高强钢板冲压成形的回弹规律与工艺参数研究

高强钢板冲压成形的回弹问题在很大程度上制约了其深入应用,合理的工艺是减少回弹的关键和有效途径之一.建立了曲面扁壳件冲压成形的有限元模型,基于正交试验法研究了工艺参数,包括压边力、摩擦系数、板厚以及拉深筋的布置方式对回弹的影响规律,采用普通钢板和高强钢板分别进行了冲压成形实验,并与数值模拟结果进行对比.结果表明,高强钢板冲压成形的回弹较大,但通过合理的压边力和拉深筋布置方式可以实现高强钢板冲压成形回弹的有效控制.     

基于渐进弯曲成形双曲马鞍形金属板工艺研究

目的 解决马鞍形板成形困难、成形效率低和成形精度低的问题。方法 通过理论分析和仿真方法对马鞍形板成形过程中的加载路径和回弹情况进行研究,分析马鞍形板成形所需最小能量加载轨迹和回弹补偿数值。在此基础上,采用渐进弯曲成形方法对3 mm厚的Q235钢板进行马鞍形板成形实验,并与仿真研究结果进行对比分析。结果 马鞍形板在不同冲压点的回弹高度基本相同,为12 mm左右,没有辅助支撑成形马鞍形板的实验结果和设计目标的平均误差为6.2 mm,增加辅助支撑成形马鞍形板的实验结果和设计目标的平均误差为4.1 mm。结论 渐进弯曲成形方法能提高马鞍形板的成形效率和成形精度,节约成形加工成本。增加辅助支撑能明显改善马鞍形板的成形质量。     

汽车前保险杠横梁全工序成形模拟及回弹控制

针对汽车前保险杠横梁零件在冲压成形过程中可能出现的开裂、起皱、回弹等缺陷,采用Dynaform软件分析产生缺陷的影响因素,如成形方式、压边力、摩擦系数、冲压速度等,分别采取措施对成形方式、工艺参数、回弹等进行优化,模拟结果显示,优化后的零件成形效果较好,回弹补偿后得到的零件满足公差要求,从而验证了优化方法的可行性和回弹...     

基于Autoform和Dynaform软件的超高强钢零件仿真对比

目的研究商用软件Autoform和Dynaform对超高强钢零件的回弹预测精度。方法以某车型前围板中间横梁零件冲压成形过程为例,分别基于Autoform和Dynaform软件建立冲压有限元模型模拟冲压成形和回弹过程,对两种软件成形性和回弹计算结果进行比较和讨论分析。结果 Dynaform和Autoform两种软件在成形性计算时结果比较一致,相同位置Autoform计算减薄率为16%,Dynaform为16.2%;Dynaform计算的最大减薄率为18%,比Autoform的16.2%略大;两种软件基本在相同位置预测出了起皱和开裂现象;比较修边后回弹仿真值与实测值,Dynaform计算的偏差满足设定阈值的占51.4%,高出Autoform约20%。结论 Dynaform计算的最大减薄率更大一些,对应量产时较高的安全裕度;同时其回弹计算结果与实测回弹值更为接近,回弹预测精度更高。     

汽车纵梁成形回弹及补偿

目的分析某型汽车纵梁的结构特点和冲压工艺性,并根据实际生产经验、条件制定多步成形工艺方案。方法借助AutoForm有限元软件对零件进行冲压成形模拟,有效防止成形缺陷的形成,降低模具形成的风险。对于高强度钢纵梁在成形后具有较大回弹的情况,使用迭代回弹补偿方法来补偿模具的回弹。在此基础上,根据回弹补偿后的模具型面设计并加工模具。结果经过多次回弹补偿,零件的最大回弹由补偿前的13mm减小至±0.5 mm以内,回弹补偿效果较为显著。结论此回弹补偿方法具有可行性并具有指导工程应用的价值。     

