Saving reuse from the noose: reuse of analogous specifications through human involvement in reuse process

Analogy is proposed as an alternative paradigm for the reuse of specifications during requirements analysis. First, critical determinants of analogies between software engineering problems are discussed in relation to a specification retrieval mechanism. Second, the process of specification reuse is examined. Specification reuse by analogy is knowledge-intensive, hence an important role is proposed for the analyst during specification reuse: analyst involvement would appear necessary to categorize a new problem, select between candidate reusable specifications, and customize the selected specification to the new domain. Finally, a specification reuse tool is proposed that recognises the collaborative nature of reuse by analogy. This tool assists and advises the analyst during reuse founded on cognitive models of analyst behaviour during analogous reasoning and reuse. The prototype version of this intelligent reuse advisor (Ira) is outlined.     

关于保险行业特定领域软件体系结构的研究

着重讨论了保险行业特定领域体系结构（ＤＳＳＡ）的有关的概念简化和实际应用,并以此推进具有特定领域背景情况下保险业务应用软件系统的复用技术,为ＤＳＳＡ这种工程组织实施性的研究提出方法学方面论述。     

基于本体的软件测试知识管理模型研究

本文针对知识管理在软件测试领域的具体应用，提出了一个基于本体的软件测试知识管理模型，其关注的主要对象是软件测试过程中产生的具有高知识密集性的创造性文档。该模型的主要思想是：将软件测试知识分为个人知识和组织知识，并以本体索引的自由文本为软件测试知识的方式得以表示和组织，然后根据SWEBOK软件测试领域本体得到分类保存，最终目的是协助软件测试知识以“知识螺旋”的方式得以共享和重用。     

Application of parallelized analogical planning to engineering design

Analogical planning provides a means of solving engineering problems where other machine learning methods fail. Unlike many machine learning paradigms, analogy does not require numerous previous examples or a rich domain theory. Instead, analogical planners adapt knowledge of solved problems in similar domains to the current problem. Unfortunately, the analogical planning task is an expensive one. While the process of forming correspondences between a known problem and a new problem is complex, the problem of selecting a base case for the analogy is virtually intractable.This paper addresses the issue of efficiently forming analogical plans. The Anagram planning system is described, which takes advantage of the massively parallel architecture of the Connection Machine to perform base selection and map formation. Anagram provides a tractable solution to analogical planning, with a complexity that is sublinear in the size of the plans.This paper describes the Anagram system and its parallel algorithms. The paper also presents theoretical analyses and empirical results of testing the system on a large database of plans from the domain of automatic programming.     

一种面向对象的领域工程方法

介绍了一种面向对象的领域工程方法--"青鸟领域工程方法".领域工程是对一个领域中的若干系统进行分析,识别这些应用的共同特征和可变特征,进行面向复用的开发,产生出特定于领域的构件和构架.领域工程给软件复用提供了有力的支持."青鸟领域工程方法"以" 青鸟面向对象开发方法"为基础,明确规定了领域工程中各个阶段的活动和产品,并针对每个阶段和活动给出了操作指南.     

面向对象与软件复用技术研究

软件复用是软件开发中避免重复劳动的一种行之有效的解决方案,好的复用技术可以节约开发成本,缩短开发时间,带来高可靠、高性能、高质量和高效率的软件新系统。面向对象技术是一个非常实用且强有力的软件开发方法,并阐述了软件复用在面向对象方法中的应用。     

面向本体的MIS领域分析方法

Domain engineering is a reuse technology of large-grain size,it focuses the analysis,design and implementa-tion within a specific domain.This paper focuses the first phase of domain engineering,discusses a new approach of domain analysis-ontology-oriented MIS domain analysis method and introduces the implementation of the prototype system which supports this method.     

面向对象与软件复用技术研究

软件复用是软件开发中避免重复劳动的一种行之有效的解决方案 ,好的复用技术可以节约开发成本 ,缩短开发时间 ,带来高可靠、高性能、高质量和高效率的软件新系统。面向对象技术是一个非常实用且强有力的软件开发方法 ,可为软件复用提供基本的技术支持。介绍了软件复用的基本概念和关键技术 ,并阐述了软件复用在面向对象方法中的应用。     

基于本体的领域特征建模过程研究

软件复用的研究和实践表明特定领域的软件复用活动相对容易取得成功,这主要是由于领域的内聚性和稳定性。而系统、全面的领域分析是成功的领域级复用活动的前提和关键。在领域分析和建模的相关研究工作中,已在特征建模方法的基础上引入本体作为特征建模的基础。在此基础上对基于本体的领域分析和建模过程进行了研究,提出了一种领域分析和建模方法OBDA（Ontology Based Domain Analysis）。该方法使用专家分析和自动分析方法相结合,分析业务动作之间的分解、泛化、刻面和依赖等关系以及各种关系的可变性,从而得到完整的领域特征模型。     

基于本体的领域分析

软件复用被认为是改善软件质量和提高软件生产力最有希望的技术。为了支持复用,软件开发过程必须考虑两个方面的问题:为复用开发和用复用开发。本体逐渐成为构建信息系统、提供知识共享和复用的重要机制。领域分析是软件复用工程中最重要的工作。本课题利用本体的概念,讨论了领域分析技术中的领域本体的概念、领域本体的形式化描述,本体模型的UML表达,并给出基于本体的领域分析过程,以期对软件复用工程的领域分析过程有所改进。     

