海上风电场智慧运维管理系统

[目的]针对海上风电场运维安全管理,提出了海上风电场智慧运维管理系统.[方法]通过海上风电智慧调度系统、海上风电雷达多源跟踪及边界警示系统、海上风电场风机平台作业监管系统,搭建出海上风电场智慧运维管理系统.[结果]通过陆上集控中心的海上风电智慧调度系统,实现人员的安全管理以及船舶调度.通过海上风电雷达多源跟踪及边界警示...     

Ship collision impact on the structural load of an offshore wind turbine

When a maintenance and operations ship is berthing, there is a chance the ship may collide into the wind turbine. When these ships collide into wind turbine structures, this can result in significant changes to the foundation and structure of the wind turbine. In this paper, the structural load of a 4 MW offshore wind turbine was analyzed during a collision with an operations and maintenance ship. The variations in the wind speeds on hub height, waves, and the sea currents were measured. The dynamic simulation of the wind turbine was carried out using the test data as the input parameters. As a result, the load condition of the turbine without a collision was obtained. Finally, the measured turbine load was compared with the simulation results. This study shows that the collision of the operation and the maintenance ship increases the bending moments at the tower’s bottom and the blade’s roots.     

基于复合地基反力法的单柱式海上风力机船舶碰撞研究

采用非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA模拟5 000 t的船舶与3 MW单柱式海上风力机碰撞过程,并采用复合地基反力法描述碰撞过程中土壤与桩相互作用,研究土壤与桩相互作用及船舶碰撞速度对海上风力机碰撞过程的影响,对比分析了碰撞力及海上风力机结构动力响应。研究表明:船舶最大碰撞力随着碰撞角度增大而减小,随着碰撞速度增大而增大;随着船舶碰撞速度增大单柱式海上风力机与船舶碰撞区域塑性变形逐渐增大;船舶碰撞速度增大到3 m/s时,风力机桩底产生塑性变形,继续增大到7 m/s时,风力机桩底产生塑性失效。     

基于分形特征的海上风力机防护装置设计研究

根据分形理论设计一种分形防护装置,基于非线性动力学理论,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟5000 t船舶与设有不同阶数防护装置的4 MW海上风力机碰撞过程,分析研究不同阶数防护装置的防护效果。结果表明：较橡胶材料实心防护装置,分形防护装置可有效降低接触力,延长接触时间;分形结构可提高防护装置内能转化能力,促进外层钢壳吸能,并提升橡胶内能耗散;分形防护装置应力峰值更低,高应力区域更广,可使更大面积材料发挥防护作用,有效降低撞深。不同阶数分形结构的抗撞性能与分形孔受撞后变形状况有关,其中一阶分形结构提升防护装置抗撞性能最优。     

Numerical study of a concept for major repair and replacement of offshore wind turbine blades

Repair and replacement of offshore wind turbine blades are necessary for current and future offshore wind turbines. To date, repair activities are often conducted using huge jack‐up crane vessels and by applying a reverse installation procedure. Because of the high costs associated with installation and removal of offshore wind turbine components and the low profit margin of the offshore wind industry, alternative methods for installation and removal are needed. This paper introduces a novel concept for replacement or installation of offshore wind turbine blades. The concept involves a medium‐sized jack‐up crane vessel and a tower climbing mechanism. This mechanism provides a stable platform for clamping, lowering, and lifting of a blade. A case study of a 5‐MW offshore wind turbine is shown, where common engineering practices were applied and numerical simulations of the marine operations were carried out using finite element and multibody simulation tools. Operational limits for wave and wind actions were established to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the proposed concept.     

考虑时间窗约束的海上风电机组运维方案优化

降低运维成本是保障海上风电经济效益的关键,运维方案优化对降低海上风电机组运维成本和提高发电量起着双重作用。根据风电机组零部件的可靠度模型,计算出每台风电机组最佳维修时机对应的时间窗,考虑提前维修和故障后维修的经济损失,建立包含时间窗约束的海上风电机组运维方案优化模型,然后设计基于参数优化的改进遗传算法计算出最优运维方案。最后采用某海上风电场内风电机组运维案例验证模型和算法,结果表明考虑时间窗约束的运维方案可大幅度提高海上风电的经济效益,改进遗传算法比传统遗传算法具有更强的寻优能力。     

Condition based maintenance optimization for wind power generation systems under continuous monitoring