先进高强钢DP1000地板中央通道的成形回弹及补偿研究

高强度钢板因具有较高的强度而易产生严重的回弹缺陷,已成为其应用的最主要瓶颈.为此,本文以某车型地板中央通道零件为载体,针对其几何型面复杂、材料变形程度大的特点,研究先进高强度钢板DP1000的冲压成形回弹及补偿特性.通过对该零件的冲压成形工艺方案进行优化设计和全工序回弹数值模拟,并结合零件的几何特征和变形模式,对各成形工序的回弹进行精确预测.基于预测结果对模具型面采用折入处理的方式进行全工序几何补偿,实现回弹补偿的自工序完结.最后以补偿后的型面进行冲压实验,并对零件的型面尺寸进行检测分析.结果表明,全工序回弹数值模拟和型面几何补偿是解决复杂零件多工序冲压成形回弹问题的最有效方法.通过两次回弹补偿后,该零件的回弹得到完全控制,尺寸精度达到要求且成形质量良好.     

某发动机仓边梁盖板成形工艺分析及回弹控制

目的探讨高强钢板的浅成形件的回弹问题,开发高强钢发动机仓边梁盖板浅拉深工艺。方法针对发动机仓边梁盖板进行了零件特征和冲压工艺分析,采用了双件对称布置的拉深设计,设计了具有中间容料形式的工艺补充面,并且采用了拉深槛来增加成形阻力。最后用Dynaform软件模拟了制件拉延成形过程,分别分析了在成形卸载后和切边后两种状态的回弹情况,以及工艺参数-压边力和拉延筋对制件回弹的影响。通过对典型截面回弹量大小的研究,总结了制件回弹的规律,并对回弹进行了有效控制。结果根据模拟结果选取了最优参数,设计了冲压方案,冲压出了合格的产品。结论覆盖件内部补充面可以采用凸形面来增大面积,消化多余面积,以提高该区域的变形程度,提高零件精度。使用拉深槛可以比拉深筋更有效地提高浅成形覆盖件的塑性变形程度,减小回弹。     

ANSYS/LS-DYNA和DYNAFORM软件对板料的弯曲回弹比较分析

在工业化水平日新月异的今天,对零件成形精度的要求越来越高,随着高强度金属板与合金板在许多行业领域里的广泛使用,使得由这些材料进行冲压成形的零件相对于传统的普通低碳钢板材零件,生产过程中的回弹问题比较突出,本文对市场上常用的弯曲回弹分析软件进行比较,分析优缺点,以期对相关工作者有所帮助。     

高强度汽车钢板冲压成形的主要问题及模具对策

目的研究汽车行业高强度钢板冲压成形时,开裂等缺陷的解决方法。方法通过分析高强度钢板在冲压成形过程中存在的主要问题的根源,应用板料成形CAE分析软件Dynaform对其成形工艺进行了分析与优化。结果确定了优化后的工艺参数和模具结构,结合模具调试实际,提出了高强度钢板冲压成形问题的模具设计和调试解决对策。结论通过CAE分析优化设计,以及模具调试的钳工精细化和TD处理,可以改善开裂、回弹等高强度钢板普遍存在的冲压成形缺陷。     

轿车后围板成形过程数值模拟及参数优化

为提高轿车后围板零件的成形质量和设计效率,采用单向拉伸试验,测定了板料的力学性能参数,并对测量参数的有效性进行了验证;基于测量的参数,对该零件的冲压成形过程进行了数值模拟,改进了拉延筋的受力并优化了工艺和模具参数;对零件成形之后的回弹进行了研究,并对回弹变形进行了补偿.研究结果表明:采用测定的参数能有效地提高数值模拟的精度;优化拉延筋的受力及成形参数,可以提高成形件的质量;利用补偿法可以有效的补偿零件的回弹变形;经验知识与数值模拟相结合的优化方法是提高产品质量及工艺设计效率的有效途径.     

