不同温度下1-MCP处理对枸杞鲜果贮藏品质的影响

目的 明确不同温度下1-MCP处理对微环境气调包装枸杞冷藏品质和香气成分的影响.方法 以枸杞鲜果为实验对象,分别在0℃和20℃下进行1-MCP处理24 h,然后在-(0.5±0.3)℃环境中进行微环境气调保鲜贮藏,探究不同处理方式(mMAP、常温1-MCP+mMAP、低温1-MCP+mMAP)对贮藏期内枸杞鲜果腐烂率、果皮硬度、呼吸速率、乙烯生成速率、相对电导率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、色差和整体香气成分的影响.结果 低温1-MCP处理结合微环境气调保鲜技术能够减少枸杞果实在贮藏过程中的生命活动,与常温处理相比,低温处理能够使果实在贮藏50 d时的腐烂率降低至16.42％,同时降低了呼吸速率降和乙烯生成速率,维持了果实的果皮硬度,延缓了果实相对电导率、维生素C含量的上升和L*,a*,b*的下降.并发现贮藏期间2个处理组果实的香气成分差异逐渐减小,在贮藏30 d后无明显差异.结论 低温1-MCP处理能够保护微环境气调冷藏枸杞的口感、色泽,避免了果实的腐烂衰老,使果实在经过50 d的贮藏期后仍能保持较好的商业价值.     

精准温控技术对蟠桃冷藏和常温货架品质的影响

目的 将精准温控技术应用于蟠桃冷藏和常温货架中,以研究其保鲜效果.方法 以北京平谷蟠桃为材料,设立对照组和3个精准温控组,将蟠桃装入普通泡沫箱,记为CK(Control Kheck)组,普通泡沫箱+蓄冷剂记为冰温1组,精准温控保鲜箱记为冰温2组,精准温控保鲜箱+蓄冷剂记为相温组.每10 d测量1次,并进行3 d常温货架实验,分析其呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率、果肉色泽、营养物质(Vc、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物)、相对电导率的变化.结果 精准温控技术可使温度波动范围更小,其中相温组的温度波动最小,在整个冷藏期间,CK组、冰温1组、冰温2组和相温组的箱内温度分别为(0.06±0.30),-(0.14±0.16),-(0.09±0.14),-(0.21±0.06)℃,在冷藏期和常温货架期内,腐烂指数和褐变指数呈上升趋势,CK组最先出现腐烂和褐变现象,且腐烂指数和褐变指数均大于冰温组和相温组,相温组感官品质最优,与CK组相比较,其他3组处理均可以降低果实呼吸强度,抑制乙烯生成速率,维持果实营养物质在较高水平,通过SPSS分析,综合得分依次为CK组<冰温1组<冰温2组<相温组,其中相温组的保鲜效果最好.结论 精准温控技术有利于蟠桃的冷藏和常温货架保鲜,其中相温组的贮藏效果更好.     

“温控箱+蓄冷剂”包装对油麦菜贮藏品质的影响

目的 探究不同包装方式对油麦菜贮藏品质的影响。方法 以油麦菜为实验材料,采后分别装入泡沫箱(CK)、泡沫箱+蓄冷剂(T1)、温控箱(T2)、温控箱+蓄冷剂(T3),每隔5 d测定油麦菜的营养成分、生理生化指标和抗氧化酶活性,同时监测箱内的温度。结果 CK、T1、T2、T3组温度分别为(4.06±0.07)℃、(3.61±0.05)℃、(3.72±0.04)℃、(3.49±0.03)℃,与其他处理相比,T3组温度较低,且波动范围最小;此外,T3处理组能够减缓质量损失率上升、抑制Vc氧化和叶绿素降解、延缓MDA积累、抑制PPO活性升高、维持POD、SOD、CAT活性,有效提高了油麦菜的贮藏品质,并延长了货架期。结论 “温控箱＋蓄冷剂”的包装方式能较好地维持油麦菜的采后贮藏品质。     

