Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications.

Many of the links of religiousness with health, well-being, and social behavior may be due to religion's influences on self-control or self-regulation. Using Carver and Scheier's (1998) theory of self-regulation as a framework for organizing the empirical research, the authors review evidence relevant to 6 propositions: (a) that religion can promote self-control; (b) that religion influences how goals are selected, pursued, and organized; (c) that religion facilitates self-monitoring; (d) that religion fosters the development of self-regulatory strength; (e) that religion prescribes and fosters proficiency in a suite of self-regulatory behaviors; and (f) that some of religion's influences on health, well-being, and social behavior may result from religion's influences on self-control and self-regulation. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fictions and Facts About Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behavior: Comment on Lickliter and Honeycutt (2003).

Six misconceptions about evolutionary approaches to human behavior are exposed. Evidence is adduced to support the assertions that evolutionary approaches do not (a) adopt a reductionistic "gene-centered" level of analysis, (b) assume that natural selection is the only process that creates and designs ontogenetic processes and phenotypic outcomes, (c) assume that genes are the only agents responsible for the transgenerational inheritance of phenotypic traits and characteristics, (d) assume that genes are self-contained and impervious to extragenetic influences, (e) posit a strong form of genetic determinism, or (f) pay lip service to the role of the environment. Building straw men and knocking them down is an inherently destructive enterprise; integrating different approaches is a more constructive way of contributing to the growth of knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Supervision by telephone: An innovation in psychoanalytic training--a roundtable discussion.

Supervision using the telephone was the topic at a roundtable discussion during the 2005 Spring meeting of Division 39 (Psychoanalysis) of the American Psychological Association. Areas of agreement that emerged from the discussion among the panelists and the audience included the following: (a) that some face-to-face contact to supplement telephone supervision is desirable; (b) that the process and relational fit between the supervisee and the supervisor is more important than whether supervision is over the telephone on in person; (c) that parallel process is important in supervision; (d) that the supervisory alliance is important; (e) that telephone supervision is essential in distance learning programs, and (f) that telephone supervision permits exposure to diverse viewpoints that might otherwise not be available. Telephone supervision is frequently used but rarely discussed. Panelists all felt that the topic needs further discussion and must be seriously considered in training programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: Reply to Dube, Rotello, and Heit (2010).

Comments on an article by Dube, Rotello, and Heit (see record 2010-14834-005). The authors argued (a) that the so-called receiver operating characteristic is nonlinear for data on belief bias in syllogistic reasoning; (b) that their data are inconsistent with Klauer, Musch, and Naumer's (see record 2000-02818-008) model of belief bias; (c) that their data are inconsistent with any of the existing accounts of belief bias and only consistent with a theory provided by signal detection theory; and (d) that in fact, belief bias is a response bias effect. In this reply, we present reanalyses of Dube et al.'s data and of old data suggesting (a) that the receiver operating characteristic is linear for binary “valid” versus “invalid” responses, as employed by the bulk of research in this field; (b) that Klauer et al.'s model describes the old data significantly better than does Dube et al.'s model and that it describes Dube et al.'s data somewhat better than does Dube et al.'s model; (c) that Dube et al.'s data are consistent with the account of belief bias by misinterpreted necessity, whereas Dube et al.'s signal detection model does not fit their data; and (d) that belief bias is more than a response bias effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TiFe_(0.86)Mn_(0.1)合金与MlNi_(4.5)Al_(0.5)合金分离氢中氪、氙气体性能的比较

本文用TiFe_(0.88)Mn_(0.1)与MlNi_(4.5)Al_(0.5)合金作为分离材料,分离混合气体氢中的氪、氙。实验证明:TiFe_(0.88)Mn_(0.1)与MlNi_(4.5)Al_(0.5)合金中,当放氢量为总储氢量的5％时均能达到<1ppm氪或氙的纯度。MlNi_(4.5)Al_(0.5)合金的分离效果优于TiFe_(0.86)Mn_(0.1)合金。经过二级分离,分离效果将会更好。     

Interpretational confounding is due to misspecification, not to type of indicator: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007).

R. D. Howell, E. Breivik, and J. B. Wilcox (2007; see record 2007-07830-006) have argued that causal (formative) indicators are inherently subject to interpretational confounding. That is, they have argued that using causal (formative) indicators leads the empirical meaning of a latent variable to be other than that assigned to it by a researcher. Their critique of causal (formative) indicators rests on several claims: (a) A latent variable exists apart from the model when there are effect (reflective) indicators but not when there are causal (formative) indicators, (b) causal (formative) indicators need not have the same consequences, (c) causal (formative) indicators are inherently subject to interpretational confounding, and (d) a researcher cannot detect interpretational confounding when using causal (formative) indicators. This article shows that each claim is false. Rather, interpretational confounding is more a problem of structural misspecification of a model combined with an underidentified model that leaves these misspecifications undetected. Interpretational confounding does not occur if the model is correctly specified whether a researcher has causal (formative) or effect (reflective) indicators. It is the validity of a model not the type of indicator that determines the potential for interpretational confounding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rethinking shared environment as a source of variance underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Comment on Burt (2009).

