NiTi合金的显微组织和双程形状记忆效应

通过弯曲试验和透射电镜分析系统研究了热处理工艺、形变量、形变温度对ＮｉＴｉ合金双程形状记忆效应和显微组织的影响,结果表明,冷轧变形试样经不同温度退火后,双程可逆应变量随退火温度的升高而增大,退火温度超过５５０℃后,温度继续升高,双程可逆应变量基本不变,同一温度退火的试样,双程可逆应变量随弯曲形变量的增加而增加,至形变量ε１＝１２％时达到最大值;ε１进一步增加,双程可逆应变量呈下降趋势。弯曲形变量相     

形变对Ti-Ni-Hf高温记忆合金相变及双程形状记忆效应的影响

采用微分扫描式量热法(DSC)、拉伸试验和弯曲试验研究了形变对Ti36Ni49Hf15高温形状记忆合金相变及双程形状记忆效应的影响.结果表明,形变不影响合金的相变顺序.在马氏体状态下变形时,随形变量的增加,Ti36Ni49Hf15合金的马氏体相变温度略有下降,逆马氏体相变温度上升.当形变量一定时,合金在马氏体状态下不同温度变形,对合金的相变温度没有显著影响.Ti36Ni49Hf15高温记忆合金在马氏体状态下直接变形可以产生双程形状记忆效应,其双程可逆应变量随形变量的增加而增加.在随后的热循环过程中,合金的双程形状记忆效应在最初的几次循环过程中迅速下降,而后随循环次数的增加趋于稳定.     

预应变对H300LA低合金高强钢板冲压成形性能的影响

以冷轧态低合金高强钢H300LA板材为研究对象,在750～840℃退火后获得了不同晶粒尺寸的板材。对退火态板进行了预应变量0～12%的拉伸试验,并对预应变试样进行了自由弯曲和杯突试验。结果表明:冷轧态板材稳态弯曲阶段载荷远高于退火板和预应变板材,弯曲载荷随预应变增加而升高,预应变超过6%后弯曲屈服平台得以消除;预应变量一定时,屈服时刻的弯曲载荷随退火温度升高呈先降低后增高的变化趋势,在810℃时达到最低值;一定温度下,板材杯突值总趋势随预应变量增加而降低。     

Ti-13at.-％Ni-37at.-％Pd记忆合金预形变与高温形状记忆效应SCIEI

本文着重地研究了Ti-13at.-％Ni-37at.-％Pd合金的高温形状记忆效应与预形变温度的关系.该合金A_s温度是620K,具有单程形状记忆效应和双程形状记忆效应。在620—640K温度预形变,可以得到最大的形状记忆应变,这与在此温区产生的最小可逆应变能有关。     

中温时效对TiNiCu形状记忆合金双程记忆效应的影响

在400~600℃时效温度范围内,研究了TiNiCu形状记忆合金在热机械训练和热循环后的双程记忆效应。结果表明,热机械训练100次后,时效温度为500℃时的双程可逆应变量最大可达4.2%。在2000次热循环中,前100次热循环的双程可逆应变量随热循环次数增加衰减很快,100次热循环后双程可逆应变量衰减不大,逐渐趋于稳定。热循环前,Ms、Mf、As和Af随时效温度的增加而增加,但在550℃以上时As和Af稍有减小;热循环后,Ms和Mf以550℃为临界值,As和Af以500℃为临界值,分别随时效温度先增大后减小。同一时效下的相变温度会在热循环后发生漂移。     

退火及变形工艺对Ti-51.1Ni形状记忆合金性能的影响

采用拉伸实验研究了退火温度、变形速率、变形温度和应力-应变循环等对退火态Ti-51.1Ni形状记忆合金力学性能、形状记忆效应(SME)和超弹性(SE)的影响。结果表明,随退火温度(T_a)升高,Ti-51.1Ni合金的抗拉强度(R_m)先升高后降低,极大值1650 MPa和极小值1060 MPa分别在400℃和650℃退火后取得,650℃退火态合金的塑性最好。当变形速率在2～12 mm/min范围内时,变形速率对Ti-51.1Ni合金拉伸性能影响不大。随T_a升高,合金的应力诱发马氏体临界应力(σ_M)先降低后升高,残余应变(ε_r)先升高后降低,350℃和600℃以上温度退火态合金呈SE,400～550℃退火态合金呈SME。随变形温度(T_d)升高,合金的σ_M升高,ε_r降低,形状记忆行为由SME向SE转变;当T_d为-20℃和0℃时合金呈SME,T_d为25℃时合金呈SME+SE,T_d超过25℃后合金呈SE。随应力-应变循环次数增加,350℃退火态合金的SE最稳定,500℃退火态合金的SME最稳定。     

