Condition of the thrust front of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP after completion of repairs to reduce its perviousness

It is required to regulate filling of the reservoir with consideration of the temperature field of the structure. __________ Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 1, January 2008, pp. 9–13.     

小浪底水库遥测地震台网的初期运用

小浪底水库坝高、库大，所处的地理位置重要，地震地质背景较复杂。为了确保小浪底水利枢纽和库区周围人民生命财产的安全，严密监视水库地震的活动与规律，做好地震测报工作，在库区周围的重点地段建立了一个工程专用的现代化遥测地震台网。近几年的监测情况表明：小浪底水库下闸蓄水后库区内近一两年内发生大的诱发性地震的可能性不大。     

小孔径遥测数字地震监测台网在水库诱发地震研究中的应用

水库诱发地震是指在特殊的地震地质环境下,由于水库蓄水和水位变化引发的地震。目前水库诱发地震研究手段主要有:一是在建坝前查清库区的地震地质条件,应用地震地质类比法,对水库诱发地震的危险性进行评价和预测可能最大震级,作为大坝抗震设计的依据;二是布设小孔径遥测数字地震监测台网对水库诱发地震进行监测和分析。本文对应用小孔径遥测地震监测台网的理论依据、监测目的和监测技术进行了探讨。     

小浪底水库区天然地震本底特征分析

本文在分析了小浪底水库工程地质、地震地质背景后，探讨了水库诱发地震的深入研究问题。首先分析了水库诱发地震前期预测和蓄水后判别的特点，阐述了水库区“天然地震本底” 的概念，提出库区天然地震本底研究是蓄水后判别是否属于水库诱发地震的基本依据，量化 的地震本底可以作为判别的主要标志之一。指出年频次、月频次、地震年释放能量、库盆及 邻区地震级-频度关系等指标可作为小浪底水库诱发地震的判别标准。     

水库诱发地震研究进展

水库诱发地震问题不仅是学术界需要科技攻关的难题,也是能够引起社会关注的热点问题。本文通过对国内外水库诱发地震震例的收集,初步分析了水库诱发地震与水库坝高、库容、岩性和地震活动背景的关系;对水库诱发地震的特点、成因分类、库水作用和预测方法进行了全面阐述;就现阶段水库诱发地震机理、波谱特征研究的方法和存在的问题进行了总结;介绍了水库诱发地震监测发展历程和最新数字化监测技术;提出了今后水库诱发地震研究的重点和所采取的技术手段。本文可为继续深入研究水库诱发地震机理提供参考。     

Passage of the 2006 and 2007 spring floods through structures at the Zeya hydroproject

Rules governing use of water resources and operating procedures should be approved individually for each reservoir. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel‘stvo, No. 10, October 2008, pp. 2–10.     

Construction of geodetic networks for studying crustal movements when creating hydraulic structures in seismic regions

Conclusions On the basis of the particular examples of geodetic works in the region of design and construction of the Bartogai and Bestyuba reservoirs we can recommend the following sequence of studying CVCM in highly seismic regions of constructing large hydraulic structures:A study of the geological structure of the region from literature sources (morphostructural plan, fault tectonics, contemporary crustal movements);Study of the contemporary crustal movements from the results of precision levelings of the state vertical control network. Study of the degree of activity of large faults in the crust of the region in connection with strong earthquakes;Creation of networks of the first level — deformation areas — in the region of the site of the dam and other large structures, regime observations for studying the small-block structure of the construction region (microregionalization) and activity of microfractures and cracks;Equipping the networks of the second level and establishment of the initial stage of observations on long profiles around the bed of the future reservoir and across the shores. Repeat, as required, of leveling of sections of the line of the state vertical control network for determining the tendencies of the secular crustal movements;Analysis of the data of the observations and development of recommendations aimed at refining the designs, safe operation of the hydraulic structures, and further development of geodetic works at the stage of using the objects in the economy.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 27–30, March, 1987.     

Effect of directed seismic action on stresses in arch dams

The effect of the direction of a seismic impact on the performance of dams is investigated. __________ Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 9, September 2006, pp. 32–36.     

Procedure for stress measurement in high-head concrete dams located in seismic regions

Various methods are proposed for stress measurement in dams. __________ Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 5, pp. 9–12, May, 2006.     

