新型胶体——可得然胶

可得然胶(Curdlan)是一种新型的微生物胞外多糖,由于该多糖具有在加热条件下形成凝胶的独特性质,故又称作热凝胶.它是1966年由大阪大学的Harada教授及其同事发现的,因其在加热时能形成凝胶而得名.     

热处理及转谷氨酰胺酶对糖基化燕麦蛋白凝胶性质的影响

对燕麦蛋白及其乳糖糖基化燕麦蛋白进行热诱导和转谷氨酰胺酶诱导凝胶改性,探究2 种不同诱导方式对燕麦蛋白及其糖基化产物凝胶性质及结构的影响。结果表明：与燕麦蛋白热诱导凝胶相比,其他3 种燕麦蛋白凝胶的弹性、硬度和持水性均显著提高（P＜0.05）;酶诱导凝胶的质构性质（弹性、硬度、胶黏性）与持水性优于热诱导凝胶;糖基化改性蛋白凝胶的质构性质与持水性显著高于未糖基化改性蛋白凝胶（P＜0.05）。酶诱导蛋白凝胶的表面疏水性分别高于两种热诱导蛋白凝胶;而糖基化改性蛋白凝胶的表面疏水性分别低于未糖基化改性蛋白凝胶。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光光谱分析、微观结构分析进一步证明了转谷氨酰胺酶能引起燕麦蛋白发生分子间或分子内交联而形成大分子质量的交联产物,转谷氨酰胺酶诱导的燕麦蛋白凝胶具有更为致密的微观三维网络结构。研究表明,与热处理相比,转谷氨酰胺酶更能诱导燕麦蛋白及糖基化产物形成良好的凝胶,为燕麦粉的多元开发提供了一定理论基础。     

蛋黄凝胶形成机理及影响因素研究进展

文章介绍了热诱导、碱诱导和冷冻诱导蛋黄凝胶的凝胶过程、理化性质及形成机理,在此基础上重点阐述了不同影响因素对热诱导凝胶、碱诱导凝胶和冷冻诱导凝胶的影响,并对蛋黄凝胶的研究方向进行了展望。     

脱酰胺对热诱导小麦面筋蛋白构象及凝胶性质的影响

利用蛋白质谷氨酰胺酶(PGase)对小麦面筋蛋白进行处理,研究PGase脱酰胺及热诱导对小麦面筋蛋白构象及其凝胶性质的影响。结果表明,PGase脱酰胺能够在一定程度上抑制小麦面筋蛋白的热诱导聚集行为,提高小麦面筋蛋白热诱导凝胶的强度和保水性。当PGase添加量为3 U/g时,其凝胶强度和保水性均达到最大值,分别为903. 27 N和78. 70%。研究还表明,PGase处理后小麦面筋蛋白与水相互作用增加,从而提高了脱酰胺小麦面筋蛋白热诱导凝胶中非可冻结水含量。扫描电镜结果显示PGase脱酰胺结合热诱导处理的小麦面筋蛋白形成了更加有序的凝胶网络结构。     

猪血热诱导凝胶的形成机理

猪血是猪屠宰后的副产品,富含丰富的蛋白质、矿物质和维生素。通过加热方式使猪血由溶胶状态转变为凝胶状态。这种猪血热诱导凝胶产品改变了猪血的风味和口感,并保留了大量的营养成分,受到广大消费者的喜爱。在总结前人研究的基础上,对猪血蛋白质的组成,猪血热诱导凝胶的形成机理,猪血热诱导凝胶的性质及其影响因素进行综述,以期对我国猪血热诱导凝胶的工业化生产提供理论依据和有益参考。     

