力学失配对电子束焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

研究了高温合金电子束焊接接头区的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,深入分析了接头区力学失配对疲劳裂纹扩展方向及疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响规律。结果表明,由于力学不均匀性的影响,电子束焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展具有不稳定性,位于高匹配焊接区的疲劳裂纹偏离原裂纹扩展方向,跨越焊接区与母材,呈复合型扩展;焊接区疲劳裂纹的集团使得裂纹尖端有效应力强度因子减小,因而焊缝区裂尖局部有效裂纹扩展驱动力下降,导致接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率下     

A7N01铝合金焊接接头的疲劳特性及寿命预测(英文)

研究A7N01铝合金焊接接头的疲劳特性,提出基于疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的寿命预测模型。母材、热影响区和焊缝三个区域内的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命差异较小。在这三个区域内,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命与疲劳总寿命之比是一个依赖于材料的参数,对于母材、热影响区和焊缝分别为26.32%、40.21%和60.67%。提出的疲劳寿命预测模型与实验结果和Basquin’s模型预测结果吻合良好。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对疲劳断口进行观察,发现焊缝区域的裂纹萌生于焊接过程中产生的光滑表面。热影响区内疲劳裂纹萌生于熔合区气孔。母材中破碎的第二相是引起疲劳裂纹的主要原因。     

TA15钛合金电子束焊焊接接头力学性能

钛合金材料以及相关制造技术是实现飞机先进性的重要基础之一,电子束焊接是钛合金板材一种先进的焊接形式.对TA15钛合金板材电子束焊接试样进行了金相分析和静力试验、疲劳试验和扫描电镜(SEM)分析.结果表明,TA15板材电子束焊焊接接头的焊缝、热影响区和母材的微观组织差别明显;焊缝韧性降低,抗拉强度高于母材;热影响区尺寸较小,在1～2 mm左右,是焊接接头的薄弱部位;疲劳裂纹大多萌生于焊接热影响区区域,疲劳破坏试样断口的SEM分析表明,疲劳裂纹大多起源于焊接热影响区的气孔处.     

A6N01-T5合金FSW和MIG焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为的对比

研究了6N01-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和氩弧焊(MIG)接头不同部位的疲劳裂纹扩展性能, 并对疲劳断口和接头组织进行了分析. 结果表明,对于FSW和MIG焊接头, 其裂纹扩展速率从高到低的部位依次为焊缝(核)区、热影响区和母材. 裂纹在FSW和MIG焊接头相同区域的扩展速率无明显差别, 然而裂纹在FSW接头细晶组织中开始扩展所需的门槛值ΔK要比对应的MIG焊接头高, 总体上其裂纹在FSW焊核区的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能要优于对应的MIG焊缝区. 裂纹在FSW和MIG焊接头焊核(缝)区扩展的疲劳断口表现为脆性断裂, 而在热影响区则以规则和光滑的疲劳条纹形式扩展.     

TC4-DT电子束焊接头显微组织及疲劳裂纹扩展行为

在光学显微镜下对TC4-DT钛合金电子束焊接头显微组织进行了分析,讨论了接头不同位置显微组织特征.比较了疲劳裂纹始于焊接接头不同位置时的宏观裂纹扩展路径及裂纹扩展速率,依据焊接接头显微组织特点讨论了显微组织对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响.结果表明,电子束焊接头沿熔深方向显微组织存在一定的差异;文中条件下,与母材区相比焊缝熔合区及热影响区具有较高的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力,导致裂纹扩展路径逐步偏向母材区,最后讨论了裂纹扩展路径的偏折对裂纹扩展速率的影响.     

TC4钛合金窄间隙激光填绞股焊丝焊接接头组织及性能

文中对比研究了30 mm厚TC4钛合金电子束焊接头和母材的高周疲劳性能,发现接头的高周疲劳性能与母材非常接近。在文中试验条件下,电子束焊接头在循环周次为2×10⁶时的高周疲劳强度为474 MPa,达到母材的94.2%。观察电子束焊接头和母材的高周疲劳断口形貌,发现接头和母材的疲劳源均位于试样表面。疲劳裂纹扩展区都发现疲劳辉纹,相同载荷条件下,母材高周疲劳断口中辉纹的间距较小,约为1.49 μm,电子束焊接头的相邻辉纹间距为2.14 μm。在接头和母材的疲劳瞬断裂区还发现大量韧窝,呈现出典型的韧性断裂特征。文中还对比了母材、热影响区和焊缝区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,发现热影响区的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能最弱。分析认为,热影响区的高硬度是导致其抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能弱于其他区域的重要原因。

