Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT0270 in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet

The effects of administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT0270 on serum lipids and bile acids, faecal bile acids and microflora were estimated in hypercholesterolemic rats. An effective dose of strain SBT0270 to exert its hypocholesterolemic effect was 10(9) viable cells/d. The dose of 10(9) cells/d did not affect the faecal coliform counts, but the number of faecal lactobacilli in rats fed this dose was significantly higher than that in the control group observed at the end of feeding period. Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lb. gasseri SBT0270 was attributed to its ability to suppress the reabsorption of bile acids into the enterohepatic circulation and to enhance the excretion of acidic steroids in faeces of hypercholesterolemic rats.     

Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri Strains of Breast-Fed Infant in a Murine Model

The ingestion of probiotic lactic acid bacteria has been evaluated and noted that it has an effect on the balance of desirable microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. Lactobacillus gasseri demonstrates good survival in the gastrointestinal tract, and it has been associated with a variety of probiotic activities and roles, including the reduction of fecal mutagenic enzymes, the production of bacteriocins and the stimulation of macrophages immunomodulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a pool of L. gasseri strains isolated from the feces of breastfed infants added in the human milk of healthy women. The milk was both pasteurized and unpasteurized, to verify the cell cytotoxicity of macrophages and to quantify the production of immunologic mediators such as IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, NO and oxygen intermediary compounds （H2O2）. The administration of raw human milk and pasteurized human milk to infants is a regular, encouraged practice in units of intensive therapy （UITs） and our present investigation verified the beneficial effect of addition of a pool of L. gasseri to pasteurized human milk （PHML）. Our results show that probiotic supplementation helped to maintain cell viability, reduced IL-6 and IFN-γ production and stimulated TNF-α, NO, H2O2, IL-4 production. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the addition of lactobacillus to human milk was not a determinant in the production of TNF-α. L. gasseri added to breast milk did not present a cytotoxic risk, and the addition ofL. gasseri to pasteurized milk of human milk bank would benefit newborns that depend on milk banks for the colonization of more desirable microbiota.     

亮氨酸调节大鼠胰岛素分泌的功能研究

目的:探讨亮氨酸对正常大鼠以及大鼠离体胰岛细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。方法:体外实验采用胆总管内胶原酶灌注膨胀消化胰腺的方法分离大鼠胰岛,在低糖（5.6mmol/L）/高糖（25mmol/L）DMEM培养基,加入0、10、20mmol/L亮氨酸,孵育120min后测定上清中胰岛素水平。体内实验:24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即对照组（Con）、2g/kg葡萄糖组（Glu）、1.5g/kg亮氨酸组（Leu）和葡萄糖+亮氨酸组（Glu+Leu）,禁食过夜后一次性灌胃。灌胃前、灌胃后30、60和120min割尾取血,测定血糖、血浆胰岛素水平并计算其曲线下面积（AUC）。结果:体外实验发现20mmol/L亮氨酸刺激了高糖培养基中胰岛细胞的胰岛素分泌,低糖培养基中添加亮氨酸没有引起胰岛素水平的明显变化（p>0.05）。体内实验发现亮氨酸单独灌胃对大鼠血糖和胰岛素水平无明显影响。和Glu组比较,Glu+Leu组60、120min血糖显著降低,30min胰岛素则显著升高;相应地升高了胰岛素AUC（p<0.01）,降低了葡萄糖AUC（p<0.05）。结论:亮氨酸促进葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素的一过性释放,从而降低血糖水平。      

Long-term high animal protein diet reduces body weight gain and insulin secretion in diet-induced obese rats

