Asymptotic Performance Analysis of Blind Minimum Output Energy Receivers for Large DS-CDMA Systems

The random matrix theory is used to analyze the asymptotic performance of the blind minimum output energy (MOE) receiver in direct-sequence code division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems in the presence of unknown multipath channel under the condition that the spreading factor and the number of users go to infinity with the same rate. As a special case, the asymptotic properties of the blind Capon receiver are also studied and the conditions of convergence of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of this receiver to that of the optimal minimum-mean-square error (MMSE) receiver are discussed. In particular, it is shown that the SINR performances of the Capon and MMSE receivers are nearly identical in the uplink scenario, while the performance of the Capon receiver may be considerably inferior to that of the MMSE receiver in the downlink transmission case. As the performance of the Capon receiver is closely related to the performance of the Capon channel estimator, the asymptotic properties of the latter estimator are also studied and the conditions of convergence of the Capon channel estimate to a scaled version of the channel vector of the user-of-interest are obtained.     

Blind Linear MMSE Receivers for MC-CDMA Systems

This paper studies blind constrained minimum output energy (CMOE)-based and subspace-based linear minimum mean-squared-error (LMMSE) detectors for multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems. By imposing quadratic weight constraint, the CMOE detector is made more robust against signature waveform mismatch, and a better performance over the standard CMOE detector is obtained. Because of separation of signal and noise subspaces, the more complicated subspace-based LMMSE detector has better performance than the CMOE detector. The recursive subspace tracking algorithms are also investigated for the subspace-based MMSE receiver. Numerical results show that the steady-state performance of the robust CMOE detector is close to the subspace-based MMSE method. The blind mode decision-directed LMMSE detection is studied where the blind detectors are used for initial adaptation. Numerical simulations illustrate that the blind mode decision-directed MMSE detection substantially improves the system performance when the frequency-selective channel is slowly-varying     

Unified Large-System Analysis of MMSE and Adaptive Least Squares Receivers for a Class of Random Matrix Channels

We present a unified large-system analysis of linear receivers for a class of random matrix channels. The technique unifies the analysis of both the minimum-mean-squared-error (MMSE) receiver and the adaptive least-squares (ALS) receiver, and also uses a common approach for both random independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) and random orthogonal precoding. We derive expressions for the asymptotic signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the MMSE receiver, and both the transient and steady-state SINR of the ALS receiver, trained using either i.i.d. data sequences or orthogonal training sequences. The results are in terms of key system parameters, and allow for arbitrary distributions of the power of each of the data streams and the eigenvalues of the channel correlation matrix. In the case of the ALS receiver, we allow a diagonal loading constant and an arbitrary data windowing function. For i.i.d. training sequences and no diagonal loading, we give a fundamental relationship between the transient/steady-state SINR of the ALS and the MMSE receivers. We demonstrate that for a particular ratio of receive to transmit dimensions and window shape, all channels which have the same MMSE SINR have an identical transient ALS SINR response. We demonstrate several applications of the results, including an optimization of information throughput with respect to training sequence length in coded block transmission     

Asymptotic Performance of Linear Receivers in MIMO Fading Channels

Linear receivers are an attractive low-complexity alternative to optimal processing for multiple-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications. In this paper, we characterize the information-theoretic performance of MIMO linear receivers in two different asymptotic regimes. For fixed number of antennas, we investigate the limit of error probability in the high-signal-to noise-ratio (SNR) regime in terms of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). Following this, we characterize the error probability for fixed SNR in the regime of large (but finite) number of antennas.As far as the DMT is concerned, we report a negative result: we show that both linear zero-forcing (ZF) and linear minimum mean- square error (MMSE) receivers achieve the same DMT, which is largely suboptimal even in the case where outer coding and deAcircnot coding is performed across the antennas. We also provide an apAcircnot proximate quantitative analysis of the markedly different behavior of the MMSE and ZF receivers at finite rate and nonasymptotic SNR, and show that while the ZF receiver achieves poor diversity at any finite rate, the MMSE receiver error curve slope flattens out progressively, as the coding rate increases. When SNR is fixed and the number of antennas becomes large, we show that the mutual information at the output of an MMSE or ZF linear receiver has fluctuations that converge in distribution to a Gaussian random variable, whose mean and variance can be characterized in closed form. This analysis extends to the linear reAcircnot ceiver case a well-known result previously obtained for the optimal receiver. Simulations reveal that the asymptotic analysis captures accurately the outage behavior of systems even with a moderate number of antennas.     