基于冷链物流条件下保温箱蓄冷剂的选择分析

目的 根据不同温敏产品冷链物流所需条件(温度和保温时间),对保温包装箱内蓄冷剂的选择进行分析,以提高利用效率.方法 首先建立蓄冷保温箱的有限元模型,分析冷藏和冷冻2种制冷方式时保温箱内部瞬态温度场和有效保温时间,再结合理论计算验证模型的可靠性.在外界环境温度以及箱体各参数均不变的情况下,以蓄冷剂的设计参数(相变温度和相变潜热)为研究对象,拟合出冷藏和冷冻时蓄冷剂的温控图,讨论不同冷链物流条件下保温箱蓄冷剂的选择问题.结果 通过仿真模拟,得出保温箱内温度场分布均匀,有较好的温控效果;仿真和理论所得的保温时间数值相近,最大偏差为6.58％;由仿真数据得出了3种常见冷链物流条件下箱内蓄冷剂设计参数的合理选择范围.结论 在不同冷链物流条件下,合理选择蓄冷剂的设计参数可确保温箱的温控效果,为冷链物流运输中蓄冷剂的选择及控温包装的优化设计提供理论基础.     

气调包装对软枣猕猴桃品质的影响

目的 研究自发气调处理对采后软枣猕猴桃果实品质的影响。方法 将软枣猕猴桃置于塑料气调箱内,气调处理组果实放入气调箱封盖处理,对照组进行不封盖处理,于4 ℃下贮藏64 d,每16 d对软枣猕猴桃呼吸代谢及抗性相关指标进行测定,即气调箱内CO2和O2含量,可溶性固形物（TSS）、丙二醛（MDA）、总酚含量,及抗氧化相关酶活性等指标。结果 自发气调处理能够使CO2和O2含量维持在适宜的贮藏范围内,从而保持较高的TSS和总酚含量,抑制MDA含量及多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,增强过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结论 贮藏48~64 d,自发气调处理软枣猕猴桃的最适宜气体环境为体积分数3%左右的CO2和体积分数16%左右的O2,保持了软枣猕猴桃较好品质的机制,通过诱导果实的苯丙烷及抗氧化代谢实现。     

不同蓄冷包装对蟠桃贮藏后货架期品质的影响

目的 为筛选出适宜于蟠桃冷链物流的包装组合。方法 以英格尔蟠桃为实验材料,以常温处理和不加蓄冷剂处理为对照,采用不同包装（泡沫箱、周转箱）结合不同蓄冷剂（冰膜、冰袋）处理蟠桃,在0℃下预冷18h,并实时监测包装箱内的温度,测定不同包装组贮藏24、48h后货架期水果的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、相对电导率、好果率等指标,通过比较箱体内温度和生理指标,确定最佳的蟠桃冷链物流包装。结果 研究结果表明,周转箱+冰袋组合对水果的蓄冷效果较好,在贮藏48 h后可维持货架期水果较高的POD活性、CAT活性,可有效抑制PPO活性、相对电导率的上升,对维持单果质量影响不大。结论 采用周转箱的蓄冷效果优于泡沫箱,冰袋蓄冷效果优于冰膜,周转箱+冰袋组合适宜于在蟠桃物流中使用,可根据路途距离改变冰袋的数量,实现水果的优质运输。     

基于包装处理方法对樱桃品质影响的试验研究

樱桃物流及货架期保鲜均以冷链技术为主,致使樱桃销售受到条件限制。为探讨常温条件下樱桃物流及货架期保鲜模式,设置6种包装处理方式对短柄樱桃进行物流前包装处理,常温条件((23±1) ℃)下进行物流模拟及货架期模拟试验。通过分析樱桃常温条件物流和货架期间感官指标和各项营养指标变化,探讨常温条件樱桃配送的最佳包装处理方式。研究结果表明,1号包装处理(乙醇熏蒸+预冷处理+气调处理)的樱桃品质维持最好,其不同物流时间及相应货架期内的各项指标均优于其他包装方式,说明1号包装处理在一定程度上能实现常温条件下樱桃配送,降低物流成本。物流时间为20,40 h时,2号(预冷处理+气调处理)和6号(乙醇熏蒸+气调处理)包装处理的樱桃在货架期的品质稍次于1号包装,表明樱桃常温短距离配送选择2号和6号包装处理方式,可以保证樱桃品质。     