肌肉蛋白质的热诱导凝胶特性及其影响因素

肌肉蛋白质的热诱导凝胶作用及相关的脂肪和水的结合性质是肉制品最重要的加工特性（Smith,1988;Gordon and Barbut,1992）。热诱导凝胶作用是指变性的蛋白质分子经分子间的作用力（包括氢键、离子键、二硫键、疏水基作用力等）聚集并形成一种有序的三维网状结构,脂肪和水以物理和化学的方式包含在蛋白质基质中（Ferry,1948）。蛋白质的这种热诱导凝胶作用在很大程度上决定了肉糜制品的质地、外观和出品率,蛋白质凝胶特性受蛋白质结构特征和分子特性的影响（例如：疏水基作用力、表面电荷、巯基含量、分子量、构象稳定性和聚合／解聚行为）。另外,加工条件、环境因素（例如pH、离子强度）及其与基它成分间的相互作用也影响肉糜制品中蛋白质的凝胶特性。     

大豆分离蛋白热变性程度对肌纤维蛋白凝胶性质的影响

研究大豆分离蛋白(SPI)热变性程度对肌肉纤维蛋白(MPI)凝胶性质的影响.将SPI在80,90,100℃分别热处理0,15,30,60,100,180 min,得到一系列不同热变性程度的SPI,将其与MPI按1:3(V:W,总蛋白浓度为4%)的比例混合,热诱导得到混合蛋白凝胶.分别研究这些混合蛋白的流变学性质、凝胶性质以及凝胶持水性.结果表明:热变性的SPI有利于混合凝胶的性质提高,经过100℃热处理180 min的SPI与MPI形成的混合蛋白的弹性模量G'值最大,凝胶强度和弹性也最接近纯MP凝胶性质,持水性甚至好于纯MP凝胶性质.     

卡拉胶/大豆11S蛋白共混体系相容性及凝胶性质研究

研究了大豆11S蛋白分别与3种不同荷电量卡拉胶组成共混体系的相容性、热性质、凝胶流变性质及微结构,并探讨了共混凝胶的成胶动力学及机理。结果表明:ι-卡拉胶对大豆11S蛋白的相容性比κ-卡拉胶弱,添加λ-卡拉胶样共混体系更易发生相分离;添加3种卡拉胶均提高了大豆11S蛋白的热变性温度,但降低了热焓值,影响效果依次是λ-卡拉胶﹥ι-卡拉胶﹥κ-卡拉胶;共混凝胶随卡拉胶所带负电荷的增加其弹性模量值呈降低趋势,且凝胶网络结构由蛋白-多糖双连续结构转变为蛋白凝胶网络单连续结构;增加卡拉胶所带负电荷可降低共混凝胶形成过程表观活化能,同时降低了温控程序终点的弹性模量值。     

凝胶剂种类对凝胶油物性及结晶形态的影响研究*

以精炼低芥酸菜籽油为基料油,通过添加不同种类凝胶剂制备出两种模式凝胶油,并探讨了凝胶剂种类、搅拌等加工方式对凝胶油物化性质及结晶形态的影响,并使用低场脉冲核磁共振仪、质构仪、流变仪、差示量热扫描仪、粉末X-射线衍射仪、偏振光显微镜等手段对其固体脂肪含量、质构流变性质、熔化性质、晶型及晶体形态做了初步评价,为凝胶油在食品专用油脂中大规模应用奠定理论研究基础.     

食品中蛋白质的功能(二) 蛋白质结构与食品功能性质的关系研究

本文综述了蛋白质的结构,以及它与食品中蛋白质功能性质(如:表面性质、水化性质、凝胶性质等)的关系,并探讨了食品蛋白质的几种功能性质的影响因素及其在食品加工中的作用。     

可得然胶对面团及面条品质的影响

可得然胶是一种发酵多糖类物质,具有良好的凝胶特性。通过在小麦粉中加入可得然胶,测定面团的粉质、拉伸特性、糊化特性及面条的质构、蒸煮损失等指标,研究可得然胶对面团与面条品质的影响。结果表明:可得然胶对于面团特性具有一定的改良作用,但由于它只有在加热时才能充分地形成凝胶,所以改良程度不是很明显;对小麦粉的糊化特性没有改良作用;对面条的品质具有较明显的改良作用,它可以明显地降低面条的蒸煮断条率与弯曲断条率,对面条的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性与剪切强度等质构指标有较明显的改良作用;可得然胶适合在面条生产中应用,最佳使用量应为小麦粉用量的0.2%。     

