Composition of mouse peritoneal macrophage phospholipid molecular species

The individual molecular species composition of diacyl, alkylacyl and alkenylacyl glycerophospholipids was determined in mouse peritoneal macrophages. A marked deterogeneity in the relative composition (mol%) of macrophage ether and ester phospholipid individual species was noted. High concentrations of 16∶0–20∶4 were found in ether phospholipids such as alkenylacyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE; 27.5 mol%) and alkylacyl glycerophosphocholine (GPC; 16.6%) as compared to mol % levels of 16∶0–20∶4 in diacyl GPE (5.7%) and diacyl GPC (8.1%), respectively. Interestingly, alkenylacyl GPE was highly enriched in 1-ether (16∶0) relative to alkylacyl GPC. The predominant diacyl molecular species in glycerophosphoinositol (GPI) and glycerophosphoserine (GPS) were 18∶0–20∶4 (59.1%) and 16∶0–18∶1 (41.1%), respectively. It is noteworthy that the level of 18∶0–20∶4 was several times higher in diacyl GPI (59.1%) than in diacyl GPS (11.1%), diacyl GPE (25.7%), and diacyl GPC (3.7%). The most abundant molecular species in diacyl GPC and diacyl GPE were 16∶0–18∶1 (29.9%) and 18∶0–20∶4 (25.7%), respectively. The abundance of 20∶4 in ether phospholipids, specifically 16∶0–20∶4 and 18∶0–20∶4, in alkylacyl GPC is significant in view of the role these antecedents play in the biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and 20∶4-derived eicosanoids in stimulated macrophages. The unique molecular species composition of the peritoneal macrophage distinguishes this cell type from others.     

Monounsaturated fatty acids of mouse skin surface lipids

The occurrence of the various positional isomers of monounsaturated fatty acids of mouse skin surface lipids was studied by conventional oxidative cleavage-gas liquid chromatography techniques. The pattern observed could be accommodated by the biosynthetic scheme proposed elsewhere for rat skin fatty acids, except that 18∶Δ9 replaced 16∶Δ9 as the main precursor.     

The Di- and triesters of the lipids of steer and human meibomian glands

Three groups of diesters have been isolated and identified in the lipids of steer meibomian glands. The first group, designated as α Type I, with the abbreviated formula FA-αOHFA-FA1c, consisted of α-hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and fatty alcohols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1. The second group, designated as ω Type I-St, with the abbreviated formula FA-ωOHF A-St, consisted of ω-hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and sterols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1. The third group, designated as α,ω Type II, with the abbreviated formula FA-α,ωdiol-FA, consisted of α,ω-diols esterified to 2 moles of fatty acids. The sum of the different diesters comprised about 9% of total steer meibomian lipids. Capillary GLC of the fatty acids of αType I diesters showed the fatty acids to be a family with a two-cluster profile, one at C₁₂ to C₂₀ and the other at C₂₁ to C₃₁, with anteiso chains predominating. Fatty acids from ωType I-St and α,ωType II diesters gave mainly a one-cluster profile in the short long chain, C₂₃ to C₃₀, with anteiso chains predominating, while the α-hydroxy fatty acids were short chain C₁₃ to C₁₈ acids with C₁₆ predominating. The sterols in diesters ωType I-St were cholesterol (∼60%), Δ7 cholestenol (∼35%) and an unidentified compound (∼5%) with a GLC retention time slightly longer than Δ7 cholestenol on SE-30 phase. The ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-diols both were of exceedingly long chain lengths, C₂₉−C₃₈, and showed similar GLC profiles. Two types of triesters comprising approximately 1% of total steer meibomian lipids have been isolated but incompletely characterized. In terms of molar ratios, one group of triesters gave fatty acids:ω-hydroxy fatty acids:α-hydroxy fatty acids:sterols + fatty alcohols as approximately 1∶1∶1∶1. The other contained fatty acids, α-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-diols in what appears to be a complex mixture of several triesters. Diesters ωType I and α,ωType II also were found in human meibum. Hitherto these two diesters have not been found in any animal tissue.     