基于知识的UML图形文档自动生成

基于领域本体的需求获取使得用领域术语描述用户需求,并进行应用模型的自动分析成为可能,以尽可能地保证需求描述的正确性和完整性。从以领域概念为背景的应用模型,到以软件概念为基础的应用软件模型,是需求工程要完成的一个实质性跨越。UML是目前软件需求描述的一个实际上的标准。该文主要论述了从基于领域本体的应用需求描述到基于UML的软件需求文档的自动转换过程,文章提出建立从领域本体概念到UML概念映射规则库,以及根据UML概念填写用XML表示的UML图元模板的规则库,设计并实现了一个基于规则的,从应用需求概念到UML图元模板的自动转换工具。     

基于代码结构知识的软件文档语义搜索方法

自然语言文本形式的文档是软件项目的重要组成部分.如何帮助开发者在大量文档中进行高效、准确的信息定位,是软件复用领域中的一个重要研究问题.提出了一种基于代码结构知识的软件文档语义搜索方法.该方法从软件项目的源代码中解析出代码结构图,并以此作为领域特定的知识来帮助机器理解自然语言文本的语义.这一语义信息与信息检索技术相结合,从而实现了对软件文档的语义检索.在StackOverflow问答文档数据集上的实验表明,与多种文本检索方法相比,该方法在平均准确率（mean average precision,简称MAP）上可以取得至少13.77%的提升.     

基于复用技术的分布式Web软件开发方法的研究

该文从软件工程的角度出发,将面向对象技术与软件复用技术相结合,针对分布式WEB软件设计中的复杂性过高提出了一种新的开发方法———主题库法。利用该方法开发的系统,不但可以使问题域能够良好地求解,而且可实现分析及设计结果、最终代码各个层面的复用,较易获取构件/构架库。文中详细描述了该方法的原理、具体实现过程及步骤。     

可变粒度的软件配置管理工具的研究

通过对当前软件配置管理领域理论及技术分析，从软件开发过程的实际需求出发，结合基于构件的软件开发方法和软件复用，过程和建模技术，提出一个可变粒度的软件配置管理工具WINGCM，并对其实现模型、方法等关键技术进行了具体论述。     

Improved estimation of software development effort using Classical and Fuzzy Analogy ensembles

Delivering an accurate estimate of software development effort plays a decisive role in successful management of a software project. Therefore, several effort estimation techniques have been proposed including analogy based techniques. However, despite the large number of proposed techniques, none has outperformed the others in all circumstances and previous studies have recommended generating estimation from ensembles of various single techniques rather than using only one solo technique. Hence, this paper proposes two types of homogeneous ensembles based on single Classical Analogy or single Fuzzy Analogy for the first time. To evaluate this proposal, we conducted an empirical study with 100/60 variants of Classical/Fuzzy Analogy techniques respectively. These variants were assessed using standardized accuracy and effect size criteria over seven datasets. Thereafter, these variants were clustered using the Scott-Knott statistical test and ranked using four unbiased errors measures. Moreover, three linear combiners were used to combine the single estimates. The results show that there is no best single Classical/Fuzzy Analogy technique across all datasets, and the constructed ensembles (Classical/Fuzzy Analogy ensembles) are often ranked first and their performances are, in general, higher than the single techniques. Furthermore, Fuzzy Analogy ensembles achieve better performance than Classical Analogy ensembles and there is no best Classical/Fuzzy ensemble across all datasets and no evidence concerning the best combiner.     

一种基于重用的领域模型分类方法

文中提出了一种领域模型的分类方法，以促进软件重用，虽然领域分析在软件重用中扮演了重析角色，但是却很难运用，特别是对于新的应用领域更是如此，软件重用中类比方法，通过提供相似领域的软件模型来支持领域分析，为了实现这种类比的方法，领域模型需要分类，文中所提出的方法是分层枚举（ｅｎｕｍｅｒａｔｉｖｅｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｙ）和刻面方法（ｆａｃｅｔｅｄｓｃｈｅｍｅ）的综合，从而使领域分析者可以很方便的地确定一个相     

Comprehensibility of UML-based software product line specifications

Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) deals with developing artifacts that capture the common and variable aspects of software product families. Domain models are one kind of such artifacts. Being developed in early stages, domain models need to specify commonality and variability and guide the reuse of the artifacts in particular software products. Although different modeling methods have been proposed to manage and support these activities, the assessment of these methods is still in an inceptive stage. In this work, we examined the comprehensibility of domain models specified in ADOM, a UML-based SPLE method. In particular, we conducted a controlled experiment in which 116 undergraduate students were required to answer comprehension questions regarding a domain model that was equipped with explicit reuse guidance and/or variability specification. We found that explicit specification of reuse guidance within the domain model helped understand the model, whereas explicit specification of variability increased comprehensibility only to a limited extent. Explicit specification of both reuse guidance and variability often provided intermediate results, namely, results that were better than specification of variability without reuse guidance, but worse than specification of reuse guidance without variability. All these results were perceived in different UML diagram types, namely, use case, class, and sequence diagrams and for different commonality-, variability-, and reuse-related aspects.     

领域知识的表示及UML建模

领域模型是领域知识的一种图形化表示形式，是领域知识各组成部分的抽象。通过对5种领域模型的讨论，展示了不同角度和不同层次的领域知识，这些不同层次的领域知识对于认识领域内的各相关系统的特征和行为是十分有用的。此外，通过对领域知识的UML建模，提高了领域内系统的软件重用层次，以便在面向对象的软件开发过程中获得最佳的软件重用时机。