Full-scale measurements of wind effects on the Jin Mao building

The Jin Mao Building located in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, which has a height of 420.5 m and 88 floors, is currently the tallest building in Mainland China. This paper presents some selected results obtained from the full-scale measurements of wind effects on the Jin Mao Building during the passage of Typhoon Rananim in August, 2004. The field data including acceleration responses, wind speed and wind direction were simultaneously and continuously recorded during Typhoon Rananim. Detailed analysis of the field data was conducted to investigate wind effects on the super tall building. The characteristics of typhoon-generated wind and wind-induced responses of the 88-storey building are presented and discussed. Dynamic properties of the building are determined based on the field measurements, and comparison with those calculated from the finite element model of the building is made. The amplitude-dependent characteristics of damping that were obtained using the random decrement technique on the basis of the field measurements are investigated. Furthermore, wind tunnel experiment is conducted to study wind effects on the Jin Mao Building through force balance model test, and the full-scale measurements are compared with the wind tunnel test results for verification of wind tunnel test techniques. Finally, the serviceability of the super tall building under typhoon conditions is discussed.     

Wind effects on the world’s longest spatial lattice structure: Loading characteristics and numerical prediction

The 486-m long roof structure of Shenzhen Citizens’ Centre is the world’s longest spatial lattice structure. This paper presents some selected results from a combined wind tunnel and numerical simulation study of wind effects on the extra-long-span roof structure. In this study, simultaneous pressure measurements on its entire roof are made in a boundary layer wind tunnel, and the measured wind pressures, such as mean, root-mean-square (rms) and peak pressure coefficient distributions on the roof are presented and discussed. Based on the measured data from a number of pressure taps, a numerical simulation approach using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) is developed for the predictions of wind-induced pressure time series at other roof locations which are not covered in the wind tunnel measurements. The BPNN is trained with the pressure data time series measured from adjacent pressure taps. The good performance of the developed neural network is demonstrated by comparing the predictions with the model test results, illustrating that the BPNN approach can serve as an effective tool for the design and analysis of wind effects on large roof structures in conjunction with wind tunnel tests.     

Influence of the fault zone in shallow tunneling: A case study of Izmir Metro Tunnel

Today, there is a great need for larger underground spaces for various purposes and hence, construction of new metro tunnels has become a necessity to meet the demand in urban life in spite of certain ground related difficulties such as fault zones, altered and fractured rock mass and ground water. This study has aimed at investigating the risky areas around a shallow metro tunnel in weak, faulted rocks and determining the effects of tunnel behavior on the structures on ground surface. Therefore, an attempt has been made to determine the risky areas on the line of the tunnel by field observations, laboratory work and computer modeling. Later, the data obtained from computer models have been compared to which obtained from in situ measurements. The results from modeling and in situ measurements were interpreted considering the current status of superstructure and the differences between pre- and post-excavation states in the ground. Finally the data obtained from the modeling analysis and measurements provided the necessity of strengthening the already used support system for the safety of the buildings on surface. Shortening the application ranges of the rock bolts, use of face nails with application of umbrella arc and jetgrout methods are among the precautions to be taken.     

Wind effects on a long-span beam string roof structure: Wind tunnel test, field measurement and numerical analysis

The Guangzhou International Convention & Exhibition Center (GICEC) with roof dimensions of 210 m wide and 457 m long is the largest exhibition center in Asia and the 2nd largest of this kind in the world. This paper presents results from a combined study of wind tunnel test, full-scale measurement, and numerical analysis of wind effects on the long-span beam string roof structure. In the wind tunnel test, wind-induced pressures including mean and fluctuating components were measured from the roof of a 1:300 scale GICEC model under suburban boundary layer wind flow configuration. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method and the quasi-steady approach as well as probability analysis were adopted to estimate the characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures on the roof. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of wind actions and wind-induced structural responses of the roof were conducted during the passage of Typhoon Nuri. The field data such as wind speed, wind direction, and acceleration responses, etc., were continuously and simultaneously monitored from a wind and structural response monitoring system installed on the roof structure during the typhoon. Detailed analysis of the field data was performed to investigate the characteristics of the typhoon-generated wind and the wind-induced vibration of the long-span roof structure under typhoon condition. The dynamic characteristics of the roof were determined from the field measurements and comparisons with those calculated from the finite element model (FEM) of the structure were made. The damping ratios of the roof structure were estimated by means of the random decrement method and the amplitude-dependent damping characteristics were presented and discussed. Finally, the full-scale measurements were compared with the model test results to examine the accuracy of the wind tunnel test results and to identify possible modelling errors in the numerical study. The results presented in this paper are expected to be of considerable interest and of use to researchers and professionals involved in designing long-span roof structures.     