Experimental determination of spring back and thinning effect of aluminum sheet metal during L-bending operation

In automotive industry, significant efforts are being put forth to replace steel sheets with aluminum sheets for various applications. Besides its higher cost, there are several technical hurdles for wide usage of aluminum sheets in forming. Major problems in aluminum sheet metal forming operations are deformation errors and spring back effect. These problems are dependent on the number of parameters such as die and tool geometry, friction condition, loading condition and anisotropic properties of the metal.To predict the exact shape, the geometry based punch contact program must be used. The shape changes once the punch is withdrawn, because of the materials elasticity. Prediction of such a spring back effect is a major challenging problem in industry involving sheet metal forming operations. It also needs applying appropriate back tension during the forming complex shapes. Slight deformation of the metal leads to non-axisymmetric loading. One can predict the residual stress by determining plastic and elastic deformation. Thus appropriate spring back effect can be investigated.The present investigation was carried out to determine the spring back and thinning effect of aluminum sheet metal during L-bending operation. Number of specimens with thickness varying from 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm were prepared. The experiments were conducted for different clearances between punch and die. It is observed that, beyond a particular clearance for each thickness of the sheet metal, the spring back and thinning effects were linearly increasing. However, below the critical clearance, scratches on the surface of the sheet metal were seen due to wear. The scratches were analyzed through Scanning Electron micrographs. As the clearance between punch and die reduces further, more wear on the punching surface was observed. And, as the clearance increases it leads to increase the spring back effect and fracture propagation.     

Experimental and finite element study on the spring back of double curved aluminum/polypropylene/aluminum sandwich sheet

The most prominent feature of sheet material forming process is an elastic recovery phenomenon during unloading which leads to spring back and side wall curl. Metal–polymer laminate sheets are emerging materials that have many potential applications. Therefore evaluation of spring back is mandatory for production of precise products from these new sheet materials. In this paper, the results of spring back evaluation of AA3105/polypropylene/AA3105 sandwich sheet materials have been presented after being subjected to double-curvature forming. Numerical simulation of double-curvature forming process has also been carried out using both implicit and explicit finite element programs. The influences of some geometrical parameters on spring back such as thickness of sandwich sheet and tool curvatures radii have been evaluated.     

Impact resistant behaviour of RC slab strengthened with FRP sheet

To investigate the impact resistance of RC slabs strengthened with Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) sheet to the back of the slab, falling-weight impact tests were conducted. Two loading types were applied: iterative loading and single loading. The impact load was applied to the centre of the RC slab with a free falling 300 kg steel striker with a diameter of 60 mm. A total of 12 RC slabs that were 1,650 (L) × 1,650 (W) × 150 (h) mm were used for these experiments. In this study, the strengthening method and material properties of the FRP sheet and the number of FRP sheet layers were varied. The results obtained from this study are as follows: (1) the impact resistance of the RC slabs can be improved by attaching a strengthened FRP sheet to the back surfaces; (2) the load bearing mechanism of RC slabs depends on the loading type and strengthening volume of the FRP sheet; and (3) the dynamic amplification factor is about two, which is independent of the load bearing mechanism of the RC slab and the strengthening volume and tensile rigidity of the FRP sheet.     

石墨层折叠特性的原子力显微镜研究

使用原子力显微镜的探针对石墨的双原子厚片层进行了撕裂和折叠实验,结果表明:石墨片层只沿特定的方向撕裂和折叠;被折叠的片层在折叠轴处会形成一个未封闭的碳纳米管,即石墨片层的sp2键结构在折叠轴处会形成类sp3的结构缺陷;被折叠的片层可以完全展平到原来的位置或被继续撕成形状相同但尺寸较大的三角形.这说明在外力作用下sp2键结构和类sp3键结构可以自由地相互转化而不被损坏,由此可以解释碳纳米管惊人的可弯性.     

In‐situ heated stage scanning electron microscope analysis and characterisation of recrystallization behaviour of a 7000 series alloy with nickel additions

Observation of microstructural evolution and processes are typically observed by means of “snap shots” where a sample is removed from a thermal cycle and then analysed using varying microscopy techniques. Advanced techniques such as hot stage electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and fore scattered detection (FSD) allow for direct in‐situ observation of these processes to give better and more accurate analysis. This paper investigates two 7000 series alloys with a 1.6 wt% nickel addition and compares the recrystallization behaviours of both. Recrystallization was observed to occur at a higher rate and at a lower initiation temperature of 277 °C in sheet rolled from the original smaller 10 kg cast of material compared to the higher temperature of 285 °C in sheet from a second larger 60 kg cast. In‐situ back scattered scans of both alloys microstructures were observed to be near identical to bulk back scattered scans taken from samples recrystallized externally, validating the accuracy of the observed results.     