1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerols in the skin surface lipids of the hairless mouse

A neutral lipid class was isolated by thin-layer chromatography from the skin surface lipids of the hairless mouse. The fraction migrated faster than triglycerides and had a migration rate similar to that of diacyl alkanediols (diester wax). Upon deacylation, however, the long-chain diols were identified as 1-alkylglycerol ethers based on their chromatographic properties and on the mass spectra of their nicotinylidene derivatives. Thus, the skin lipid fraction was identified as 1-O-alkyl-diacylglycerol. The alkyl moieties were all saturated and even-numbered and ranged in chainlength from C₁₆ to C₂₂ with 1-O-hexadecylglycerol amounting to 34% of the total glycerol ether moieties. The fatty acids derived from this lipid fraction were mostly monoenoic with chainlengths ranging from C₁₆ to C₂₄. The major acyl component was eicosenoic acid (20∶1) representing 61% of the total fatty acids.     

Composition of natural bitumens from the Ural-Volga region

Natural bitumen (viscous, viscoplastic, and solid) cannot be extracted by methods commonly used in oil production, and it is usually a disregarded reserve of hydrocarbon resources. A sharp difference between the properties of Permian bitumens from the Ural-Volga Region and Carboniferous and Devonian oils in the fields of Tatarstan was demonstrated. This difference is caused by the predominance of asphaltenes and alcohol-benzene tars enriched in hydroxyl and ester oxygen in them; that is, natural bitumen in rocks, especially above the local basis of erosion, is a product of the deep biochemical oxidation and weathering of oils. Other mechanisms of the transformation of oils into natural bitumen in the deep layers of Devonian and Carboniferous sandstones were also reflected in the composition and properties natural bitumens.     

新型胶原基人工皮肤模型的建立

根据皮肤的组织结构与生理功能,研制了复合天然三维网络结构胶原组织工程支架材料,并以此为支架材料建立了3层结构的人工皮肤模型:上层是具有良好生物相容性且可降解的聚合物涂层,可以屏蔽细菌并保持人工皮肤良好的透水气性;中间是复合型天然三维网络结构胶原纤维支架材料层,为细胞的增殖提供三维空间和良好的生长环境,起到真皮基质的作用;下层是药物层,具有营养、抗菌消炎、刺激细胞生长的作用。     

来凤生姜精油化学成分研究

采用气相色谱保留指数和GC -MS -DS技术 ,对水蒸汽蒸馏法制取的来凤生姜精油分析。分离出挥发性成分 80余种 ,鉴定了 5 0种 ;主要成分是α-姜烯 ,含量为 2 4 .6 3%。     

Composition of bitumens from alkylated peat

The composition of bitumen compounds from alkylated peat was determined. An increase in the yield of bitumen from alkylated peat is based on the esterification reaction. Various compounds from peat can serve as alternative raw materials for chemical industry.     

GC-MS法测定野生百合叶化学成分

在超声辅助条件下,用无水乙醇对江口县野生百合叶有效组分进行提取,并用GC-MS技术对其进行化学成分分析,鉴定出17种化合物,主要成分为:酯类化合物、酰胺类化合物、酚类化合物和烷烃类化合物等。其结果可为野生百合叶的生理活性研究和产品的开发应用提供理论依据。     

梅州高岭土成分分析

高岭土有着独特的物理性质和良好的可塑性,成为造纸、陶瓷、橡胶、耐火材料等几十个行业所必需的矿物原材料。文章阐述了以广东梅州兴宁高岭土为分析对象,采用化学分析法测定高岭土中SiO2、Al2O3这2种化学成分的含量。结果表明,此高岭土纯度高,能满足市场需求,具有开发利用前景,适用于造纸、搪瓷、陶瓷和涂料工业用矿物原料。     

Composition of neutral oils from rosin

The neutral fractions from gum, wood and tall oil rosins were isolated and examined by gas chromatography. The major components found were diterpene aldehydes and alcohols. Smaller quantities of diterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpenes were identified. The differences in the composition and concentrations of the neutral fractions appear to explain some of the differences in physical characteristics of the three types of rosin. S. Reg. ARS, USDA.     