By utilizing condition monitoring information collected from wind turbine components, condition based maintenance (CBM) strategy can be used to reduce the operation and maintenance costs of wind power generation systems. The existing CBM methods for wind power generation systems deal with wind turbine components separately, that is, maintenance decisions are made on individual components, rather than the whole system. However, a wind farm generally consists of multiple wind turbines, and each wind turbine has multiple components including main bearing, gearbox, generator, etc. There are economic dependencies among wind turbines and their components. That is, once a maintenance team is sent to the wind farm, it may be more economical to take the opportunity to maintain multiple turbines, and when a turbine is stopped for maintenance, it may be more cost-effective to simultaneously replace multiple components which show relatively high risks. In this paper, we develop an optimal CBM solution to the above-mentioned issues. The proposed maintenance policy is defined by two failure probability threshold values at the wind turbine level. Based on the condition monitoring and prognostics information, the failure probability values at the component and the turbine levels can be calculated, and the optimal CBM decisions can be made accordingly. A simulation method is developed to evaluate the cost of the CBM policy. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed CBM approach. A comparative study based on commonly used constant-interval maintenance policy demonstrates the advantage of the proposed CBM approach in reducing the maintenance cost.     

Minimizing maintenance cost for offshore wind turbines following multi-level opportunistic preventive strategy

Cost of energy generated from offshore wind is impacted by maintenance cost to a great extent. Cost of maintenance depends primarily on the strategy for performing maintenance. In this paper a maintenance cost model for offshore wind turbine components following multilevel opportunistic preventive maintenance strategy is formulated. In this strategy, opportunity for performing preventive actions on components is taken while a failed component is replaced. Two kinds of preventive actions are considered, preventive replacement and preventive maintenance. In the former, components that undergo that action become as good as new (i.e., the replaced components, are not just as good as new, but are actually new), but in the latter, ages of components are reduced to some degree depending on the level of maintenance action. Total cost associated with maintenance depends on the setting of age groups that determine which component should be preventively maintained and to what degree. Through optimum selection of the number of age groups, cost of maintenance can be minimized. A model is formulated where total maintenance cost is expressed as a function of number of age groups for components. A numerical study is used to illustrate the model. The results show that total cost of maintenance is significantly impacted by number of age groups and age thresholds set for components.     

单桩柱式海上风力机与船舶碰撞的动力响应特性分析

研究单桩柱式海上风力机受船舶碰撞后的动力响应特性,建立基于国内某单桩柱式的3 MW风力机整机模型,运用显式动力学理论并结合非线性有限元方法,通过有限元分析软件LS-DYNA模拟不同质量的船舶以不同速度撞击风力机的碰撞过程。结果表明:在保证碰撞船舶质量(速度)不变的情况下,碰撞持续的时间随着船舶速度(质量)的增加而增加;碰撞结束后,质量一定的船舶回弹动能与初始动能之比随着初始动能的增加而减少;在初始动能较小时,最大接触力与船舶质量和速度都具有显著的线性关系,初始动能相同时,碰撞的最大接触力也基本相同。     

Structural health and prognostics management for the enhancement of offshore wind turbine operations and maintenance strategies

Offshore wind turbines are an attractive source for clean and renewable energy for reasons including their proximity to population centers and higher capacity factors. One obstacle to the more widespread installation of offshore wind turbines in the USA, however, is that recent projections of offshore operations and maintenance costs vary from two to five times the land‐based costs. One way in which these costs could be reduced is through use of a structural health and prognostics management (SHPM) system as part of a condition‐based maintenance paradigm with smart loads management. This paper contributes to the development of such strategies by developing an initial roadmap for SHPM, with application to the blades. One of the key elements of the approach is a multiscale simulation approach developed to identify how the underlying physics of the system are affected by the presence of damage and how these changes manifest themselves in the operational response of a full turbine. A case study of a trailing edge disbond is analysed to demonstrate the multiscale sensitivity of damage approach and to show the potential life extension and increased energy capture that can be achieved using simple changes in the overall turbine control and loads management strategy. The integration of health monitoring information, economic considerations such as repair costs versus state of health, and a smart loads management methodology provides an initial roadmap for reducing operations and maintenance costs for offshore wind farms while increasing turbine availability and overall profit. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelica-AeroDyn: Development,benchmark, and application of a comprehensive object-oriented tool for dynamic analysis of non-conventional horizontal-axis floating wind turbines