钛网添加对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能影响研究

目的 有效抑制镁/铝复合板界面处金属间化合物的形成。以钛网为中间金属夹层,研究它对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法 利用复合轧制技术制备以钛网为中间金属夹层的镁/铝-钛复合板,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射仪(EBSD)、万能试验机等对复合板退火前后的微观组织和力学性能进行表征和分析,系统研究中间层钛网对轧制态和退火态复合板微观组织、织构、拉伸性能、界面结合强度的影响规律。结果 中间层钛网均匀分布在镁/铝-钛复合板界面处,钛网的添加能有效抑制复合板退火过程中镁-铝金属间化合物的连续生长,减少金属间化合物的数量。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加对轧制态和退火态复合板中镁层和铝层的平均晶粒尺寸和织构类型的影响较小。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加降低了轧制态复合板的界面剪切强度和延伸率,但极大提升了退火态复合板的界面剪切强度、拉伸强度和延伸率。结论 中间层钛网的添加可有效减少复合板界面处金属间化合物的数量,提升退火态复合板的综合力学性能。     

冷轧前热处理对6016-T4P铝合金组织和力学性能的影响

通过拉伸试验、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等检测手段,研究了在冷轧前分别进行固溶处理和过时效处理工艺对6016-T4P板材组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:冷轧前进行固溶处理的6016-T4P板材比冷轧前进行过时效处理的6016-T4P板材塑性、强度和平面各向异性指数更高,晶粒度更小,晶界分布更均匀;而冷轧前进行过时效处理会弱化6016-T4P板材的再结晶织构强度并改变再结晶织构类型,进而改变板材平面内不同方向上的屈服强度并减小平面各向异性指数.     

FEM Simulation of Bending Formability for Laminate Steel／Resin／Steel Lightweight Composite Sheet

The ANSYS simulation software was used to analyze the bending formability of laminate steel/resin/steel lightweight composite sheet. The skin steel at external side produces relative slipping-off change during the bending due to its composite structure. The internal stress strain states, materials effect tools parameters and intermediate layer resin of lightweight sheet on slipping-off change were analyzed. The spring back and shear stress state after bending have also been discussed.     

Monoclinic effects and orthotropic estimation for the behaviour of rolled sheet

The crystallographic texture of an asymmetrically rolled sheet was investigated by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and exhibited prismatic monoclinic symmetry. The parameters of the associated yield equation, derived from the quadratic orthotropic Hill criterion, were determined from the volume fractions of the texture components using the “Continuum Mechanics of Textured Polycrystals” (CMTP) approach. Two quantities are defined to assess the departure from orthotropy, and a method is proposed to find the “best” orthotropic estimation of the sheet behaviour. Results are first discussed on the basis of strain rate ratio predictions. Mechanical behaviour analysis of a sheet submitted to combined shear and compression (CSC) loading is also used to illustrate the method.     

Effect of temperature on the creep behavior of a Ni–Cr–Fe–Al alloy: a comparison of the experimental data and a model

In order to characterise the mechanical behaviour of sandwich structures, which combine an interlayer of a woven wire mesh between two thin walled sheet metals, creep tests at 650, 680 and 750 °C were carried out on sheet metals made of the nickel based alloy Nicrofer 6025 HT (2.4633). In addition to the tests the creep behaviour was simulated by a model, which considers the creep rate as a function of the applied stress σ and the internal deformation resistance including an internal back stress σ_i and a particle resistance σ_P. The damage is included by a damage parameter D, which converges to “one” with increasing damage. A concluding comparison with the creep test results shows that the model is able to describe the creep behaviour of the investigated sheet metals.