Asymptotic Performance of Reduced-Rank Linear Receivers With Principal Component Filter

This correspondence studies the asymptotic performance of output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for reduced-rank linear receivers with principal component filter. We prove that for code division multiple access (CDMA) systems with random spreading codes, when the number of users and the spreading gain go to infinity with their ratio being fixed, the output SINR converges to a fixed constant with probability 1, which is consistent with the conjecture made in Honig and Xiao, "Performance of reduced-rank linear suppression," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1928-1946, May 2001     

On the Design of Minimum BER Linear Space-Time Block Codes for MIMO Systems Equipped With MMSE Receivers

In this paper, we consider the design of a full-rate linear space-time block code for coherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems under a quasi-static Rayleigh flat-fading environment. Our design targets specifically at the use of a linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver that minimizes the asymptotic average bit error rate (BER) when the transmitted signal is selected from a 4-QAM constellation. This optimization problem is solved in two main stages: 1) a lower bound on the BER is first minimized, and 2)how this minimized lower bound can be achieved is then shown. By exploiting a rigorous convex optimization technique without any assumption on the code, we prove that individual unitary and trace-orthogonal structures are the necessary and sufficient conditions to assure the minimum asymptotic average BER with an MMSE detector. An algorithm is provided for an efficient generation of our codes, and simulation results confirm that our optimally designed codes are indeed superior in performance compared to some other commonly used codes.     

Performance of RAKE-LMMSE Receivers in Wideband Communication Systems

High speed multimedia services with flexible data rate are main cause of popularity of 3 G WCDMA. WCDMA air interface of UMTS has the bandwidth of 5 MHz and chip rate of 3.84 Mcps. The flexibility in data rate is achieved by varying the length of its spreading code. WCDMA supports seamless connections of dynamic data rate ranging from 15 Kbps to 1 Mbps and respective spreading factors are 256 and 4 respectively for indoor and outdoor applications. The conventional RAKE receiver is near far and interference limited. Its performance at high data is limited due to short spreading factor of a code. A simple MIMO receiver structure of LMMSE in downlink asynchronous direct-sequence code division multiple access is proposed in this paper. This paper investigates RAKE receiver characteristics and does the analysis of zero forcing and LMMSE equalizer for MIMO channels.     

Finite-Sample Performance Analysis of Widely Linear Multiuser Receivers for DS-CDMA Systems

This paper tackles the theoretical performance analysis of widely linear (WL) multiuser receivers for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems, as well as their comparison with conventional linear (L) ones. In particular, receivers based on the minimum output-energy (MOE) criterion are considered, since they offer a good tradeoff between performance and complexity and, moreover, lend to some simplifications in the analysis. After comparing the ideal signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) performances of the WL-MOE and L-MOE receivers, the paper establishes finite-sample performance results for two typical data-estimated implementations. Specifically, by adopting a first-order perturbative approach, the SINR degradation of the data-estimated WL-MOE receivers is accurately evaluated and compared with that of its linear counterpart. Simulation results are provided to validate and complement the theoretical analysis.     

Performance Monitoring of Digital Communication Systems Using Extreme-Value Theory

Extreme-value theory has been suggested by various investigators as an efficient tool for use in monitoring the performance of digital communication systems. One drawback to such a procedure is that it requires learning periods to estimate certain parameters of the extremal distributions. Clearly, whenever an update of the estimates is needed, transmission of information must temporarily cease since a new learning period must begin. To avoid this problem, a technique is proposed for obtaining estimates of the parameters when the learning period is eliminated (i.e., estimates are obtained using noisy samples), and these parameter estimates are in turn used to estimate the probability of error of the communication system. The accuracy of this procedure is tested by computer simulation, and it is indicated how one can verify (in a statistical sense) whether or not this technique is appropriate for any given system.     

基于MMSE的MIMO-UWB系统抗干扰性能分析

为提高系统空间分集和误码率性能,在UWB系统中引入多天线技术和编码技术,MIMO与UWB系统的结合,大大提高了UWB系统抗干扰性。在STF编码的基础上,对MIMO-UWB系统的发射和接收进行了简要介绍。针对传统的ML译码复杂度较高的问题,提出了一种简单的解码方案(MMSE),理论分析表明,新算法进一步降低了系统的复杂度。在2种不同译码算法的基础上,对MIMO-UWB系统误码率性能进行了仿真。     

Performance of Nonlinear Receivers in Asynchronous Spectral-Phase-Encoding Optical CDMA Systems

Because of limits on the speed of the photodetector, a nonlinear thresholder is needed at the receiver of a spectral-phase-encoding optical code-division multiple-access system to discriminate between the correctly decoded short pulse and the low-intensity interference. The two most common nonlinear receivers based on second harmonic generation and self-phase modulation effects are analyzed in this paper. Mathematical models are provided, and analytical results are obtained to estimate the receivers' performances. Numerical simulations are carried out for both receivers with different system parameters. Both m-sequences and random binary codes are examined for spreading. The results provide a profile of how these nonlinear receivers perform with various system settings. It is found that, when an m-sequence is used as the spreading code, the encoded signal does not obey Gaussian statistics, and the system performs better than an equivalent system using a random code.     

