直齿圆柱齿轮温锻成形工艺参数优化

对直齿轮温锻成形过程进行数值模拟,选取不同参数和水平进行正交试验设计,将齿轮的成形力和凹模模具磨损作为2项指标,并基于该2项指标分析试验结果,得出坯料初始温度、模具预热温度、工模间摩擦系数、锻压速度等对成形过程的影响,并获得较优的工艺参数值。模拟结果与实验结果吻合,对实际生产起到了指导作用。     

局部加载约束分流冷锻直齿轮工艺研究

针对直齿轮冷锻过程中齿腔充填困难、成形载荷大、模具寿命低的特点,提出了基于局部加载-约束分流冷锻圆柱直齿轮新工艺。在浮动凹模基础上,利用有限元软件对新工艺进行数值模拟。对工艺成形过程中速度场、成形载荷等规律进行了分析,并对比分析了多种成形工艺。结果表明:局部加载-约束分流终锻成形工艺可以较好地成形大模数圆柱直齿轮,能避免齿轮成形时产生的折叠缺陷,同时可以显著地降低成形载荷,为此类齿轮冷锻工艺的应用与生产实践提供了理论依据。     

热变形参数对微型齿轮成形影响的实验研究

为了研究凸模速度、成形温度和成形载荷等热变形参数对5A02铝合金微型齿轮成形的影响规律,设计制造了微型齿轮模具,在自行研制的微塑性成形设备上,将压入高度比作为填充程度的评价参数进行了成形实验,成功获得了质量良好的节圆直径为Ф1 mm的5A02铝合金微型齿轮.研究结果表明,压入高度比可以很好地定量表示微型齿轮闭式模锻的填充程度,成形载荷是影响微型齿轮填充程度的主要因素,降低凸模速度、提高成形温度有利于提高微型齿轮的填充程度.     

基于有限变形理论的齿轮楔横轧制坯热力耦合模拟

楔横轧齿轮轧制成形是一个全新的课题,在轧制过程中轧件的变形、温度场及力能参数都有待研究。将楔横轧技术与齿轮范成加工原理相结合,设计了楔横轧齿轮轧制的模具,给出了楔横轧齿轮轧制成形热力耦合本构模型,并在SuperForm平台对轧制成形过程进行了有限元模拟,获得了轧件在成形过程中的变形规律、温度场分布及力能参数变化等数据,详细分析了数值模拟结果,为进一步研究齿轮楔横轧制坯提供参考。     

航空接头锻件等温锻压成形工艺

为了提高航空锻件的综合性能,通过等温锻压工艺研究了航空接头锻件的成形过程,采用Deform3D有限元软件对高筋薄壁铝合金航空接头锻件的锻压成形工艺进行了仿真研究,在实验室油压机上开展了缩比(1∶5)锻件的成形工艺实验.研究结果表明:在坯料与模具温度均为450℃、成形速度为0.1 mm/s的等温模锻工艺下,材料变形抗力比常规热模锻降低70%,材料在模腔中的流动性提高,锻件充填完好,锻件变形均匀,应力集中降低;等温锻造工艺可使锻件获得流线顺畅、晶粒细小、力学性能优良的纤维组织,避免了热模锻易出现的涡流、折叠、穿流、充填不满等锻造缺陷;仿真与实验结果吻合,为航空接头锻件锻压成形工艺的制订提供了依据.     

浮动凹模温精密成形圆柱斜齿轮变形规律分析

目的研究采用浮动凹模工艺温精密成形圆柱斜齿轮时,不同凹模运动速度下齿轮力能参数和各种场量变化规律。方法结合浮动凹模原理和圆柱斜齿轮结构特点,利用Defrom-3D软件建立变形-传热耦合有限元模型,模拟圆柱斜齿轮采用浮动凹模温精密成形过程,分析不同凹模运动速度下的变形规律。结果通过模拟分析,得到了凹模运动速度不同时的温成形斜齿轮成形载荷特点、坯料流动速度场分布、等效应力-应变分布、温度场分布等规律。结论采用浮动凹模工艺成形圆柱斜齿轮,可以减小成形力,当凹模运动速度大于凸模下行速度时,齿轮成形性更好。     

细晶T2紫铜微小齿轮体积微成形研究

目的提高体积微成形件的成形质量。方法利用等径角挤压工艺,沿BC路径对T2紫铜试样进行了8个道次的挤压,获得了延伸率高达56.7%的细晶材料。选择DEFORM软件对微小齿轮的成形过程进行了有限元分析,得到了合适的成形工艺参数。结果利用不同组织的材料,成形出了最小模数为0.1 mm,分度圆直径为1 mm的微小齿轮件。结论实验结果表明,与常规多晶材料相比,细晶材料成形的微小齿轮的尺寸精度有了较大提高。     

圆柱斜齿轮精密成形数值模拟与试验研究

基于浮动凹模的思想对圆柱斜齿轮的成形及脱模进行了计算机仿真和石蜡试验研究,分析了成形过程的变形特点及脱模后斜齿轮齿形的应变情况,验证了方案的可行性.结果表明:对圆柱斜齿轮采用浮动凹模成形及脱模的工艺方案,可以获得符合精度要求的锻件.     

大直径带毂直齿轮冷精密成形数值模拟及工艺分析

目的研究大直径带毂直齿轮冷精密成形新工艺。方法根据大模数大直径带毂直齿轮结构特点,提出了冷精密成形的难点和解决基本方法。基于分流减压和多工步成形原理,提出了3种可行工艺方案。采用Deform软件对工艺方案进行数值优化模拟,分析了方案二锻件成形过程的速度矢量、温度、应力和模具应力,阐述了成形原理。结果采用优化的新工艺可以减小载荷降低模具应力,齿形金属充填饱满。结论巧妙的分流面设计使大直径带毂直齿轮冷精密成形成为可能,新工艺能够为生产实践提供指导意义。     

圆柱斜齿轮成形及脱模工艺研究

针对斜齿轮的特点,提出了旋转挤压成形和旋转脱模的工艺方案,并对该工艺方案速度参数进行了精确的计算。利用有限元软件模拟分析了斜齿轮的挤压及脱模过程的等效应变、成形载荷等。结果表明:对圆柱斜齿轮采用旋转成形及脱模的工艺方案,一定程度上可以满足零件的精度要求。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...