     

Fatigue crack initiation for Al-Zn-Mg alloy welded joint

To investigate fatigue crack initiation characteristics of Al-Zn-Mg alloy welded joint, notched specimens were used in fatigue test for the base metal, welding bead and heat affected zone (HAZ). The fatigue fracture surface near the fatigue crack initiation site was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the differences of fatigue crack initiation life among base metal, welding bead and HAZ are not obvious. Inhomogeneity in microstructure and mechanical performance of HAZ influences the fatigue crack initiation life. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life (Ni) to fatigue failure life (Nf) for the base metal, welding bead and HAZ of A7N01 aluminium alloy welded joint are 26.32%, 40.21% and 60.67%, respectively. Fatigue crack initiation life can be predicted using a uniform model. Observation of fatigue fracture surfaces shows that for the welding bead a fatigue crack initiates from the smooth surface due to the welding process, the blowhole in HAZ causes fatigue crack and the crushed second phase particles play an important role in fatigue crack initiation for the base metal.     

Fatigue properties of ferrite/bainite dual-phase X80 pipeline steel welded joints

Fatigue properties are important parameters for the safety design and security evaluation of pipelines. In this work, fatigue life and fatigue crack propagation of full-thickness X80 pipeline steel joints compared with the base metal (BM) was investigated. Full-thickness BM specimens showed superior fatigue life compared with that of welded joints. The fatigue crack initiation of full-thickness X80 welded joint specimens occurred at the outside weld toe and then grew inward until a fracture was formed. During fatigue crack growth in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), crack growth rate linearly increased with increased ΔK in each HAZ subregion. However, the change rate of fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) differed among HAZ subregions. This difference was related to the variation in crack path and fracture mode because of the possible microstructural sensitivity of fatigue crack propagation behaviour.     

Effect of notch location on fatigue crack growth behavior of strength-mismatched high-strength low-alloy steel weldments

Welding of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels involves the use of low-strength, equal-strength, and high-strength filler materials (electrodes) compared with the parent material, depending on the application of the welded structures and the availability of filler material. In the present investigation, the fatigue crack growth behavior of weld metal (WM) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of undermatched (UM), equally matched (EM), and overmatched (OM) joints has been studied. The base material used in this investigation is HSLA-80 steel of weldable grade. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) has been used to fabricate the butt joints. A center-cracked tension (CCT) specimen has been used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behavior of welded joints, utilizing a servo-hydraulic-controlled fatigue-testing machine at constant amplitude loading (R=0). The effect of notch location on the fatigue crack growth behavior of strength mismatched HSLA steel weldments also has been analyzed.     

基于原位SEM的激光-MIG复合焊接7075-T6铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为

通过扫描电镜原位观察激光复合焊接头各区裂纹的扩展行为. 结果表明,焊缝各区组织的不同使得疲劳裂纹扩展行为发生明显改变,疲劳裂纹位于焊缝中心时,裂纹总体沿着垂直于载荷主轴的方向扩展;疲劳裂纹位于热影响区时,裂纹大致成"Z"字型路径进行扩展;疲劳裂纹在焊缝中心和热影响区扩展时都存在二次裂纹;疲劳裂纹在母材区扩展时,呈现出单一和典型的裂纹扩展模式. 此外,通过原位SEM观察获得不同循环周期下的裂纹扩展长度,进而推算得到7075-T6铝合金接头各区内疲劳裂纹扩展速率的Paris公式.     

Fatigue crack growth under a constant amplitude loading of Al-6061-T6 welds obtained by modified indirect electric arc technique

Abstract

The characteristics of the fatigue crack growth in the base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were quantified by testing compact type specimens of 6061-T6 welds obtained by the modified indirect electric arc technique. The fatigue crack growth depends on the microstructure imposed by the welding thermal cycle and it was observed that in the HAZ the crack growth rate is lower than that in the weld metal, but higher than that in the base metal. Microhardness maps revealed that this behaviour is due to the formation of a larger plastic zone around of the crack tip produced by loss of hardening. A comparison of fatigue crack growth of weld metal and HAZ for modified indirect electric arc and friction stir welding shows that the weld metal produced by friction stir welding exhibits better resistance to crack propagation, but both processes behaved similarly in the HAZ.     