The exploitation of offshore wind energy by means of floating wind turbines is gaining traction as a suitable option to produce sustainable energy. Multi-rotor floating wind turbines have been proposed as an appealing option to reduce the costs associated with manufacturing, logistics, offshore installations, and operation and maintenance of large wind turbine components. The development of such systems is forestalled by the lack of a dedicated tool for dynamics and load analysis. Standard codes, such as FAST by NREL, offer the desired fidelity level but are not able to accommodate multi-rotor configurations. A few experimental codes have been also proposed, which may accommodate multi-rotor systems, but low flexibility makes them impractical to study a vast range of innovative multi-rotor FWTs concepts. To close the gap, this work presents the development and comprehensive benchmark of a fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic tool able to easily accommodate arbitrary platform and tower geometries and the number of wind turbines employed. Development is carried out in Modelica, which allows for the employment of the same code functionality in a virtually unlimited number of physical configurations. Full blade-element momentum capabilities are achieved by integrating into Modelica the well-established NREL aerodynamic module AeroDyn v15 within FAST v8. Structural dynamics of tower and blades are implemented through a lumped-element approach. Hydrodynamic loads are computed by employing the DNV software SESAM WADAM. Thorough benchmark is performed against FAST, and positive results are obtained. The dynamic performance of a two-rotor floating wind turbine is finally assessed considering different turbulence spectrums.     

Reliability analysis for wind turbines

Modern wind turbines are complex aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical machines incorporating sophisticated control systems. Wind turbines have been erected in increasing numbers in Europe, the USA and elsewhere. In Europe, Germany and Denmark have played a particularly prominent part in developing the technology, and both countries have installed large numbers of turbines. This article is concerned with understanding the historic reliability of modern wind turbines. The prime objective of the work is to extract information from existing data so that the reliability of large wind turbines can be predicted, particularly when installed offshore in the future. The article uses data collected from the Windstats survey to analyse the reliability of wind turbine components from historic German and Danish data. Windstats data have characteristics common to practical reliability surveys; for example, the number of failures is collected for each interval but the number of turbines varies in each interval. In this article, the authors use reliability analysis methods which are not only applicable to wind turbines but relate to any repairable system. Particular care is taken to compare results from the two populations to consider the validity of the data. The main purpose of the article is to discuss the practical methods of predicting large‐wind‐turbine reliability using grouped survey data from Windstats and to show how turbine design, turbine configuration, time, weather and possibly maintenance can affect the extracted results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

Availability,operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines with different drive train configurations

Different configurations of gearbox, generator and power converter exist for offshore wind turbines. This paper investigated the performance of four prominent drive train configurations over a range of sites distinguished by their distance to shore. Failure rate data from onshore and offshore wind turbine populations was used where available or systematically estimated where no data was available. This was inputted along with repair resource requirements to an offshore accessibility and operation and maintenance model to calculate availability and operation and maintenance costs for a baseline wind farm consisting of 100 turbines. The results predicted that turbines with a permanent magnet generator and a fully rated power converter will have a higher availability and lower operation and maintenance costs than turbines with doubly fed induction generators. This held true for all sites in this analysis. It was also predicted that in turbines with a permanent magnet generator, the direct drive configuration has the highest availability and lowest operation and maintenance costs followed by the turbines with two‐stage and three‐stage gearboxes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Valuing the manufacturing externalities of wind energy: assessing the environmental profit and loss of wind turbines in Northern Europe

This study draws from a concept from green accounting, lifecycle assessment, and industrial ecology known as 'environmental profit and loss” (EP&L) to determine the extent of externalities across the manufacturing lifecycle of wind energy. So far, no EP&Ls have involved energy companies and none have involved wind energy or wind turbines. We perform an EP&L for three types of wind turbines sited and built in Northern Europe (Denmark and Norway) by a major manufacturer: a 3.2 MW onshore turbine with a mixed concrete steel foundation, a 3.0 MW offshore turbine with a steel foundation, and a 3.0 MW offshore turbine with a concrete foundation. For each of these three turbine types, we identify and monetize externalities related to carbon dioxide emissions, air pollution, and waste. We find that total environmental losses range from €1.1 million for the offshore turbine with concrete foundation to €740,000 for onshore turbines and about €500,000 for an offshore turbine with steel foundation—equivalent to almost one‐fifth of construction cost in some instances. We conclude that carbon dioxide emissions dominate the amount of environmental damages and that turbines need to work for 2.5 to 5.5 years to payback their carbon debts. Even though turbines are installed in Europe, China and South Korea accounted for about 80% of damages across each type of turbine. Lastly, two components, foundations and towers, account for about 90% of all damages. We conclude with six implications for wind energy analysts, suppliers, manufacturers, and planners. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风电场的组合维修策略研究