像皮肤一样可自愈的新塑料

"一种新型塑料可模仿人体皮肤,当被划伤或割伤时会‘出血’变红以警示受伤,而创面触光后又可自愈合,这为飞机、汽车、手机、笔记本电脑和其他产品提供了理想的自修复表面。"这是美国南密西西比大学一个研究小组的科研人员在第243届美国化学协会全国会议及博览会上的描述。塑料的应用已非常普遍,由于其结合了强度     

Composition of the fat extracted from the seeds of theobroma bicolor

The fat fromTheobroma bicolor was analyzed for glyceride content by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and for fatty acid composition and triglyceride (carbon number) composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The fat was then separated into glycerides of different degrees of unsaturation by means of silver nitrate TLC. Then, the bands were examined by GLC before and after conversion to methyl esters. From the results obtained, the distribution of the fatty acids on the individual glycerides was calculated. The fat consisted of 96.5% triglyceride with only 2.5% diglyceride and 1.7% free fatty acid. The major fatty acids present were 42.3% C18:0, 45,2% C18:1, and 6.0% C16:1. Most of the triglycerides were of carbon number 52 (18.0%) and 54 (77.6%). The major triglycerides were 38.6% 1-stearyl-2,3 diolein (SOO), 25.4% 2-oleyl-1,3 distearin (SOS) and 13.8% 1-palmito-2-oleyl-stearin (POS). Only 44.3% of the fat consisted of monounsaturated triglycerides.     

Thermoxidative stability of triacylglycerols from mutant sunflower seeds

Thermoxidative stability was evaluated in triaclyglycerols (TAG) from the oils of the mutant sunflower lines CAS-3, CAS-4, and CAS-8 (with a high percentage of stearic acid), CAS-5 (with a high percentage of palmitic acid), all from standard highlinoleic genetic backgrounds, and the mutant sunflower line CAS-12 (with a high percentage of palmitic acid), from a high-oleic genetic background. These oils contained unusually high contents of TAG molecular species with one or two saturated fatty acids at the sn-1,3 positions. Purified total TAG devoid of tocopherols were subjected to controlled thermoxidative treatment at 180°C. Polymerized TAG were determined at 2-h intervals for 10 h. After this time, total polar compounds, oxidized TAG monomers, TAG dimers, and TAG oligomers were determined. TAG from highly saturated sunflower oils with levels of linoleic acid similar to those found in conventional sunflower oils (40–50%) showed enhanced thermal stability. In these TAG, the amount of polar compounds formed during the thermoxidative treatment was similar to that formed in the high oleic acid line. Excellent results were obtained for the TAG of the CAS-12 oil, which had the highest thermal stability, producing half the amount of polar compounds as the conventional line and less than two-thirds that of the high-oleic line.     

绿色木霉高效纤维素酶菌株的选育

采用NTG和UV连续处理绿色木霉IFO31137菌株（TTichodermaviTideIFO31137），并对菌株纤维素酶活力和酶吸附率作双重比较，获得突变株SO－465。其微晶粉末纤维素酶（Avicelase）活力提高8．2倍，酶对废物的吸附率增加约5倍。突变菌株对四种纤维素底物（微晶粉末纤维素、滤纸、纸浆纤维和KCFloc）的水解率分别为87．5％、81．9％、90．5％和83．2％，比原始菌株增加幅度为101％、230％、83％和74％。     

Composition and properties of coals from the Yurty coal occurrence

Coals from the Yurty coal occurrence were studied. It was found that the samples were brown non-coking coals with low sulfur contents (to 1%) and high yields of volatile substances (V ^daf to 53.4%). The high heat value of coals Q _s ^daf was 20.6–27.7 MJ/kg. The humic acid content varied from 5.45 to 77.62%. The mineral matter mainly consisted of kaolinite, α-quartz, and microcline. The concentration of toxic elements did not reach hazardous values.     

龙岩高岭土的组成与结构研究

本文采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、激光粒度仪、综合热分析仪(DTA/TG)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)以及透射电镜(TEM)等测试手段对福建龙岩高岭土进行了组成及结构的研究.结果表明:龙岩高岭土的矿物组成主要由高岭石、多水高岭石和伊利石组成.一定量伊利石的存在是龙岩高岭土的化学组成中含有较高K2O组分的直接原因,这导致其耐火度不高.龙岩高岭土的显微结构为片状和管状混合结构,多水高岭石呈管状,结晶程度最差;高岭石呈不规则薄片状,结晶程度较差;伊利石呈板片状,晶化程度最好.