BACKGROUND: The effects of a high protein diet on insulin secretion and glucose metabolism have been quite controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long‐term isocaloric high animal protein intake on insulin secretion in diet‐induced obese rats. RESULTS: After the experimental period (24 weeks), the high‐fat diet‐induced obese rats that were fed isocaloric high‐protein diets (HP) had lower body weight gain (P < 0.01) and lower visceral fat (P < 0.05) than normal protein (NP) rats. Fasting plasma glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) was also reduced significantly (P < 0.05), as well as serum insulin levels at 5 min and 10 min by intravenous insulin releasing test. In addition, insulin mRNA and pancreatic duodenal homeodomain‐1 (PDX‐1), GLP‐1 protein expression were both markedly lower in HP rats (P < 0.05), while PDX‐1 mRNA in HP rats had no difference from NP rats. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that long‐term isocaloric high animal protein intake reduces the acute insulin response in obese rats and the decrease of insulin is associated with both reduced weight gain and inhibition of PDX‐1 expression. GLP‐1 might be a negative feedback for the balance of energy metabolism secondary to changes of body weight and visceral fat. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Whole grains and resistant starch rich,reduced‐calorie biscuit diet as a hypoglycaemic,hypolipidaemic and insulin stimulator in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats

A fibre‐enriched, reduced‐calorie biscuit [formulated biscuit (FB)] was evaluated for its antidiabetic and antilipidaemic potential in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes in Wistar rats against control biscuit (CB) having high calorie and low fibre content. Animals were allocated into five groups: a control group fed with synthetic diet, two diabetes‐induced groups (CBD and FBD) and two nondiabetic groups (CBND and FBND). CBD and CBND were fed with synthetic diet + CB while FBD and FBND were fed with synthetic diet + FB. After 6 weeks of feeding, the change in weight of nondiabetic group fed with FB (+16.20%) was nonsignificantly lower compared to control (+33.01%) and CB‐fed (+34.55%) group. Nonsignificant loss in body weight was observed among diabetic group fed with FB (?11.76%) or CB (?36.88%). Feeding of FB led to a significant decrease in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL‐C, VLDL‐C and atherosclerotic index and increase the HDL‐C. Histological examination showed that feeding of FB was able to partially recover the destroyed β‐cell in STZ‐induced diabetic rats.     

植物乳杆菌胞外多糖对小鼠树突状细胞分泌的调控

采用细胞因子诱导法,以加入重组小鼠粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rmGM-CSF)、重组小鼠白细胞介素-4(rmIL-4)及10%胎牛血清的RPMI1640为完全培养基培养树突状细胞(DCs)。实验组加入植物乳杆菌胞外多糖,脂多糖LPS和RPMI1640分别作为阳性和空白对照。采用Griess法和双抗体夹心ELISA检测DCs分泌NO,促炎症因子IL-12p70,抗炎症因子IL-10和趋化因子RANTES的浓度。结果表明:植物乳杆菌胞外多糖刺激DCs后,DCs分泌NO、IL-12p70、IL-10和RANTES的浓度分别是空白组的110%、194%、76%和133%,且呈剂量依赖关系。植物乳杆菌胞外多糖能促进小鼠骨髓来源的DCs分泌能力。     

植物乳杆菌C88对高脂饲料和链脲佐菌素诱导2型糖尿病模型大鼠的降血糖作用

目的：探究植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）C88对2型糖尿病大鼠模型降血糖作用。方法：采用高 脂饲料结合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,连续灌胃植物乳杆菌C88,28 d后检测大鼠空腹血 糖量、葡萄糖耐受量、血脂、胰岛素、炎症因子、肠道屏障功能和菌群水平。Western blot分析核因子-κB（nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、闭锁小带蛋白-1（zonula occludens-1, ZO-1）、occludin、claudin-1的表达。结果：植物乳杆菌C88可有效改善2型糖尿病大鼠高血糖和血脂代谢紊乱;显 著降低2型糖尿病大鼠血清中TNF-α、白细胞介素-6、C反应蛋白、脂多糖、D-乳酸等炎症相关因子水平;植物乳杆 菌C88能促进胰岛素的分泌,提高胰高血糖素样肽-2水平,降低2型糖尿病大鼠血清中二胺氧化酶和连蛋白水平;显 著降低肝脏中炎症相关蛋白NF-κB、TNF-α的表达,提高回肠中肠道通透性相关蛋白ZO-1、occludin、claudin-1的表 达。结论：植物乳杆菌C88是一株具有辅助降血糖功能的益生菌。     

