河北应急水源工艺适应性研究与工艺优化

南水北调的应急工程是从河北四水库调水进京,为了保证净水厂运行稳定,进行了适应性研究,并采用层次优化法对中试工艺进行选优。结果表明:第九水厂工艺运行方案为采用粉末活性炭预处理(20mg/L),混凝剂投加量为20～25mg/L;当原水藻类较高时可采用"氯+粉末活性炭"联合预处理方式;在剑水蚤数量较多时,建议砂滤池和炭池的反冲洗水不回收。第三水厂、田村山水厂采用混凝—沉淀—过滤—O3—炭池工艺,主臭氧投加量为0.5～1.5mg/L,混凝剂投加量为20～25mg/L。剑水蚤数量较少时,混凝沉淀能够将其去除,或通过主臭氧将剑水蚤杀死去除。在调水过程中,应跟踪原水MIB的变化,并加强活性炭出水的臭味检测,适时调整工艺运行参数。     

臭氧氧化工艺溴酸盐控制中试研究

通过1m3/h的中试装置研究了臭氧氧化工艺处理引黄水库水时溴酸盐控制技术。结果表明,在臭氧投加量为1.5mg/L时,臭氧氧化后溴酸盐产生量为0.006mg/L,活性炭过滤出水溴酸盐为0.002mg/L;在相同臭氧投加量条件下,降低原水pH、投加高锰酸钾和过氧化氢后溴酸盐生成量分别减少了50%、33%和100%,活性炭后出水中均未检出溴酸盐,同时提高了有机物去除率。     

饮用水臭氧应用安全性研究

对预臭氧、臭氧—生物活性炭等技术与常规水处理工艺联用中有机物去除效果、消毒副产物THMFP的消除等进行了研究。结果表明:采用适量臭氧(如1mg/L)预氧化,可有效提高混凝过程中有机物去除率;THMFP从常规处理的116μg/L降至78μg/L(1mg/LO3)。与预臭氧强化混凝联用的臭氧—生物活性炭工艺能进一步降低DOC和THMFP。研究发现:溴酸盐随着臭氧含量呈现起伏变化,溴酸盐相关前驱物不易分离去除。两次臭氧投加(预臭氧和主臭氧)均导致溴酸盐、AOC和甲醛升高;其含量可分别在后续的混凝过滤及生物活性炭过程中得到控制,仅AOC含量较原水和常规工艺出水有所升高。     

微污染水源臭氧预氧化的生产性应用与生物风险探讨

利用小试和生产性试验讨论了预臭氧取代预氯化在微污染的黄浦江水源水厂净化中的应用和生物风险.研究表明,臭氧预氧化对平流沉淀系统和ACTIFLO高效澄清系统均有促进混凝沉淀的效果,预臭氧的投加量约0.8 mg/L,后续混凝剂投加量由50 mg/L降至40 mg/L即能达到较好澄清效果,砂滤池出水浊度低于0.1 NTU,出水锰含量可降至痕量.在生产性装置运行中发现,水厂预臭氧后春夏季在澄清池和滤池中有较大型的后生动物,且藻类大量生长,对饮用水构成潜在生物风险.     

福州某水厂臭氧-炭砂滤池中试实践分析

为探究在闽江这种贫营养水源的进水条件下,臭氧-炭砂滤池深度处理工艺的活性炭生物膜形成情况、对原水中主要污染物的去除效果及最佳运行参数,进行了福州某水厂臭氧-炭砂滤池中试研究。中试结果表明,运行二个月至四个半月后,活性炭表面能够形成生物膜。对COD_Mn去除率稳定在20%左右,COD_Mn平均出水浓度为0.85 mg/L,能够完全去除水中氨氮;同时对铁、锰、三氯乙醛、三卤甲烷、溴酸盐等污染物有进一步的去除效果。针对有效粒径为0.7 mm炭层+0.28 mm砂层的滤料级配,采用气冲40 m/h,单独水冲25 m/h的反洗强度,即可达到冲洗效果。平时运行臭氧-炭砂滤池深度处理工艺时,臭氧投率控制在1.0 mg/L以内即可。     

吴淞江微污染水源水处理工艺的比较研究

采用预臭氧生物活性炭滤池、生物接触预氧化、PAC吸附预处理三种工艺对吴淞江微污染水源水处理进行研究;常温下,臭氧投加量2 mg/L,预臭氧生物活性炭滤池对氨氮的去除率维持在70%以上,出水NH3-N约1 mg/L,CODMn平均去除率34.16%;生物接触预氧化对氨氮去除率可达80%以上,但CODMn平均去除率只有7.6%;PAC对色度及臭味有良好的去除效果,但对其他物质去除率较低.三种工艺相比,作为水厂改造或备用应急方案,预臭氧生物活性炭滤池为最佳选择.     

臭氧生物活性炭系统调试水质变化研究

结合上海市金海水厂80万m³/d臭氧—生物活性炭系统的调试案例,研究不同洗炭模式、累计过滤时间、活性炭浸泡时间对不合格水水质的影响。结果显示,水质不同的不合格水应选择不同的排放途径。延长单次连续过滤和前期活性炭泡炭时间,有利于尽快降低出水pH和浑浊度。单侧滤池后期大水量同时过滤对出水pH下降作用更为明显,单侧过滤水质达标后单组滤池过滤出水水质稳定。并网后深度处理系统运行稳定,出水水质符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。     

高有机物污染原水深度处理工艺选择和运行优化

P市地表原水受到有机物污染,水中CODMn经常高达10mg/L以上,为此,在G水厂的扩建工程中,采用了两级臭氧—生物活性炭深度处理工艺,以保证出水水质安全。水厂运行结果表明,在活性炭吸附饱和后,一级炭池出水CODMn仍有3～5mg/L,需二级臭氧—生物活性炭处理才能使出厂水CODMn小于3mg/L。当前后臭氧分级投加比例为3∶2时,有机物的去除率最高。     

粉末活性炭技术处理水中臭味物质的应用研究

随着水资源日益紧缺、水质恶化,原水臭味问题成为我国给水厂迫切关注的水质问题.经过对B市地表水水源突发臭味问题进行分析,确定2-MIB为水体主要致臭物质.通过臭氧、高锰酸钾预氧化和粉末活性炭对水中2-MIB的去除试验,发现粉末活性炭对其处理效果最佳.原水投加粉末活性炭与现有水厂常规处理 活性炭工艺构成解决臭味问题的双重技术保障.通过实验室吸附试验和中试确定了粉末活性炭投加点位置和投加量等技术参数.在加强滤池反冲洗及部分回流水排放的条件下,原水2-MIB浓度达到100 ng/L时,投加15 mg/L粉末活性炭、20 mg/L聚氯化铝时,可将出厂水2-MIB控制在10 ng/L以下.     

臭氧—活性炭工艺在东北低温高色度条件下的应用与效果

臭氧-活性炭工艺在东北寒冷地区的应用较少。某净水厂工程项目位于黑龙江省,针对原水水温低、色度较高及微污染问题,采用了臭氧-活性炭工艺,其主要设计参数:预臭氧投加量为0.5～1.5mg/L,主臭氧投加量为1.5～2.5mg/L,絮凝池停留时间为20min,沉淀池上升流速为1.63mm/s,V型滤池滤速为6.8m/h,活性炭池滤速为5.5m/h。净水厂投产2年后的水质检测表明,臭氧-活性炭工艺在冬季取得了良好的运行效果,出水水质达到国标要求。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.