Burt (2009) recently published a meta-analysis of twin studies on behaviors associated with childhood psychopathologies, concluding that the finding that traits associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were the only behaviors that did not show a significant influence of shared environment (C) was surprising. We agree, highlighting four methodological issues that may account for this finding: (a) the use of nonlinear transformations to normalize skewed data; (b) low power to detect C and the subsequent presentation of reduced models; (c) the negative confounding of dominant genetic (D) and C influences in twin models with data exclusively from monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs reared together; and (d) the correction used for contrast effects (a form of rater bias), which may lead to an overestimate of additive genetic (A) or D parameters at the expense of C. We offer suggestions for future research to address these issues, and we emphasize the need for additional research to examine possible shared environmental factors related to ADHD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Serial processing in reading aloud: Reply to Zorzi (2000).

K. Rastle and M. Coltheart (1999; see also M. Coltheart & K. Rastle, 1994) reported data demonstrating that the cost of irregularity in reading aloud low-frequency exception words is modulated by the position of the irregularity in the word. They argued that these data implicated a serial process and falsified all models of reading aloud that operate solely in parallel, a conclusion that M. Zorzi (2000) challenged by successfully simulating the position of irregularity effect with such a model. Zorzi (2000) further claimed that a reanalysis of K. Rastle and A Coltheart's (1999) data demonstrates sensitivity to grapheme-phoneme consistency (which he claimed was confounded across the position of irregularity manipulation) rather than the use of a serial process. Here, the authors argue that M. Zorzi's (2000) reanalyses were inappropriate and reassert that K. Rastle and A Coltheart's (1999) findings are evidence for serial processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Working memory and connectionist models of parsing: A reply to MacDonald and Christiansen (2002).

The authors take issue with 3 claims made by M. C. MacDonald and M. H. Christiansen (2002): (a) tha connectionist models of syntactic processing do not have components that function in the sarne way as limitations on working memory (WM) in production system models of psychological processes; (b) that individual differences in WM are related to the efficiency of syntactic processing because both are affected by reading experience; and (c) that individual differences in the nature of phonologica representations affect the efficiency of syntactic processing. The authors argue that the concept of WM cannot be eliminated from models of language processing and that the literature supports the view that syntactic processing involves a specialized WM system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Group Cohesiveness, Group-Derived Collective Self-Esteem, Group-Derived Hope, and the Well-Being of Group Therapy Members.

I. D. Yalom's (1995) hypothesis that group therapy cohesiveness is the precursor to the development of group-derived collective self-esteem (CSE), hope for the self (HS), and psychological well-being (personal self-esteem and depression) was tested. Participants were 102 university counseling center group therapy clients from process (n = 54) and theme (n = 48) groups. Path analyses supported Yalom's theory that cohesiveness is the primary group factor and that it directly related to curative group factors such as CSE and HS. Additional path analyses showed that the relationship between group therapy CSE and personal self-esteem was moderated by HS, such that a significant relationship between CSE and personal self-esteem was no longer found once HS was entered into the model. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology, the Science Talent Search, and High School Teaching.

Based on their visit to the twelfth annual Science Talent Search, the authors note that few, if any, exhibits could be classified as psychology and suggest two hypotheses: (1) that psychology is of little interest (or is not challenging) to bright students; and (2) that they have had no opportunity to become acquainted with the science outside of Sunday supplement sob columns. The authors reject the first hypothesis and suggest that the second hypothesis has much greater attraction and likelihood. They believe that it is high time that the whole membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) consider seriously the problem of training and recruitment at the high school level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cu－Zn－Al合金中贝氏体的有序性

本文用Ｘ射线研究了Ｃｕ－２０Ｚｎ－６Ａｌ（ｗｔ％）合金中贝氏体结构的有序性，并与马氏体结构进行了比较，实验表明，从高温Ｂ２母相和低温Ｌ２１母相生成的贝氏体中（１１５）和（２０５）衍射峰或（１２１０）和（２０１０）衍射峰是重叠的，对生成的贝氏体进行一段时间的保温或缓慢冷却处理，其衍射峰的特征并不改变，这与马氏体（１１５）和（２０５）衍射峰或（１２１０）和（２０１０）衍射峰的分离特性不相符合。说明贝氏体结构有序度与马氏体明显不同，它的形成不可能继承母相的有序度。     

Conceptualizing and Measuring Personality Vulnerability to Depression: Comment on Coyne and Whiffen (1995).

J. C. Coyne and V. E. Whiffen (1995) reviewed research on personality vulnerability to depression, focusing on S. J. Blatt's (1974, 1990) concepts of dependency and self-criticism and A. T. Beck's (1983) concepts of sociotropy and autonomy. The authors discuss 6 issues raised in that review: (a) the typological or dimensional nature of vulnerability, (b) the theoretical implications of "mixed" vulnerability, (c) the relations of vulnerability to Neuroticism. (d) the potential confounding of vulnerability with concurrent depression, (e) the potential confounding of vulnerability with social context, and (f) the differentiation of dependency from relatedness. The authors conclude that Blatt's and Beck's concepts are continuous, nearly orthogonal dimensions that can be identified and measured independently from Neuroticism, depression, and social context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cost-effectiveness analysis in mental health policy research.

