Error compensation in flexible end milling of tubular geometries

There are many machining situations where slender tools are used to machine thin walled tubular workpieces. Such instances are more common in machining of aircraft structural parts. In these cases, cutting force induced tool as well as workpiece deflections are quite common which result into surface error on machined components. This paper presents a methodology to compensate such tool and workpiece induced surface errors in machining of thin walled geometries by modifying tool paths. The accuracy with which deflections can be predicted strongly depends on correctness of the cutting force model used. Traditionally employed mechanistic cutting force models overestimate tool and workpiece deflections in this case as the change of process geometry due to deflections is not accounted in modeling. Therefore, a cutting force model accounting for change in process geometry due to static deflections of tool and workpiece is adopted in this work. Such a force model is used in predicting tool and workpiece deflection induced surface errors on machined components and then compensating the same by modifying tool path. The paper also studies effectiveness of error compensation scheme for both synclastic and anti-clastic configurations of tubular geometries.     

Estimation of machining errors using the concept of cyclic symmetry

Keeping the form error within tolerable limits is an important consideration in the machining of cylindrical workpieces. One main reason for form error in machining thin cylinders is the static and dynamic deflection of the workpiece under the action of the cutting force. One way of reducing the form error during machining is to introduce radial stiffeners. In this paper, static and dynamic analysis of the workpiece has been carried out using the finite element method to analyze the effect of such radial strengthening ribs on the form error. The concept of cyclic symmetry has been used to analyze the problem and to improve the efficiency of the program.     

Stability limits of milling considering the flexibility of the workpiece and the machine

High speed machining of low rigidity structures is a widely used process in the aeronautical industry. Along the machining of this type of structures, the so-called monolithic components, large quantities of material are removed using high removal rate conditions, with the risk of the instability of the process. Very thin walls will also be milled, with the possibility of lateral vibration of them in some cutting conditions and at some stages of machining. Chatter is an undesirable phenomenon in all machining processes, causing a reduction in productivity, low quality of the finished workpieces, and a reduction of the machine-spindle's working life.

In this study, a method for obtaining the instability or stability lobes, applicable when both the machine structure and the machined workpiece have similar dynamic behaviours, is presented. Thus, a 3-dimensional lobe diagram has been developed based on the relative movement of both systems, to cover all the intermediate stages of the machining of the walls. This diagram is different and more exact than the one that arises out of the mere superposition of the machine and the workpiece lobe diagrams. A previous step of rejecting resonance modes that are not involved in the milling at the bottom zones of the thin walls must be previously performed.

Finally, the proposed method has been validated, by machining a series of thin walls, applying cutting conditions contrasted with the limits previously obtained in the three-dimensional lobe diagram.     

Flexible multibody dynamics based fixture-workpiece analysis model for fixturing stability

The machining force and torque exerted on a workpiece vary as the cutter moves along the tool path, therefore a dynamic approach is essential for fixturing stability analysis. This paper presents a technique to dynamically model and analyze the fixture-workpiece system subjected to time-varying machining loads. Combining the advantages of FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and nonlinear rigid body dynamics, a flexible multibody dynamic model is formulated to incorporate the overall interaction (clamping forces, machining loads, and contact friction) between flexible workpiece and compliant fixture elements. Three major parameters affecting the fixturing stability, namely the magnitude, application sequence, and placement of fixturing clamps, are analyzed. Additionally, the time dependent deformation of a flexible workpiece under clamping and machining loads is estimated. A scaled engine block with the 3–2–1 fixturing scheme subjected to face milling operation is given as an example. Comparison between the simulation result and experimental data shows a reasonable agreement.     

基于磁场复合和高频、窄脉冲电流电解加工的试验研究

通过磁场复合和高频、窄脉冲电流电解加工工艺,实现了薄壁大面积(10 000mm2)型面铝基材料零件的稳定小间隙加工.试验研究中采用高频、窄脉冲电流,解决了加工间隙流场不均匀的问题;采用磁场复合电解加工工艺方法,解决了试件的表面质量差和杂散腐蚀严重的问题.     

一种大型薄壁件的多点柔性定位工装与装夹优化技术

针对航空航天制造中经常会用到的一些尺寸大、刚度低、易变形的大型薄壁件,开发出了一种多点柔性定位工装,根据这种柔性工装和工件的特点,提出了一种能够对这类零件的定位/支承布局方式进行有效优化的方法,提高了零件的加工质量,节省了这类零件制造的工装成本。     

飞机铝合金薄壁件的加工质量研究

在薄壁件切削加工过程中的加工变形和良品率低等问题成为了影响零件的加工精度和生产率的主要因素。因此,研究薄壁件加工中变形误差较大和良品率低等问题在理论研究和实际应用中都具有重大意义。对于铝合金薄壁件主要采用实验研究和限元分析相结合的方法,分析数控加工中薄壁件加工质量的主要影响因素,并论述了加工过程中,从加工工艺方案、装夹方案、刀具的选择和走刀路线等方面控制薄壁件的变形、加强加工过程中其刚度的具体改进措施,以提高薄壁件加工效率和质量。     