Performance of Optimum and Suboptimum Receivers for Space-Time Coded Systems in Correlated Fading

We consider a space-time coded system in a correlated Rayleigh flat fading environment with imperfect channel estimation. Two receiver structures are considered: a suboptimum receiver and the optimum maximum likelihood receiver. The system performance of both receivers is analyzed in terms of the pairwise error probability.     

Performance of Receivers and Detection Algorithms for Modal Multiplexing in Multimode Fiber Systems

We consider a multimode fiber system exploiting modal multiplexing using various direct-detection photoreceiver structures with zero-forcing detection algorithm. We show in theory how the squaring operation of the receivers and multimode excitations by a bit stream introduce bit detection errors even in the absence of noise. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate their impacts on system performance measured in terms of the bit-error ratio.     

Performance Analysis of Scheduling in Multiuser MIMO Systems with Zero-Forcing Receivers

Despite its low-complexity, the zero-forcing receiver is known to suffer from noise enhancement to restore the spatially multiplexed data in a single-user MI MO system. Nevertheless, in the multiuser system, the poor-channel avoidance property of the scheduling technique provides a natural way to overcome the drawback of noise enhancement (Heath et al., 2001). In this paper, we present an analytical framework to evaluate the performance of the zero-forcing receiver operating in the multiuser MIMO system with user scheduling. Using the order statistics technique, we derive closed-form expressions for the sum-rate capacity of the multiuser MIMO system that employs the simple spatial multiplexing at the transmitter and zero-forcing processing at the receiver with a number of scheduling algorithms. These closed-form expressions hold for an arbitrary finite number of users and facilitate efficient numerical evaluations for cases of practical interest. In addition, the tractable analysis provides insight into how the scheduling technique affects the performance of the multiuser MIMO system under scalar feedback and vector feedback. The results are also extended to the case of heterogonous users with unequal average SNR.     

基于随机矩阵理论的协作频谱感知

认知无线电频谱共享技术在新一代无线通信网络中具有广泛的应用前景,频谱感知是其中最重要的环节。该文提出了一种新的在多认知用户环境中,基于大维随机矩阵理论的协作频谱感知算法。充分利用随机矩阵的渐近谱分布特性及小样本下最大特征值收敛特性来提高感知性能。理论分析和仿真结果均表明,新算法性能明显优于同类算法和典型的能量检测算法。     

Multipath Outage Performance of Digital Radio Receivers Using Finite-Tap Adaptive Equalizers

Recent analysis/simulation studies have quantified the multipath outage statistics of digital radio systems using ideal adaptive equalization. In this paper, we consider the use of finite-tap delay line equalizers, with the aim of determining how many taps are needed to approximate ideal performance. To this end, we assume anM-level QAM system using cosine rolloff spectral shaping and an adaptive equalizer with either fractionally spaced or synchronously spaced taps. We invoke a widely used statistical model for the fading channel and computer-simulate thousands of responses from its ensemble. For each trial, we compute a detection signal-to-distortion measure, suitably maximized with respect to the tap gains. We can thereby obtain probability distributions of this measure for specified combinations of system parameters. These distributions, in turn, can be interpreted as outage probabilities (or outage seconds) versus the number of modulation levels. A major finding of this study is that, for the assumed multipath fading model, very few taps (the order of five) are needed to approximate the performance of an ideal infinite-tap equalizer. We also find that a simple, suboptimal form of timing recovery is generally quite adequate, and that fractionally spaced equalizers are more advantageous than synchronously spaced equalizers with the same number of taps. This advantage is minor for rolloff factors of 0.5 and larger but increases dramatically as the rolloff factor approaches zero.     

基于特征值确定门限的协作MIMO频谱感知

针对最新的基于特征值确定门限的检测方法,引入多认知用户MIMO环境,提出了基于特征值确定门限的协作MIMO频谱感知,充分利用了MIMO技术的优点来提高感知性能,利用随机矩阵理论推导出决策门限的准确表达式,改进了传统基于特征值算法需要大量协作用户的缺点。理论分析和仿真结果均表明,新的决策规则不仅减少了计算复杂性,整体性能也优于同类算法和典型的能量检测算法。     

Multiband Low-Noise Receivers for a Very Large Array

The very large array (VLA), presently under construction by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, is an array of 27 25-m-diam antennas. This paper describes the feed and low-noise, front-end systems used on the antennas. The receiving system allows operation at any one of the four frequency bands: 1.35-1.73 GHz, 4.5-5.0 GHz, 14.4-15.4 GHz, 22-24 GHz. The feed system uses an offset Cassegrain geometry so that the feeds for all four frequency bands can be in position on the antenna simultaneously. The front end comprises a cryogenically cooled parametric amplifier for the 4.5-5.0-GHz range. This paramp is preceded by cooled upconverters or cooled mixers for the other frequency ranges. Measured system performance is presented and some construction details are given.