Field measurements of wind effects on the tallest building in Hong Kong

Central Plaza has a height of approximately 374 m and is 78‐storeys tall. It is the tallest structure in Hong Kong and was the highest reinforced‐concrete building in the world when it was built several years ago. This paper describes some results obtained from the full‐scale measurements of wind effects on Central Plaza. The field data such as wind speed, wind direction and acceleration responses have been measured during the close passage of several typhoons in recent years. Detailed analysis of the field data is conducted to investigate wind effects on the tall building. The full‐scale measurements are compared with the wind tunnel results. The amplitude‐dependent characteristics of damping that were obtained by using the random decrement technique are investigated on the basis of the field measurements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

偏压连拱隧道结构荷载计算及监测分析

依托工程实例,基于双塌落拱假定,并考虑偏压地形产生的地层推力对连拱隧道衬砌结构造成的影响,建立改进的结构-荷载模型进行偏压连拱隧道衬砌结构荷载计算,并与地层-结构模型以及监测数据比较,得到改进的结构-荷载模型的适用性。结果表明,在隧道周边围岩状态较差,隧道开挖可能引起边坡滑移的情况下,改进的结构-荷载模型可以很好地预测隧道结构的危险位置,适用性较好;对于围岩条件较好或者偏压地形作用不明显时,计算结果相比地层-结构模型以及实测数据更安全。     

Evaluation of the geological condition ahead of the tunnel face by geostatistical techniques using TBM driving data

In tunnel excavation by Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), it is difficult to grasp the ground condition ahead of and surrounding the tunnel face because the face cannot be observed during tunnel driving. This is the reason why it has not been possible to make the best use of high-speed excavation capability of the TBM, especially in ground under complex conditions. Thus, the TBM Excavation Control System was developed to realize the accurate prediction of the geological condition ahead of and surrounding the tunnel face simultaneously with excavation. The special feature of this system is that geostatistical techniques are introduced into the data analysis using both drill logging data from pilot boring and TBM driving data obtained during excavation, in order to improve the precision of the ground mapping.     

Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for the coupled problem of the heat transfer of the surrounding rock and the heat convection between the air and the surrounding rock in cold-region tunnel

According to the basic theories of heat transfer, geocryology and fluid mechanics, taking the coupled problem of the heat transfer of the rock surrounding the tunnel and the heat convective between the air in the tunnel and the rock surrounding the tunnel into account, three-dimensional calculating model of the coupled problem are presented. The finite element formulae of this problem are obtained by Galerkin’s method, and the computer program of the finite element is compiled. Using the program, three-dimensional nonlinear analyses for the coupled problem of the heat transfer of the rock surrounding the tunnel and the heat convective between the air in the tunnel and the rock surrounding Fenghuo mountain tunnel on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway are made. The agreement between the calculated results and the in-situ observed data is seen to be very good. The calculated results illustrate that the freezing–thawing situation of the rock surrounding the tunnel can correctly be predicted even if the air temperature distribution along the tunnel is unknown. In thus way, the large cost of in-situ observation for the air temperature in the tunnel can be saved.     

Measurements of wind drag on people standing in a wind tunnel

This report describes an experiment in which measurements were made of the wind drag on 331 people standing in turn in a wind tunnel. The results were analysed in terms of projected areas and drag coefficients, as is customary with wind tunnel measurements. Areas were then expressed as ratios to a person's total body surface area, calculated from weight and height. It was found that these area ratios and the drag coefficients could be related to the type of clothing, and eight categories were selected. The results thus provide a simple way of estimating the wind drag on a person for a known windspeed if his weight, height and type of cloting are known.     