面向7075铝合金预拉伸厚板加工变形控制的变向迭代法

具有壁薄、尺寸大、加工精度高、材料去除量大等特点的航空整体结构件,其毛坯大多选用预拉伸铝合金厚板。在高速切削成形过程中,随着材料的大量去除,毛坯内初始残余应力势必发生释放,零件只有通过弯曲变形等行为才能达到新的平衡状态,导致加工精度得不到保证,甚至成为废品。因此,研究残余应力释放产生加工变形的演化机制,是控制和保证加工质量的核心所在,对于实现加工过程的高效化和精密化至关重要。首先,依据毛坯分解为去除材料和成形零件两部分,将初始残余应力分为释放应力和有效应力,利用静力平衡条件和弯曲变形理论建立加工变形的分析模型。然后采用有限元方法求解加工变形的分析模型,通过现场加工零件后经测试可知：加工变形的仿真值与测量值相比,无论是幅值水平还是变形曲线,尽管均具有具有很好的吻合性,但由于残余应力的测量误差使得两者亦存在10%左右的幅值误差。最后建立以最小加工变形为目标的零件加工位置优化模型。通过以一定步长正向从最小值开始选取加工位置,根据当前值与上一次取值的变形方向差异,确定下一次取值的步长及其方向,若变形方向相同则以相同步长继续正向取值,否则减小步长反向取值,直至步长的绝对值在阈值范围之内,提出求解加工位置优化模型的变向迭代方法。与企业实际使用的中间位置法相比,变向迭代方法能够使得加工变形减小99.79%。     

超薄切割片的加工变形研究现状

超薄切割片在工作中极易出现径向加工变形。从应力和变形的理论分析、有限元模拟分析和试验研究等方面,对超薄切割片的加工变形研究现状进行总结。此外,分析研究中存在的问题,介绍具有相似结构的砂轮和圆锯片的相关研究成果。结果发现:切割片转速对超薄切割片变形影响的研究比较系统,但磨削深度和进给速度对其影响的相关研究还有一定的差距。同时,切入工件时测量方法的缺失也限制了研究的深入。因此,需要不断完善理论公式并充分应用有限元模拟,持续推进相关研究,优化和补偿超薄切割片的变形,提高工件的加工精度。      

摆动辗压件成形过程中产生的缺陷及防止办法

本文简述了摆辗变形的特征及其力学分析,同时给出了摆辗变形过程中经常产生的四种缺陷:薄件中心开裂;大头件侧表面开裂;高件失稳折迭及锻不透等缺陷。指出,由于摆辗工艺的特殊性。上模与工件始终有一个接触小区,压力高,且模具在热辗时受热疲劳作用,中心常产生龟裂、塌陷等缺陷。文中最后给出了防止产生缺陷的措施和提高模具寿命的方法。对于厚件和大头带杆件应适当控制每转进给量;对于薄件要适当加大进给量或采用局部加厚的办法;冷辗大头件要注意原始坯料表面质量、控制好模具间隙均可以减少裂缝、失稳折迭等缺陷的产生。     

一种高精密液胀定位夹具的优化设计

考虑到薄壁套筒的薄壁长度、厚度,薄壁套筒环状凹槽的深度以及薄壁所受液压力的大小对工件的变形量、定位精度和夹紧力会造成影响,应用ANSYS平台对液胀定位夹具进行有限元建模,分析得出了薄壁套筒薄壁长度、厚度等参数对工件夹紧变形的影响规律,并且通过对目标进行结构优化设计,获得了优化的结构参数,优化后的结构使得液压油密封性能更好,工件和薄壁套筒变形更小,同时能够得到良好的夹紧力矩。结果表明:工件的变形量从1.5μm减小到0.9μm,薄壁套筒最大应力由292.88 MPa减小到282.34 MPa,薄壁套筒两端结合面径向变形由11.8μm减小到8.6μm,夹紧力矩由124.36 N·m减小到67.33 N·m。     

Micro-end-milling-I. Wear and breakage

Unpredictable tool life and premature tool failure are major problems in micro-machining. In this study, the failure mechanisms of micro-end-mills were studied during the machining of aluminum, graphite electrodes and mild steel workpieces. Hundreds of machining operations were performed, and the pictures of cutting edges were taken with a scanning electron microscope to identify fatigue and extensive stress-related failure mechanisms. Also, the cutting force variation was monitored, i.e. the relationship between the utilization-related changes at the tool structure (wear), and the outcomes (increasing cutting force which means raising stress on the tiny shaft). Inspection of the cutting force variation patterns of large numbers of micro-end-mills indicated that tool failure occurs with chip clogging, fatigue and wear-related excessive stress depending on the characteristics of the workpiece. Two tool breakage prediction methods were developed by considering the variation of the static part of the feed direction cutting force. These methods used segmental averages and wavelet transformation coefficients. The accuracy of the proposed approaches were tested with experimental data and the agreement between the predictions and actual observations are reported.     