Ti-49.8Ni形状记忆合金的氧化、相变和形变特性

用热重分析仪、X射线衍射仪、示差扫描热分析仪及拉伸试验机研究了Ti-49.8Ni形状记忆合金(SMA)的氧化、相变和形变特性.结果表明,退火温度超过600℃时Ti-49.8Ni合金的氧化加剧;400～600℃退火态Ti-49.8Ni合金冷却/加热时的相变类型为A→R→M/M→A(A-母相,R-R相,M-马氏体相),随退火温度升高,合金的马氏体相变温度升高,R相变温度基本不变,马氏体相变热滞先减小后升高,马氏体再取向应力先降低后升高,合金的塑性提高.Ti-49.8Ni合金室温相组成为M和TiO2,呈形状记忆效应;形变温度超过110℃后合金呈超弹性.400～550℃退火态合金的SME特性良好,退火温度高于600℃后合金特性变差;随循环次数增加,Ti-49.8Ni合金弹簧的应变恢复率减小,循环次数超过100次后恢复率衰减变缓.     

Ni_(49)Ti_(51-x)Zr_x合金冷轧板相变温度及记忆性能研究

系统地研究了Ni_(49)Ti_(51-x)Zr_x合金冷轧板的相变温度及记忆性能。随着Zr含量的增加,Ni_(49)Ti_(51-x)Zr_x合金铸锭相变温度Af升高,在15%Zr(原子分数)时达到228℃,Mf先降低后升高。Ni_(49)Ti_(51-x)Zr_x合金板材的硬度随冷轧变形量增加而增加,随退火温度升高而降低。对于Ni_(49)Ti_(51-x)Zr_x合金25%冷轧变形量板材,随退火温度升高,锆的原子分数低于5%时合金板材的Af先降低再升高,Ni_(49)Ti_(41)Zr_(10)、Ni_(49)Ti_(36)Zr_(15)合金板材Af持续升高。随退火温度升高,冷轧板材记忆恢复应变先升高后降低,在500℃时具有最高值,双程可恢复应变升高;随Zr含量增加,可恢复应变降低,双程记忆恢复应变减小。     

弯曲形变与去应力退火对取向硅钢片磁性能的影响

采用软磁交流测试仪研究了弯曲形变与去应力退火对取向硅钢片磁性能的影响。结果表明,取向硅钢片经过弯曲形变后,铁损和磁感应强度随弯曲应力的增加而显著恶化;当退火温度高于500℃时,弯曲形变取向硅钢片试样的磁性能开始明显恢复;850℃×2 h的热处理能基本消除弯曲形变对铁损的影响;700℃×2 h的热处理能基本消除弯曲形变对磁感应强度的影响。     

退火温度对淬火态Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金记忆效应的影响

研究了退火温度对淬火态预先存在热诱发ε马氏体的Fe-14Mn-5.5Si-8.0Cr-5.0Ni合金和无热诱发ε马氏体的Fe-19Mn-5.0Si-8.0Cr-6.0Ni合金记忆效应的影响。结果表明:预先存在热马氏体合金的形状回复率随退火温度的升高,先上升后下降,在500℃附近达到最大值。但无热马氏体存在合金的形状回复率随退火温度的变化却相反,在500℃附近达到最小值;两种合金的Ms温度都随退火温度的升高而下降,在500℃附近达到最低。预先存在热马氏体的合金由于退火后Ms温度的降低,减少了热诱发的马氏体量,因而形状记忆效应得到了提高;而无热马氏体存在的合金由于退火后Ms温度的进一步下降,使得应力诱发马氏体转变更不容易发生,因此形状记忆效应反而下降。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.