寒冷地区隧道防冻隔温层设计计算方法及应用

本文根据隧道衬砌表面、衬砌内部、围岩内部的温度及隧道洞内外气温和风速的实测结果 ,获取了隧道温度场的分布情况以及隧道内发生冰冻段的长度和冻结深度的第一手资料。在此基础上 ,提出了增设套拱、设置防冻隔温层的防冻害结构和防冻隔温层厚度的计算方法。该防冻结构和计算方法应用于某隧道防治冻害工程取得了成功。实测结果表明防冻隔温层防治冻害的效果非常显著。     

列车动载作用下锚索锚固力响应规律的研究

京石客专石家庄明挖隧道工程与既有京广铁路线近距离并行长达5km,既有铁路运营的长期振动必然对隧道支护结构稳定性造成影响。研究锚索锚固力动载响应规律、确定合理的锁定力值,是保证隧道支护稳定及铁路运营安全的关键环节。基于此,在石家庄隧道选取代表性区段,进行锚索锚固力长期监测现场试验。同时,利用FLAC-3D软件建立数值模型,分析总结锚索锚固力的动载响应规律。研究表明,在特定工况下,锚索支护结构存在-锚固力收敛阈值,仅当锁定力高于该值时,结构才是稳定的。锁定力在该范围内的变化对结构稳定影响不大。而当锁定力小于该值时,结构表现为对动载敏感。锚头位移随锁定力减小,呈抛物线函数关系增长,锚索应力变幅百分比随振源距离减小、振源强度提高而呈幂函数关系增长。以上规律部分地得到现场量测数据的证实。     

某海底隧道岩石覆盖厚度及选线方案优化研究

通过对国内外海峡海底隧道的调研分析,归纳得到三种确定最小岩石覆盖厚度的方法-挪威经验公式法、日本最小涌水量预测法以及国内顶水采煤经验法.利用上述三种方法,对象山港某海底隧道的最小岩石覆盖层厚度进行工程类比.综合考虑三种方法的分析结果,结合隧道地质条件,获得最优的岩石覆盖厚度.结合隧道海底的地形及地质条件,选择一个剖面作为控制剖面,根据隧道的设计坡度分别得到隧道底板线的位置及各个剖面在设计坡度下的岩石覆盖厚度,并与工程类比厚度比较.分析比较结果,调整隧道底板线部分的坡度,使得隧道在满足安全的条件下,得到最短的隧道线路,决定该海底隧道的最优选线方案.     

Evaluation of influence of vibrations generated by blasting construction on an existing tunnel in soft soils

The controlled blasting technique is employed, for the first time, on the diaphragm wall of an existing road tunnel in soft soils in the city of Shanghai, and therefore, safety demands on evaluation of influence of the blasting vibrations on the tunnel are highly required. Based on the practical blasting scheme of four sections of diaphragm wall of the tunnel to be exploded in three groups, the field monitoring of blasting vibrations is carried out on the bottom plate of the tunnel and the blasting vibration effects on the tunnel are measured throughout the blasting construction. The sequential characteristics of vibration velocities and accelerations of the tunnel structure are obtained from the field blasting tests. In order to fully understand the safety criterion of the blasting vibrations on the tunnel, a 3D numerical model is established by the finite element software ABAQUS. The numerical simulation results are confirmed by field monitoring data. Based on the monitoring data and numerical results of the tunnel subjected to blasting loads, results show: (1) the blasting energy is transferred mainly along the vertical direction; (2) the basic frequency domain of the tunnel responses caused by the explosion is relatively in a lower frequency range; (3) distinct vibration response spectra of the tunnel structure are observed along the horizontal and vertical directions; (4) the performance of the tunnel subjected to the blasting construction is in a critical state of safety and thus the blasting construction scheme should be implemented carefully. Finally, critical issues on evaluation of the blasting construction are fully discussed and evaluated, which provide a reference for other similar projects.     

建筑物对盾构隧道施工引起地面沉降模式的影响

本文以盾构隧道施工引起的地面沉降为对象,研究邻近地表建筑物的存在对其发生发展的影响。以具体工程为依托,以实际工程监测和数据分析为主要手段,研究得出：在有邻近地表建筑物存在时,地表沉降曲线形状与无建筑物存在时相似,均符合高斯曲线的形式;区别在于有建筑物存在时,地表沉降曲线的峰值要比无建筑物存在时小,曲线的反弯点离隧道轴线的距离要比无建筑物存在时远;说明了地表建筑物的存在以及建筑物基础与地基相互作用提高了盾构隧道穿越地基土层的刚度,对盾构隧道引起的地表沉降有控制作用。在盾构隧道施工及监测的过程中,可依据该特点合理布设有无地表建筑物存在情况下的监测测点,并对盾构隧道引起的建筑物及地标开裂现象做出合理的预测。     

A comparison of different methods to evaluate the wind induced forces on a high sided lorry

This paper examines the wind induced forces and moments experienced by a high sided lorry. Full-scale measurements are combined with wind tunnel and CFD simulations in order to gain an insight into the flow field around the vehicle. Differences and similarities between the three techniques are noted. It is shown that the rolling moment coefficient obtained from full-scale measurements and CFD simulations agree consistently across a wide range of yaw angles. With respect to the side force coefficient, good agreement between the wind tunnel and full-scale data are achieved. Pressure distributions over selected sections of the lorry reveal that despite good agreement with the overall forces, the localised pressure field can be significantly different.     