铝合金电阻点焊的熔核形成过程

点焊过程中熔核形成过程对焊接结构的强度和耐用性具有非常重要的影响.文中采用高速摄像技术研究了焊接电流和电极压力对铝合金电阻点焊形核过程的影响.结果表明,铝合金电阻点焊熔核首先在工件/工件接触面中心处形成,然后沿着水平方向生长,同时垂直方向也有少量的生长,一直扩展到电极头端面直径.熔核尺寸在点焊前80 ms时迅速长大,120 ms后基本保持不变,表明过长的焊接时间是没有必要的.随着电极力的增加,工件会经历较大的塑性变形,导致没有熔核形成.因此常规点焊时,不应采用过高的电极压力.     

真空吸附铣削夹具的设计及其应用

工件变形是影响薄板零件加工精度的主要问题。采用高速铣削加工可减小切削力、切削热、切削振动等产生的工件变形;利用真空吸附铣削夹具装夹工件,使其受到均匀分布的夹紧力,可大大减小因夹紧力造成的工件变形,提高零件的加工精度和表面粗糙度。在介绍真空吸附夹具结构设计与工作原理的基础上,重点阐述薄板零件高速铣削加工真空吸附夹具的设计要点及其应用。     

Special features of laser processing of layered materials

This article deals with the problems concerning the quality of laser machining of workpieces of laminates of natural and artificial origin (mica, thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics, foil sheets, and composite materials). The basic disadvantages of the laser machining operations (contour cutting and drilling of holes) are the material’s delamination at the edges of the processed workpieces, its melting, and destruction. These disadvantages arise because the irradiation conditions and the machining modes are not optimal; the selected mechanism of the workpiece material’s damage in the applied technological patterns of operations is not suitable. Theoretical and experimental studies of the machining process of various laminates allowed us to formulate and realize high-quality machining principles. The modes and results of the precision machining of workpieces of mica, foiled fiberglass laminate, and hybrid composites are presented.     

Evaluation of cutter orientations in high-speed ball end milling of cantilever-shaped thin plate

This work was carried out in order to evaluate machinability in high-speed ball end milling of thin cantilever-shaped aluminum plate, and the effect of tool path, tool angle on geometric accuracy and surface integrity. The experiments were performed at tilt angles 0°, 15°, 45° of workpieces using four cutter orientations (horizontal outward, horizontal inward, vertical outward, vertical inward). Workpiece deflection, surface profile and machined surface have been measured. The results show that when machining cantilever-shaped thin plate, the best cutting strategy is vertical outward at a workpiece tilt angle of 45°.     

考虑廓形特征的机器人异型盘磨削接触力建模

目的 为表征具有尖端小、比压大廓形特征的机器人异型盘磨削接触力,针对异型盘薄板与橡胶板双层结构形式,提出一种考虑廓形特征影响的包含薄板挠曲形变和橡胶板弹性形变的机器人异型盘磨削接触力建模方法。方法 首先,基于弹性薄板弯曲理论,分析薄板挠曲形变与接触力关系。其次,依据静态弹性理论,建立橡胶板在弹性形变区域内弹性形变与接触力模型。再次,开展有限元数值模拟实验求解橡胶板弹性形变参数和薄板挠曲形变参数,并通过变量替换建立接触力与异型盘法向进给位移数值形式反函数模型。最后,搭建机器人异型盘磨削实验平台,分别开展1种平面与3种曲率曲面工件的机器人异型盘接触力模型验证实验和1种侧曲面圆台铸铁工件的机器人异型盘磨削一致性验证实验。结果 机器人异型盘接触力模型验证实验结果表明,当盘倾角较大时,能够较为准确地预测接触力。机器人异型盘磨削一致性验证实验结果表明,在相同的磨削参数条件下,3条磨削路径(路径1、2、3)的磨削深度平均值分别为0.066 3、0.063 2、0.064 5 mm,最大偏差分别为0.013 9、0.009 0、0.010 8 mm,变异系数分别为11.2%、6.4%和9.6%。实验验证了所提方法的有效性。结论 所提方法考虑了异型盘廓形特征,将工件表面曲率、盘倾角、廓形参数和异型盘尺寸等参数包含在磨削接触力模型中,并描述了磨削接触力与异型盘法向进给位移的数值形式反函数关系,能够度量异型盘磨削作业接触区域和解释磨削接触力影响因素,可为机器人异型盘的高效率、高质量恒定接触力磨削提供理论依据。     

高速开关阀在机床夹具上的应用

针对恒定夹紧力对多工步数控加工零件变形精度的影响,提出一种变夹紧力夹具方案。变夹紧力夹具能够适应切削力的变化,自动调整夹紧力的大小,以减少加工系统的切削变形。变夹紧力夹具采用同工步数字控制技术,实现自适应夹紧功能,采用高速开关阀作为液压系统的动态控制元件,以控制夹紧力的大小。本文对夹具系统的控制工作过程及控制策略进行简要说明。     

大直径工件分度圆周孔非常规机械加工技术探讨

介绍了两种大直径工件分度圆周孔非常规的机械加工技术,并经实际操作检验证明了其操作方便,加工精度高,加工品质可以媲美大型镗床,解决了大直径工件分度圆周孔需借助大型镗床进行加工的难题。