Computer-aided experiment on arc welding

Fatigue properties of cast aluminium welded joints by friction stir welding (FSW) and MIG welding were investigated, comparing with that of the base plate. Fatigue crack propagation tests for the da/dN ? ΔK relation and bending fatigue tests for the S–N relation were carried out. Fatigue cracks in both FSW and MIG specimens were accelerated, when the fatigue crack tip reached the stir zone or the weld metal. This behaviour was discussed based on the crack closure induced by the crack surface roughness and the residual stress. In the S–N properties, the influence of specimen surface finishing on fatigue life was also examined. Fatigue lives of the FSW and MIG specimens in the ‘as weld’ condition were in the range of the largely scattered base plate fatigue lives, in spite of the different fatigue crack initiation sites in each specimen such as the porosity in the base plate, the tool mark bottom in the FSW and the weld toe in the MIG. The FSW specimens with the polished surface showed the particular improvement in fatigue strength for finite fatigue life.     

Fatigue crack growth of titanium alloy joints by electron beam welding

Electron beam welding（EBW） has been widely used in the manufacture of titanium alloy welded blisk for aircraft engines. Based on fatigue crack growth tests on titanium alloy electron beam welding（EBW） joints, mechanism of fracture was investigated under scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results show that fatigue crack growth rate increases as the experimental load increases under the same stress ratio and stress intensity factor range. At the beginning of crack growth, the extension mechanism of fatigue crack is the typical mechanism of cleavage fracture. In the steady extention stage, crack extends along the weld seam firstly.Then, crack growth direction changes to extend along the base metal. The extension mechanism of fatigue crack in the weld seam is the main mechanism of cleavage fracture and the extension mechanism of fatigue crack in the base metal is the main extension mechanism of fatigue band. In the instantaneous fracture stage, the extension mechanism of fatigue crack is the typical dimple-type static fracture mechanism.Crack growth was simulated by conventional finite element method and extended finite element method.     

GH4169D合金电子束焊接接头显微组织和持久断裂特征

采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析了GH4169D合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织,利用显微硬度计测试了母材、热影响区和焊缝的显微硬度,采用体式显微镜和扫描电镜研究了焊接接头持久断裂特征.结果表明,GH4169D 母材中的主要析出相为1～20 μm 长的片层状晶界η相、30～80 nm 的颗粒状γ'相和少量的碳氮化物.热影响区中...     

Cold hole expansion effect on the fatigue crack growth in welds of a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

Compact test specimens were extracted from a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy welded plate with a thickness of 9 mm to analyze the cold hole expansion effect on fatigue crack growth tests conducted in mode I cyclic loading. At R = 0.1, a sharp crack in base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone was propagated from 17 to 24 mm. The fatigue crack growth at 24 mm (α = a/W = 0.3) was delayed by drilling a hole at the crack tip and applying a cold hole expansion of 4.1%. The residual stress fields due to cold hole expansion were determined with the finite element method. The fatigue crack growth testing was continued up to a crack length of 35 mm (α ∼ 0.43) at the same R, and crack opening displacements of the post-expansion crack were also determined with the finite element method. The results were expressed in terms of crack length versus number of cycles, as well as, fatigue crack growth rate as a function of applied and effective stress intensity factor range. The cold hole expansion contributed to delay the fatigue crack growth in base metal, and to a lesser extent in the weld metal and heat affected zone. A crack closure effect was determined by means of load versus crack opening displacement curves of the post-expansion crack, which was, completely or partially closed, in welded zones with compressive residual stress fields. The fracture surfaces of each welded zone were analyzed to elucidate the crack nucleation zone and its relation with the residual stress field. In all cases the crack was initiated at the surface of the specimen where the residual stresses were positive.     

