理后,抗拉强度由342.5 MPa提高到490 MPa,接头强度系数为0.872,焊缝软化区硬度得到较大改善,焊接接头力学性能有显著提升.     

Al-Mg-Si铝合金6061焊接接头组织软化与强化机理

通过拉伸、硬度试验以及金相分析,对铝合金6061焊接接头的软化和强化机理进行了研究。结果表明:热处理前焊接接头强度为175 MPa,经(525±5)℃×2 h固溶+(165~175)℃×8 h时效热处理后,焊接接头强度提高至236MPa,HAZ的硬度得到明显改善,拉伸试验断裂位置由HAZ转至焊缝,固溶+时效热处理使得焊缝区和HAZ析出大量弥散与基体共格的强化相,使焊接接头的强度、硬度显著提高。     

焊后热处理对Al-Mg-Sc合金板材焊接接头组织与力学性能的影响

采用Al-Mg-Se-Zr焊丝为填充材料对Al-Mg-Sc合金薄板进行手工非熔化极惰性气体保护焊(TIG焊),并对焊接接头进行350℃下保温1h的焊后热处理.通过拉伸实验、显微硬度测试、SEM及TEM观察对热处理前、后的Al-Mg-Sc合金焊接接头的力学性能及微观组织进行了对比研究.结果表明:热处理前焊接接头强度为332MPa;经350℃/1h热处理后,焊接接头强度增至410 MPa,焊接接头强度系数达到0.98,焊接接头延伸率由5.6%增加至14.4%,并且焊缝区的显微硬度得到大幅度提高,拉伸时断裂位置由焊缝区转移到了熔合区.焊后热处理使焊缝区析出大量弥散分布的Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子,这些粒子与基体共格,使焊缝区的硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度大幅度提高.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF WELDED JOINTS FOR Al-Mg-Sc ALLOY SHEETS

采用Al-Mg-Sc-Zr焊丝为填充材料对Al-Mg-Sc合金薄板进行手工非熔化极惰性气体保护焊(TIG焊), 并对焊接接头进行350 ℃下保温1 h的焊后热处理.通过拉伸实验、显微硬度测试、SEM及TEM观察对热处理前、后的Al--Mg--Sc合金焊接接头的力学性能及微观组织进行了对比研究.结果表明:热处理前焊接接头强度为 332 MPa; 经350 ℃/1 h热处理后,焊接接头强度增至410 MPa, 焊接接头强度系数达到0.98, 焊接接头延伸率由5.6%增加至14.4%, 并且焊缝区的显微硬度得到大幅度提高, 拉伸时断裂位置由焊缝区转移到了熔合区. 焊后热处理使焊缝区析出大量弥散分布的Al3(Sc, Zr)粒子, 这些粒子与基体共格, 使焊缝区的硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强 度大幅度提高.     

固溶时效对2524铝合金光纤激光焊接接头组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(0M)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、拉伸实验等研究了固溶时效处理对2524铝合金光纤激光焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果 表明:焊后固溶时效处理可以显著改善接头区域的元素分布,在495℃固溶处理1h时后,粗大的第二相基本溶解,接头的抗拉强度、伸长率和硬度分别为421 MPa、12.9％和125.5 HV;随着时效温度的升高,焊缝区硬度更快达到峰值,经190℃时效4h后,接头的抗拉强度、伸长率和硬度分别为436 MPa、8.0％和134.8 HV.热处理后,接头的热影响区发生再结晶,熔合线附近仍存在粗大的柱状晶,焊缝区晶粒未发生明显改变,焊缝依然是整个焊件最薄弱的区域.     

焊后热处理对7075铝合金PVPPA焊接接头组织与性能的影响

采用脉冲变极性等离子弧焊焊接10 mm厚的7075铝合金,对焊后试件进行固溶后水淬再进行二级人工时效处理,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、万能拉伸试验机和显微硬度仪对焊缝的显微组织和焊接接头的力学性能进行了分析和测试,研究焊后热处理对焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,焊缝区经热处理后晶粒由柱状晶向等轴晶转变,枝晶间和晶界处的T相溶解,焊接接头的抗拉强度由热处理前397.9 MPa提高到545.1 MPa,接头强度系数为0.925,焊缝的显微硬度有所改善,力学性能显著提高.     

热处理对ZM6镁合金TIG焊后组织性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊对ZM6铸造镁合金进行焊接,并对其进行了T6热处理,利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜对焊后及热处理后的焊接接头显微组织进行观察,对试样进行显微硬度和抗拉强度测试。结果表明:经过540℃固溶处理后,晶界处的化合物已基本固溶到基体。经200℃时效16 h后,出现3种析出相,并且焊缝及母材显微硬度均达到最大值,分别为85HV和81HV。热处理后拉伸试验断裂位置在熔合区附近,抗拉强度达到260 MPa,较未热处理的160 MPa有较大提高。热处理后拉伸断口形貌呈现出两个不同的区域,分别为解理和韧窝-解理混合断裂。     

6082-T6铝合金单脉冲MIG自动焊接头焊后热处理强化

6082-T6为轨道、汽车等产品常用的高强度可热处理强化铝合金材料,其接头焊后会存在过时效软化的现象进而使焊接接头强度降低。本实验采用单脉冲MIG焊的焊接方法使用5087焊丝进行焊接,焊态接头抗拉强度为212 MPa,焊接接头硬度最低值为69 HV,位于距离焊缝中心7 mm的热影响区（HAZ）。在对焊接接头实施540 ℃×40 min+175 ℃×8 h的热处理制度后,其焊接接头抗拉强度为283 MPa,提升了71 MPa,焊接接头硬度最低值为100 HV,位于焊缝金属区（WZ）。     

铝/铜异种金属脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊接头的组织与力学性能

采用ER4047铝硅焊丝对5052铝合金与T2紫铜进行脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊,并对接头显微组织、物相成分及力学性能进行分析。结果表明:通过控制焊接热输入可以获得成形良好的铝/铜熔钎焊搭接接头。焊接接头由铝侧熔合区、焊缝区和铜侧类钎焊区组成,其中铜侧类钎焊区可分为金属间化合物层区和Al-Cu共晶区两部分。焊缝区组织为珊瑚状Al-Cu共晶体均匀分布在α(Al)固溶体中;铜侧金属间化合物层主要由条块状Al_2Cu组成。随着焊接热输入的增大,金属间化合物层的厚度在增大,而接头的抗拉强度先增大后减小;当熔化的焊丝及铝母材在铜母材上润湿良好并且焊缝与铜母材之间金属间化合物的厚度较小时,接头抗拉强度达到最大值,为167.7 MPa。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。