丹江口水利枢纽建立水库调度历史数据库

水库在多年运行中积累的大量数据资料，是科学调度水库的有用信息，数据库技术是科学管理这些信息有效工具，本文介绍了丹江口水利枢纽水库调度历史数据库系统的设计目标，运行环境，功能，结构和操作等，其设计目标是方便迅速地为水库高度工作提供原始数据或统计数据；系统采用长城微机，使用速度快，兼容性强的ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ数据库管理系统软件，通过ＮＯＶＥＬＬ网络系统供网内用户调用；系统功能有六项，即查询，统计、打印、续     

Spatial effects of reservoirs on fish assemblages in Great Plains streams in Kansas,USA

Reservoirs are important components of modern aquatic ecosystems that have negative impacts on native aquatic biota both up‐ and downstream. We used a landscape‐scale geographic information system (GIS) approach to quantify the spatial effects of 19 large reservoirs on upstream prairie fish assemblages at 219 sites in Kansas, USA. We hypothesized that fish assemblage structure would vary with increasing distance from a reservoir and that the abundance of reservoir fishes in upstream reaches would decline with distance from a reservoir. Ordination of sample sites showed variation in fish assemblage structure occurred primarily across river basins and with stream size. Variance partitioning of a canonical ordination revealed that the pure effect of reservoir distance explained a small but significant (6%; F = 4.90, P = 0.002) amount of variability in fish assemblage structure in upstream reaches. Moreover, reservoir species catch per unit of effort (CPUE) significantly declined with distance from a reservoir, but only in fourth‐ and fifth‐ order streams (r² = 0.32, P < 0.001 and r² = 0.49, P < 0.001, respectively). Finally, a multivariate regression model including measures of stream size, catchment area, river basin, and reservoir distance successfully predicted CPUE of reservoir species at sites upstream of Kansas reservoirs (R² = 0.45, P < 0.001). Overall, we found significant upstream effects of reservoirs on Kansas stream fish assemblages, which over time has led to a general homogenization of fish assemblages because of species introductions and extirpations. However, characteristic reservoir species are present throughout these systems and the importance of spatial proximity to reservoirs is probably dependent on the availability of suitable habitat (e.g. deep pools) in these tributary streams. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of the internal structure of earthen water-development works by nondestructive seismic methods

Use of the method of seismic tomography permits on-going and highly detailed exposure of weaken sections of structures and their beds. __________ Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 11, November 2007, pp. 44–46.     

Adaptation to Climate Change in the Management of a Canadian Water-Resources System Exploited for Hydropower

The management adaptation potential of the Peribonka River water resource system (Quebec, Canada) is investigated in the context of the evolution of climate change. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts on hydropower, power plant efficiency, unproductive spills and reservoir reliability due to changes in the hydrological regimes. The climate change projections used here are from the Canadian regional climate model (CRCM) nested by the Canadian-coupled global climate model (CGCM3) forced with the SRES A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario. The hydrological regimes were simulated with the distributed hydrological model Hydrotel. They were incorporated into a dynamic and stochastic optimization model in order to adapt the operating rules of the water resource system annually, according to the evolution of the climate. The impacts were analyzed over the years 1961–2099, split into four periods for comparison purposes: control period (1961–1990), horizon 2020 (2010–2039), horizon 2050 (2040–2069) and horizon 2080 (2070–2099). The main results indicate that annual mean hydropower would decrease by 1.8% for the period 2010–2039 and then increase by 9.3% and 18.3% during the periods 2040–2069 and 2070–2099, respectively. The trend to increase is statistically significant starting from 2061 (Mann–Kendall with p = 5%). The change in the mean annual production is statistically significant for the 2040–2069 and 2070–2099 periods (t-test with p = 5%). Also, the change in the variance is significant for the periods 2010–2039, 2040–2069 and 2070–2099 (F-test). Annual mean unproductive spills would increase from 1961–2099, but the trend is not statistically significant. However, the changes in the variance of the annual mean spills are significant in the periods 2010–2039, 2040–2069 and 2070–2099. Overall, the reliability of a reservoir would decrease and the vulnerability increase as the climate changes.     

Analysis of the motion of a wall in the ground when subjected to a plane seismic compression wave

Extremal seismic loads are calculated for underground structures. __________ Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 49–54.     

Problems, methods, and results of instrumental seismic risk microzoning of areas of hydrotechnical construction

Problems, methods, and results of instrumental seismic risk microzoning (SRM) of areas of hydrotechnical construction are considered. New approaches are suggested for processing and analyzing the data, which are also applicable for practical SRM of inhabited localities and civil and industrial construction sites. __________ Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 11, November 2005, pp. 26–33.     