为降低风电场维修成本,提出针对风电场的风电机组部件组合维修策略。在各部件故障率服从威布尔分布的基础上,确定各部件的最优预防性维修周期,进而确定各部件后续预防性维修的实施时刻。将未来一段时间内的全部维修任务按分组方案组合为多个维修组,单一维修组内包含的全部维修任务采用分层优化方法安排给多支维修队一起执行,以使在风电机组停机时间最短情况下维修队工作时间最短。对比组合维修策略与预防性维修策略的维系成本,以分组方案节约维修成本为适应度,使用遗传算法求解最优分组方案。仿真结果验证了该策略可有效减少风电机组的停机时间,降低风电场维修成本。     

海上风电机组智能故障预警系统研究

  [目的]  随着海上风电机组装机容量的飞速发展,业主对海上风电机组的安全运行越来越重视,对风机设备可靠性的要求越来越高。传统的设备故障事后处理模式不仅不能保证发电设备运行的可靠性,而且海上风电运行维护的可达性差,被动的故障后维修无形中增加了巨大的电量损失,已完全不能满足海上风电的要求。设备故障早期智能预警系统可以提前预知设备存在的问题,把设备隐患消除在萌芽状态之内,真正做到“防患于未然”。  [方法]  通过对海上风电机组关键部件的数据采集,结合历史数据提取故障特征,利用神经网络等大数据算法,实现发电机温度异常、发电机轴承异常、齿轮箱散热异常、齿形带断裂警告等设备故障的提前预判。  [结果]  根据对设备早期故障的提前预判,可以综合考虑海上风电的气象、台风、海况、海事等维护特点,有计划地执行积极的预防性维护策略,能够有效地避免大部件故障的发生或风机整机失效情况的发生。  [结论]  研究成果可提高海上风电机组的可靠性和风电场整体发电效益。     

Modelling wind turbine degradation and maintenance

This paper presents an asset model for offshore wind turbine reliability accounting for the degradation, inspection and maintenance processes. The model was developed based on the Petri net method that effectively captures the stochastic nature of the dynamic processes through the use of appropriate statistical distributions. The versatility of the method allows the details of the degradation and maintenance operations to be incorporated in the model. In particular, there are dependent deterioration processes between wind turbine subsystems, complex maintenance rules and the incorporation of condition monitoring systems for early failure indication to enable replacement prior to failure. The purposes of the model are to predict the future condition of wind turbine components and to investigate the effect of a specified maintenance strategy. The model outputs are statistics indicating the performance of the wind turbine components; these include the probability of being in different condition states, the expected number of maintenance actions and the average number and duration of system downtime under any maintenance strategy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of the unsteady aerodynamics of offshore floating wind turbines

Large‐scale offshore floating wind turbines were first proposed in 1972 by Prof. William E. Heronemus at the University of Massachusetts. Since then, very little progress has been made in the deployment of these systems despite the significant advantages afforded by floating wind turbines, namely access to superior wind resources and increased placement flexibility. Aside from the large capital costs associated with construction, one of the most significant challenges facing offshore floating wind turbines is a limited simulation and load estimation capability. Many wind turbine aerodynamic analysis methods rely on assumptions that may not be applicable to the highly dynamic environment in which floating wind turbines are expected to operate. This study characterizes the unique operating conditions that make aerodynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines a challenge. Conditions that may result in unsteady flow are identified, and a method to identify aerodynamically relevant platform modes is presented. Operating conditions that may result in a breakdown of the momentum balance equations are also identified for different platform configurations. It is shown that offshore floating wind turbines are subjected to significant aerodynamic unsteadiness fixed‐bottom offshore turbines. Aerodynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines may require the use of higher‐fidelity ‘engineering‐level’ models than commonly in use today. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于风电机组状态的超短期海上风电功率预测

提出一种基于风电机组状态的超短期海上风电功率预测模型。首先,综合考虑海上环境因素以及风电机组部件间的相互作用建立指标的预测模型,以长短期记忆神经网络的预测误差作为监测指标的动态劣化度;然后采用模糊综合评价法对风电机组的运行状态进行评估,依据评估结果对风电机组历史运行数据进行划分;最后根据分类后历史运行数据建立基于机组状态的超短期风电功率预测模型。结合国内某海上风电场实例数据进行分析,算例结果表明所提方法可有效提高风电功率预测精度。