国产海洋用钢36Z焊缝腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的研究SCIEI

本文给出了国产海洋用钢36z焊缝及热影响区在人工合成海水中不同频率的裂纹扩展特征,并与国外同样强度级别的海洋用钢A537焊缝的裂纹扩展率进行了比较。结果表明,在人工合成海水中国产钢焊缝和热影响区低频比高频下的裂纹扩展率分别高3—5倍和4—10倍;国产钢焊缝与A537焊缝的裂纹扩展率基本相当。本文对腐蚀介质下焊缝裂纹扩展规律和断裂特征进行了讨论。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded dissimilar DP600/DP980 dual-phase steel joints

The use of dual phase (DP) steels in the automobile industry unavoidably involves welding and dynamic loading. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the microstructural change and mechanical properties of laser welded dissimilar DP600/DP980 steel joints. The dissimilar joints showed a significant microstructural change from nearly full martensite in the fusion zone (FZ) to the unchanged ferrite-martensite dual-phase microstructure in the base metal. The welding resulted in a significant hardness increase in the FZ but the formation of a soft zone in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The dissimilar welded joints were observed to exhibit a distinctive unsymmetrical hardness profile, yield-point-like phenomenon, and single-stage work hardening characteristic, with yield strength and work hardening rate lying in-between those of DP600 and DP980 base metals, and ultimate tensile strength equivalent to that of DP600 base metal. Although the welded joints showed a lower fatigue limit than the base metals, the fatigue life of the welded joints at higher stress amplitudes was almost the same as that of the DP600 base metal. The welded joints failed in the soft zone at the DP600 side under tensile loading and fatigue loading at the higher stress amplitudes. Fatigue crack initiation occurred from the specimen surface and crack propagation was characterized by typical fatigue striation together with secondary cracks.     

FV520B钢十字焊接接头的疲劳性能

用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了FV520B钢焊接接头母材、焊缝及热影响区的微观组织;并通过透射电镜给出了母材和焊缝的微观形貌。结果表明:母材组织为细小均匀的回火马氏体、弥散分布的析出相及高密度位错,而焊缝为粗大的板条马氏体及少量的析出相,说明母材力学性能优于焊缝。利用疲劳实验获得了高平均拉应力下接头的疲劳强度及S-N曲线等。通过对疲劳断口的观察,发现疲劳断裂主要有两种形式:破坏于焊趾处和焊接缺陷处,由于这里严重的应力集中,加速了疲劳裂纹的萌生。     

Microstructure and creep strength of welds in advanced ferritic power plant steels

Abstract

The microstructure and creep strength of simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) specimens and welded joints have been investigated for advanced 9-12%Cr steels in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for Type IV cracks and to improve the creep strength of welded joints at high temperature. The creep and creep rupture tests were carried out at 650° C (923 K) for up to about 10⁴ h. The creep crack growth tests were also carried out for welded joints, base metal and simulated HAZ specimens using the CT specimens. The creep rupture time of simulated HAZ specimens has its minimum after heating to A_C3 temperature, which produces fine-grained martensitic microstructure. Decreasing the width of HAZ by means of electron beam (EB) welding is effective for the extension of creep life but the brittle Type IV fracture appears even in the EB welded joints at low stress and long time conditions. Most of the welded joint specimens were fractured in fine-grained HAZ and resulted in shorter creep life than those of base metals as a result of the formation of creep voids and cracks. It should also be noted that in the fine-grained zone, the recovery of martensitic microstructure during creep is inhomogeneous as shown by the formation of coarse subgrains in the region of fine subgrains. Using a specially designed FEM code for Type IV crack growth behaviour, the vacancy diffusion under multi-axial stress conditions of welded joints in HAZ is analysed. The effect of creep ductility and void formation ahead of the crack tip on creep crack growth rate is successfully simulated.     

CRACK GROWTH RATE IN WELD METAL OF HOMEMADE OFFSHORE STRUCTURE STEEL 36Z

Investigation was carried out of the crack growth rate in weld metal and heat affected zone(HAZ)of offshore structural steels,homemade steel 36Z together with foreign steel A537 ofsimilar strength grade by comparison,in artificial sea water undergone fatigue with differentfrequencies.The crack growth rate in weld metal and HAZ of steel 36Z fatigued at low fre-queney may be 3—5 and 4—10 times as high as that at high frequency respectivley.The crackgrowth rate for steel 36Z may fairly match that of A537,The crack growth model and frac-ture of weld metal in corrosive medium were also discussed.