Prediction of Hydropower Energy Using ANN for the Feasibility of Hydropower Plant Installation to an Existing Irrigation Dam

Recently, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used successfully for many engineering problems. This paper presents a practical way of predicting the hydropower energy potential using ANNs for the feasibility of adding a hydropower plant unit to an existing irrigation dam. Because the cost of energy has risen considerably in recent decades, addition of a suitable capacity hydropower plant (HPP) to the end of the pressure conduit of an existing irrigation dam may become economically feasible. First, a computer program to realistically calculate all local, frictional, and total head losses (THL) throughout any pressure conduit in detail is coded, whose end-product enables determination of the C coefficient of the highly significant model for total losses as: THL = C·Q ². Next, a computer program to determine the hydroelectric energies produced at monthly periods, the present worth (PW) of their monetary gains, and the annual average energy by a HPP is coded, which utilizes this simple but precise model for quantification of total energy losses from the inlet to the turbine. Inflows series, irrigation water requirements, evaporation rates, turbine running time ratios, and the C coefficient are the input data of this program. This model is applied to randomly chosen 10 irrigation dams in Turkey, and the selected input variables are gross head and reservoir capacity of the dams, recorded monthly inflows and irrigation releases for the prediction of hydropower energy. A single hidden-layered feed forward neural network using Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is developed with a detailed analysis of model design of those factors affecting successful implementation of the model, which provides for a realistic prediction of the annual average hydroelectric energy from an irrigation dam in a quick-cut manner without the excessive operation studies needed conventionally. Estimation of the average annual energy with the help of this model should be useful for reconnaissance studies.     

工作桥对进水塔整体结构的抗震性能影响研究

地震作用下,进水塔与工作桥、库水、地基的相互作用复杂。通过建立塔身主体结构-启闭机房-工作桥-地基-库水整体有限元模型,基于势流体理论模拟结构与库水的相互作用,采用黏弹性人工边界考虑地基辐射阻尼,研究结构与库水、工作桥和地基的动力相互作用对进水塔整体体系自振特性和地震动力响应的影响。结果表明：在正常蓄水位下,工作桥的存在会使进水塔结构的顺流向位移最大减小25.15%,加速度最大减小14.33%,进水塔关键点最大拉应力降幅可达12.0%以上;考虑地基的辐射阻尼效应时,进水塔结构的动力响应明显减小,其关键点的最大拉应力降幅可达40%以上。相比工作桥,地基辐射阻尼效应对进水塔地震作用下动水压力、加速度、位移和应力响应的影响更加显著。     

Multi-reservoir Operation Rules: Multi-swarm PSO-based Optimization Approach

Reservoir operation rules are intended to help an operator so that water releases and storage capacities are in the best interests of the system objectives. In multi-reservoir systems, a large number of feasible operation policies may exist. System engineering and optimization techniques can assist in identifying the most desirable of those feasible operation policies. This paper presents and tests a set of operation rules for a multi-reservoir system, employing a multi-swarm version of particle swarm optimization (MSPSO) in connection with the well-known HEC-ResPRM simulation model in a parameterization–simulation–optimization (parameterization SO) approach. To improve the performance of the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm, this paper incorporates a new strategic mechanism called multi-swarm into the algorithm. Parameters of the rule are estimated by employing a parameterization–simulation–optimization approach, in which a full-scale simulation model evaluates the objective function value for each trial set of parameter values proposed with an efficient version of the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The usefulness of the MSPSO in developing reservoir operation policies is examined by using the existing three-reservoir system of Mica, Libby, and Grand Coulee as part of the Columbia River Basin development. Results of the rule-based reservoir operation are compared with those of HEC-ResPRM. It is shown that the real-time operation of the three reservoir system with the proposed approach may significantly outperform the common implicit stochastic optimization approach.     

Acoustic measurement of water flow in generating sets of channel HPP

Use of an ultrasonic flowmeter has demonstrated its feasibility for the transmission of indicators to a computer network. __________ Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 3, March 2008, pp. 29–33.     

松涛水库应急调度系统建设与应用

以松涛水库为对象,研究松涛水库应急调度系统的设计、建设及运行管理。松涛水库应急调度系统在通信组网设计上采用甚高频、公共交换电话网络、GSM、海事卫星4种数据通信方式;应用软件采用客户/服务器结构;查询系统采用浏览器/服务器的结构模式;数据库采用SQL Server 2008;水库洪水预报调度系统采用共同研发的松涛水库洪水调度系统软件。实践应用证明,松涛水库应急调度系统能保证松涛水库水情遥测系统高的畅通率和准确率,低的通信成本;能保证松涛水库防洪调度、灌溉、发电、供水和养殖的需求,还为系统运行维护提供方便。