Vitamin D and pancreas: The role of sunshine vitamin in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer

Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin D exerts multiple effects beyond bone and calcium metabolism. Vitamin D seems to play a role in pancreatic disease, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as pancreatic cancer. Vitamin D's immune-modulatory action suggests that it could help prevent type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, vitamin D may influence β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and systematic inflammation—all characteristic pathways of that disease. Data from observational studies correlated vitamin D deficiency with risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Prospective and ecological studies of pancreatic cancer incidence generally support a beneficial effect of higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration as well as inverse correlations between UVB dose or exposure and incidence and/or mortality rate of pancreatic cancer. This review discusses the literature regarding vitamin D's role in risk of diabetes and pancreatic cancer. The results to date generally satisfy Hill's criteria for causality regarding vitamin D and incidence of these pancreatic diseases.

However, large randomized, blinded, prospective studies are required to more fully evaluate the potential therapeutic role of vitamin D in preventing pancreatic diseases.     

Semi-modified okara whey diet increased insulin secretion in diabetic rats fed a basal or high fat diet

Food Science and Biotechnology - Lifestyle and diet preferences are primarily responsible for developing type 2 diabetes. In this study, okara was manufactured into okara whey crackers (OWC) to...     

Effects of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment on health,metabolism, and lactation performance in Holstein cattle III: Administration of rbIL-8 induces insulin resistance in bull calves

Our previous work has suggested that recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment might influence cow metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to initially assess the effects of systemic administration of rbIL-8 on response to a glucose challenge, blood metabolites, insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, immune cell populations, and inflammatory parameters in Holstein bull calves. Calves from 30 ± 6 d of life were individually housed and randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups: rbIL-8 (rbIL-8, n = 10) and control (CTR, n = 8). Calves assigned to the rbIL-8 group received 1 s.c. injection (d 1, 0900 h) and 6 i.v. injections (d 1 at 1600 h, d 2 and 3 at 0900 h and 1600 h, and d 4 at 0900 h) of rbIL-8 (4 μg/kg of body weight), whereas the CTR group received 2 mL of sterile saline solution at each time point. Day of enrollment was considered as d 1, and the study duration was 10 d. Insulin concentrations and whole-body glucose disappearance were evaluated by an i.v. glucose tolerance test conducted at 12 h and 7 d following the last rbIL-8 injection. Rectal temperature and blood samples were collected on d 1, 2, 3, and 4 at ?30 (before treatment, 0830 h), 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min relative to treatment, and daily at 0830 h for the rest of the study period. Serum was harvested, and the following parameters were measured: β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, insulin, plasma urea nitrogen, haptoglobin, and differential blood count. Significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05 and a trend if 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Serum glucose levels and glucose area under the curve (AUC) did not differ between treatment groups in response to the glucose challenge. However, calves treated with rbIL-8 had greater serum insulin concentration and insulin AUC compared with controls. Administration of rbIL-8 increased rectal temperature (rbIL-8 = 39.3 ± 0.1; CTR = 38.9 ± 0.1°C; ±standard error), BHB concentrations (rbIL-8 = 3.54 ± 0.10; CTR = 2.99 ± 0.12 mg/dL), counts of lymphocytes (rbIL-8 = 4.52 ± 0.12; CTR = 3.84 ± 0.14 × 10³/μL), monocytes (rbIL-8 = 0.87 ± 0.03; CTR = 0.67 ± 0.04 × 10³/μL), and granulocytes (rbIL-8 = 3.54 ± 0.22; CTR = 2.66 ± 0.24 × 10³/μL). We conclude that rbIL-8 induces insulin resistance in Holstein bull calves, accompanied by systemic inflammation and altered blood metabolites and white blood cell populations.