气调微孔膜包装技术在鲜食葡萄贮运中的应用

目的 针对当前鲜食葡萄电商物流包装方式易引起果实无氧呼吸、酒化和异味等问题,开展气调微孔膜包装技术在鲜食葡萄贮运中的应用.方法 以新疆红地球、木纳格葡萄为材料,采用气调(体积分数为5％的O2+体积分数为8％的CO2)分别结合微孔膜M1(透氧量为6000 cm3/(m2?d))、微孔膜M2(透氧量为8000 cm3/(m2?d))和PE膜(透氧量为300 cm3/(m2?d))进行包装,其中一部分先在(0±0.5)℃下贮藏7 d后在(15±1.0)℃下货架9 d,另一部分采后直接在(15±1.0)℃下货架12 d,然后对其进行评价,确定无氧呼吸的发生时间,测定其生理生化指标,研究气调微孔膜包装对葡萄果实贮运品质的影响.结果 采用气调微孔膜包装可以减缓果实硬度、可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)、维生素C(Vc)和总酚含量的下降,抑制果实中pH的上升,维持采后品质.与M2包装对比,M1包装能够更大程度地抑制果实腐烂,延缓TSS、TA和Vc含量的下降.结论 气调微孔膜M1包装避免了鲜食葡萄在电商物流中无氧呼吸现象的发生,很好地保持了鲜食葡萄果实的外观和内在营养品质,减缓了果实衰老进程,延长了货架期.     

蓄冷剂质量对挤塑聚苯乙烯保温箱温控效果的影响研究

目的研究蓄冷剂质量对挤塑聚苯乙烯保温箱温控效果的影响。方法在3种不同的外界温湿度环境条件下,向保温箱内部加入不同质量的蓄冷剂,研究蓄冷剂质量对挤塑聚苯乙烯保温箱温控效果的影响。结果加入不同蓄冷剂质量时,保温箱内各点的保温时间不同,但均遵循着一个规律,即保温箱底层测点的保温时间中层测点的保温时间上层测点的保温时间。在温度为23℃和相对湿度为50%的外界环境下,30 mm厚的XPS保温箱内蓄冷剂与药品质量比为4∶1时,能够有效保存药品在2~8℃,保温时间达到24 h以上。建立了挤塑聚苯乙烯保温箱中心点处的外界温度-蓄冷剂与药品质量比-保温时间的三维模型。结论蓄冷剂结合聚苯乙烯保温箱内部温度可控制在2~8℃,满足冷藏药品短途快递运输的温控要求。     

新型组合楔形相变蓄冷腔体的设计与研究

针对疫苗冷链对运输环境的温度均匀性及其稳定性要求较高的问题,提出组合楔形相变蓄冷腔体,探讨蓄冷剂不同包装形式时,保温箱内部温度场的分布情况和变化规律。利用 COMSOL Multiphysics有限元模拟软件对不同尺寸的组合楔形蓄冷腔体进行模拟,使用温度云图定性分析箱体内部温度场变化及其均匀性,并通过实验验证模拟数据的可靠性。结果发现,箱内最低温度随组合楔形相变蓄冷腔体边长之比（c:d）的减小呈“M型”变化,在c:d=1:1时最低,此时疫苗损坏率最高;过冷总时间先变短后变长,在c:d=7:3时过冷时间总长度最短,保温效果最好;最易发生过冷的点为顶部直角处（点3）及底部直角处（点9）。在以后的设计工作中,应尽可能消除蓄冷保温箱内直角效应,降低过冷对疫苗产生不良影响。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.