Wind tunnel study of the across-wind response of a slender tower with a nonlinear tuned mass damper

The effectiveness of a class of nonlinear tuned mass dampers (TMDs) in suppressing across-wind structure oscillations was examined through a wind tunnel test. The nonlinear TMD employed a wire rope spring to replace both the spring and the damper required in a typical system. First, a single degree of freedom aeroelastic stick model of a slender structure with a square cross-section was tested under different levels of damping. The measurements obtained from the tests were used to determine the root-mean-square (RMS) of the lift coefficient and other aerodynamic parameters. In the second phase of testing, the nonlinear TMD system was attached near the tip of the aeroelastic model. The response reduction achieved by adding the TMD was considerable and was quantitatively expressed in terms of an equivalent viscous damping. A comparison between the nonlinear TMD and an equivalent optimized linear TMD was made. Probability-based procedures were developed to estimate the equivalent damping provided by the nonlinear TMD. The estimated damping was compared with that obtained experimentally to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction method.     

水压对盾构管片衬砌力学特征与破坏形态的影响模型试验研究

水压力作为一个重要因素,对盾构隧道管片衬砌结构的受力状态及长期安全性具有显著的影响。文中依托广深港客运专线狮子洋盾构隧道工程,采用模型试验的方法,比较分析了0m、30m、60m三种不同水压条件下管片衬砌结构的内力、变形、声发射数据及裂纹产生发展等试验数据信息,探讨水压对盾构隧道管片衬砌结构受力状态及破坏特征的影响规律。研究结果表明：在一定范围内,水压的增加,延长了管片衬砌结构的弹性受力阶段及塑性发展平台,延缓了结构内部出现损伤破坏的时间,提高了衬砌结构的极限载能力。随着水压的增加,管片临界失稳点的最大位移与隧道外半径之比由2.33%增大到2.77%,但是由局部损伤破坏出现到管片衬砌结构整体失稳的过程变得更短,发展速度变得更快,管片的主要破坏形式由以受拉破坏为主变为以压剪破坏为主。     

隧道围岩-喷射混凝土界面应力解析

根据喷射混凝土支护隧道围岩的界面力学特点,考虑喷层与围岩结合界面受力和变形协调关系,并结合围岩承载拱效应,建立了围岩喷层结构的复合曲梁共同承载模型,然后通过各微单元静力平衡推导复合曲梁的径向位移的控制微分方程,得到任意分布荷载作用下喷层与围岩界面应力以及喷层与围岩各自内力的解析式,可迅速获取喷层与围岩结合界面的力学状况,进而判断围岩稳定性与预测安全性,为隧道施工决策提供技术支撑。最后经隧道台阶法开挖的算例研究表明,喷层支护通过其与围岩的结合界面上传递应力使围岩内部形成压应力带,有利于围岩的稳定。     

Construction Monitoring of a Shallow Tunnel in the Lefortovo District of Moscow

Results are cited for analytical prediction of the influence exerted on surrounding buildings and structures by the construction of a shallow tunnel installed by the open-pit method. Two sections of the route along the third transportation beltway in the Lefortovo District, for which three-dimensional mathematical models of the construction were developed, are examined. Results obtained indicated the negligible effect of the tunnel's construction on existing buildings and structures, and are in good agreement with data derived from geodetic observations. The condition of the tunnel structures was monitored using monitoring-measuring equipment installed at three sites along the route.     

Ventilation measurements at model scale in a turbulent flow

Ventilation rates have been measured in a model building in a wind tunnel. Two types of opening, circular holes and model windows, have been tested under two wind conditions. One wind condition was selected to give the maximum flow through the model, while for the other condition the ventilation was due mainly to turbulent pressure fluctuations. The different characteristics of the two types of opening are illustrated. Comparisons are made between the measurements and theoretical predictions. The use of wind tunnels for ventilation studies is discussed.