Decreasing Oil Uptake of Doughnuts During Deep-fat Frying Using Curdlan

The ability of the dry ingredient curdlan (0% to 1% w/w) to lower oil uptake and moisture loss in doughnuts during deep-fat frying was compared with that of cellulose derivatives. An index expressing the ratio between oil uptake and moisture loss was developed. The addition of curdlan showed a linear effect on reducing each parameter (p < 0.001) within a range of 0% to 0.5%. This effect of curdlan probably is attributed to its thermal gelling property, and the heat-induced gel during frying probably functioned as an oil and moisture barrier. Cellulose derivatives were less effective than curdlan in this respect.     

凝胶多糖的研究及其应用

围绕凝胶多糖的结构、特性、生物合成途径、菌种选育诱变、以及凝胶多糖的提取和纯化等研究近况进行了综述 ,同时也概述了凝胶多糖的分子修饰及其在医药、食品、化工等方面的应用。     

Improving Functional Properties of Soy Protein Hydrolysate by Conjugation with Curdlan

ABSTRACT:  Soy protein hydrolysate was conjugated with curdlan through the naturally occurring Maillard reaction to extend its application in food processing. The gel-forming and emulsifying properties of soy protein hydrolysates were significantly improved ( P < 0.05) by conjugation with curdlan. The soy protein hydrolysate–curdlan conjugate (SPHCC)–soy protein isolate (SPI) mixed gel had a much thicker network than the soy protein hydrolysate and SPI mixed gel judged from scanning electron microscopic images. The improvement of gelling properties of soy protein hydrolysate by curdlan-conjugate was attributed to both the decrease in the repulsive forces among soy protein hydrolysates and the increase in the solubility. The covalent binding of soy protein hydrolysates and curdlan also showed a profound effect on the antioxidative activity of the soy protein hydrolysates. The higher antioxidative activity of SPHCC was related to the peptide reductants produced from the Maillard reaction and the higher emulsifying property of SPHCC. The conjugates of soy protein hydrolysate and curdlan can be used as a functional food additive having excellent gel-forming, emulsifying properties and antioxidative activity.     

可德兰多糖及其衍生物的生物活性和应用研究进展

可德兰多糖是一种不含侧链分支的微生物发酵型β-1,3-葡聚糖,具有特殊的凝胶性质,除作为食品添加剂外,在水产养殖也有着广泛的应用。多糖分子的聚合度、分子构象和分支程度与生物活性密切相关,通过化学改性得到的可德兰多糖衍生物不仅使得溶解性增加,而且其生物活性也有了明显的提高。同时,化学修饰后的可德兰多糖也具有开发为一种新型基因载体的广泛应用前景。本文综述了可德兰多糖及其衍生物的生物活性作用机理及其应用研究进展。     

可德胶及其在食品和医药领域上的应用

可德胶是一种新型微生物多糖。本文综述了可德胶的性质及其在食品和医药上的应用。     

可得然胶对米粉加工及食用品质的影响

为探究可得然胶对米粉加工及食用品质的影响,实验选取3?款可得然胶（CG-E、CG-01、CG-02,添加量为0%～1.0%,均为质量分数,下同）添加到米粉中,分别通过检测糊化性质、质构特性和蒸煮特性分析样品品质的变化;优化得到最适添加方案后,通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜探究可得然胶对米粉老化及凝胶结构的影响。结果表明,当可得然胶添加量为0.2%时,可得然胶会加剧米粉在加工和蒸煮过程中的吸水膨胀,从而降低米粉的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,增大米粉凝胶的空隙;但当添加量在0.4%～0.6%范围内时,可得然胶能在不影响大米粉短期老化的前提下,显著提升米粉的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,改善其蒸煮特性,同时延缓米粉的长期老化,并使凝胶网络更加致密。本研究为可得然胶在米粉乃至米制品中的应用提供参考。     