Comments on C. A. Kiesler's (see record 1981-30977-001) argument for cost benefit (CB) and cost-effectiveness (CE) studies in mental health program evaluations. The present author maintains that Kiesler failed to mention the work of several psychologists who investigated the application of CB and CE analyses to mental health. Several misconceptions of CB and CE analyses that were not mentioned by Kiesler are reviewed. These include: (1) the confusion that CB and CE are somewhat interchangeable, (2) the misconception that direct or budgetary costs are the only relevant costs in these analyses, (3) the oversimplification that CB and CE involve only quantitative ratios, and (4) the tendency for these techniques to be seen as objective and nonjudgmental. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role of the C-terminal domain of Bax and Bcl-XL in their localization and function in yeast cells

It has been suggested that the C-terminal domain of Bcl-2 family members may contain a signal anchor sequence that targets these proteins to the mitochondrial outer membrane. We have investigated the consequence of deleting this domain upon cytochrome c release in yeast strains that coexpress truncated forms of Bax (i.e. BaxA) and Bcl-X(L) (i.e. Bcl-X(L)delta). We find that (i) Bax(delta) is as efficient as full-length Bax in promoting cytochrome c release, but Bcl-x(L)delta has remarkably reduced rescuing ability compared to full-length Bcl-x(L); (ii) full-length Bcl-X(L) protein acts by relocalizing Bax from the mitochondrial fraction to the soluble cytosolic fraction; (iii) Bax undergoes N-terminal cleavage when expressed in yeast, which is prevented by coexpression of Bcl-X(L), suggesting that Bcl-x(L) may mask the cleavage site of Bax through a direct physical interaction of the two proteins.     

The sequence dependence of circular dichroism spectra of DNA duplexes

The three satellite DNAs of Drosophila virilis, that approximate to poly d(CAAACTA)-poly d(TAGTTTG), poly d(TAAACTA)-poly d(TAGTTTA), poly d(CAAATTA)-poly d(TAATTTG), the satellite DNA of Drosophila melanogaster that approximates to poly d(AATAT)-poly d(ATATT), the synthetic DNA duplexes, poly dG-poly dC, poly d(AT)-poly d(AT), poly d(AAT)-poly d(ATT), poly d(AAC)-poly d(GTT), poly d(TAC)-poly d(GTA) and the block copolymer d(C15A15)-d(T15G15) all have circular dichroism spectra consistent with the propositions that they have the same molecular geometry in solution and that it is the kind and frequency of nucleotide triplet sequences that determines their spectral characteristics. Poly dA-poly dT is apparently an exception.     

Toward unconfounding prediction and control: Predictionless control made possible.

Two studies (n?=?256) introduced (1) control (nocontrol) cues that conveyed the idea that Ss blindly chose which of 2 durations of an aversive stimulus they would receive and (2) prediction (PR) or no-PR cues that conveyed the idea that Ss did (or did not) know after the choice had been made which duration they would receive. Results show that Ss with control cues (predictive or predictionless) recognize this control and therefore rate their control of, influence over, responsibility for, and credit or blame regarding the outcome to be higher (and their helplessness about the outcome to be lower) than Ss with nocontrol cues. Ss with PR cues gave higher PR and control ratings than Ss with no-PR cues. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis and Fluorescence Property of Eu^3 ＋ , Tb^3＋ Perchlorate Complexes with Diphenyl Sulfoxide and 1,10-Phenanthroline

Eu3 ,Tb3 canemitfluorescenceinconjugatedsystemcontainingorganicligand[1,2 ] ,forexample ,1 ,1 0 phenanthroline ,becauseithasbettercoordina tionabilityandbiggerconjugationsystem ,soitcantransmitenergyeffectivelytoEu3 ,Tb3 ,leadingtofluorescenceemission ,andthestabilityisveryhigh ,butsolubilityisverypoor .Inaddition ,diphenylsul foxidehasbettercoordinationabilityandbiggerconju gationsystem ,too .Soitcanalsotransmitenergyef fectivelytoEu3 ,Tb3 ,resutlinginfluorescencee mission ,andsolubi…     

The role of facial response in self-reports of emotion: A critique of Laird.

Discusses a study by J. D. Laird (see record 1985-11387-001) that contrasted 16 successful demonstrations of the facial feedback hypothesis with R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth's (see record 1981-00499-001) failure to demonstrate any effects of facial expressions on mood. It is argued that Laird's conclusion that facial feedback effects have been demonstrated consistently and that the null results of the Tourangeau-Ellsworth study are atypical is more strongly worded than current evidence warrants. It is shown that most of the 16 successful studies are relevant only to the weak (dimensional) version of the hypothesis and not to the strong (categorical) version that Tourangeau and Ellsworth sought to test. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)