Evaluation of various salt contents on quality characteristics with or without curdlan of pork myofibrillar protein gels and the development of low-salt pork sausages

The objective of this study was to evaluate the gelling properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) gels at various salt concentrations with or without curdlan, and its application to model sausages with reduced salt levels. When curdlan was incorporated into MP mixtures, cooking yield (CY) at 0.15 m salt was similar to that of 0.45 m salt (P > 0.05). Gel strength of MPs at 0.45 m salt was highest among other salt concentrations. Increased salt concentration tended to be high shear stress values, regardless of the presence of curdlan (P < 0.05). MP gels with increasing salt concentration showed fewer pores and swollen structures. Addition of curdlan improved CY and expressible moisture of low-fat model sausage with increased salt levels. The addition of curdlan at 1.0% salt reduced the hardness and gumminess, and similar to those at 1.5% without curdlan. These results indicated that curdlan improved the water-holding capacity and textural properties of low-fat and low-salt sausage.     

Thermoirreversible Characteristics of Curdlan Gels in a Model Reduced Fat Pork Sausage

Dynamic viscoelasticity and thermal characteristics of a model reduced fat pork sausage containing curdlan were investigated. Curdlan formed thermoirreversible gels during preparation of sausage at end point temperatures that were within the range in which such gels usually transform from thermoreversible to thermoirreversible. Dynamic viscoelasticity of curdlan gels and thermal characteristics of curdlan aqueous suspensions were analyzed to help explain the physicochemical behavior of curdlan gels in sausage. Once formed curdlan gels exhibited stronger thermoirreversibility with increasing concentrations. The thermoirreversibility could be attributed to the curdlan concentration being higher than the maximum theoretical curdlan to water ratio.     

Characterization of water distribution in xanthan-curdlan hydrogel complex using magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry, rheology, and scanning electron microscopy

Abstract: Xanthan‐curdlan hydrogel complex (XCHC) has been shown capable of retaining moisture up to 5 freeze‐thaw cycles (FTCs); however, moisture distribution in the complex in relation to the hydrogel composition and structure remains uncharacterized. In the present study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry, rheology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the effect of water distribution and interaction with 2.0% aqueous solutions of xanthan, curdlan, and XCHC consisting of equal amounts of both polysaccharides. A gel structure with an indication of syneresis was clearly seen in the MR image of curdlan alone, whereas the distribution of protons throughout xanthan and XCHC samples remained homogeneous and showed no detectable syneresis. The three‐dimensional network, indicated by frequency sweeps, of curdlan was responsible for curdlan's gel structure. The frequency sweep and slope of the storage modulus (G′) of XCHC was significantly closer to curdlan with higher elasticity and less dependency upon angular frequency than xanthan alone. The reduction in XCHC dynamic moduli (G′ and G″) compared to curdlan could be attributed to the formation of wavy layers instead of a fully cured three‐dimensional structure. Addition of xanthan to curdlan restricted XCHC spin–spin relaxation time (T₂) to intermediate and slower exchange regimes, namely approximately 110 and 342 ms, respectively, promoting the polymer's interaction with water while inhibiting interpolymer interactions found in curdlan. A 3rd proton pool with the slowest T₂ seen in curdlan was not found in XCHC, correlating to the absence of syneresis. Practical Application: The combination of texture measurements and discrete noninvasive techniques was found capable of providing insightful understanding of water distribution in a gel system. These techniques may be applied to other hydrogel complexes. The XCHC system investigated has the potential to enhance freeze‐thaw stability in frozen food products by minimizing syneresis due to undesirable temperature fluctuations during distribution and consumer application.