The HEPD particle detector of the CSES satellite mission for investigating seismo-associated perturbations of the Van Allen belts

CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is a mission developed by CNSA(Chinese National Space Administration) and ASI(Italian Space Agency), to investigate the near-Earth electromagnetic, plasma and particle environment, for studying the seismo-associated disturbances in the ionosphere-magnetosphere transition zone. The anthropogenic and electromagnetic noise,as well as the natural non-seismic electromagnetic emissions is mainly due to tropospheric activity. In particular, the mission aims to confirming the existence of possible temporal correlations between the occurrence of earthquakes for medium and strong magnitude and the observation in space of electromagnetic perturbations, plasma variations and precipitation of bursts with highenergy charged particles from the inner Van Allen belt. In this framework, the high energy particle detector(HEPD) of the CSES mission has been developed by the Italian LIMADOU Collaboration. HEPD is an advanced detector based on a tower of scintillators and a silicon tracker that provides good energy and angular resolution and a wide angular acceptance, for electrons of 3–100 Me V, protons of 30–200 Me V and light nuclei up to the oxygen. CSES satellite has been launched on February 2~(nd), 2018 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center(China).     

故宫博物院雷电灾害及雷电活动特征分析

统计分析故宫自建成594年(1420—2014年)以来的雷电灾害事故资料及2005—2014年故宫及周边区域内闪电定位资料,结果显示:有记录的雷击灾害次数51起,雷电灾害都发生在5—9月,主要在6—8月,其中8月最多;雷电灾害发生在故宫南部建筑的次数多于北部,中轴线上的多于两侧,太和殿被雷击次数最多;遭雷击次数最多的部位是古建顶部的吻兽;雷击损害以直接雷击最多.故宫及周边1 km区域内的雷电主要发生在4—10月,主要分布在6—8月,其中8月最多;雷电发生的日变化明显,主要在下午和前半夜,占全天的63.95%;雷电流强度30~40 k A的闪电占总闪电数23.26%,比例最大,总体呈正态分布.雷电活动和雷电灾害在时间分布上整体较为一致.     

常州雷灾分布特征及风险区划

根据常州近50 a的雷暴数据、近5 a的闪电数据和近10 a的雷灾资料,分析了雷暴和雷灾的相关性,结果表明:雷灾的发生不止与雷暴、闪电等自然因素有关,还可能与地区经济人口分布、区域雷电防护水平等人为因素有关;在雷击造成的损失中,电气和电子系统失效的损害占的比例最大,居民用户遭受雷灾的比重最大,这与各地区人们的防雷意识以及居民建筑防雷装置的完善程度有关.同时,结合实际情况,用7个指标(雷暴日数、雷击密度、雷电灾害频度、经济易损模数、生命易损模数、经济损伤模数和生命损伤模数)评价常州市雷电灾害的易损性.根据江苏省统计年鉴的常州各区县人口、面积和经济数据,采用层次分析法,分析得出常州市的雷灾易损性风险区划:高风险区(武进区)、较高风险区(天宁区、金坛市)、中风险区(钟楼区、戚墅堰区、溧阳市)和低风险区(新北区).     

石嘴山地区雷电活动分布规律研究

利用2007—2010年石嘴山地区雷电探测资料,研究了石嘴山地区雷电活动的分布规律,对该区雷电活动的时间分布、雷电的强度以及雷电密度的空间分布进行统计和分析.结果表明,石嘴山地区雷电发生密度较高的地区处于平罗县与惠农区之间,雷电活动的季节性特征非常明显,雷暴主要活动时间集中在每年的7—9月,7月活动最为频繁,一天当中主要在00:00—03:00和13:00—21:00活动频繁,雷电的发生有明显的日变化,雷电活动主要发生在午后至傍晚和凌晨时分.这些规律可为当地防雷减灾机构和各个单位防雷工作的开展提供更加科学、合理的参考依据.     

基于大气电场资料的雷电临近预警研究

通过分析深圳地区2012年6—9月17次雷暴过程的电场观测资料,并结合广东省闪电定位资料,发现当雷暴云移近电场仪测站时,在测站的防护区内(距测站10 km半径范围内),闪电发生前的电场幅值快速增加且伴随有快变抖动的现象,并且快变抖动和闪电的发生具有0-1化对应关系,即当有电场的快变抖动出现的情况下,电场达到一定阈值并维持一段时间后,防护区内发生闪电的可能性很大.因此根据大气电场的波形特征,提取出与闪电相关性较高的因子,利用多元回归技术建立一套预报方程,根据该预报方程得出最佳预警参数.结果表明:当大气电场阈值达到0.86 kV/m,且在10.73 min内电场能维持在阈值上,并伴随有电场的抖动时,在防护区内发生闪电的可能性很大,预警准确率达53%.     

西北地区含油气盆地动力学演化

根据石油勘探资料和前人成果,对昆仑造山带以北、贺兰山构造带以西的塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地、柴达木盆地及阿拉善—河西走廊—中祁连地区的盆地结构进行了分析。结果表明:盆地都赋存在稳定的板块(地块)之上,具有多期叠合与改造特征,不同时期具有不同的盆地类型;震旦纪—早二叠世主要受古亚洲洋构造域控制,以板块(地块)之间的开合与盆地的形成、消亡为特征,中生代为欧亚大陆的组成部分,盆地、山脉的形成受特提斯洋及深部构造背景的影响,新生代受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞产生的远距离效应,形成了现今盆山构造格局;盆地深部构造与盆地之间的相互作用、盆地深部构造与造山带深部构造的相互作用以及浅层盆地与造山带之间的相互作用构成了西北地区盆地动力学演化的基础;西北地区含油气盆地经历了洋-陆转化和陆内演化两大盆地演化阶段,在两大盆地演化期间,新疆北部、塔里木、柴达木及阿拉善—河西走廊—中祁连地区的盆地形成与消亡改造的关键构造事件具有一致性;受区域大地构造的控制,准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地以及阿尔金构造带以东地区的沉积建造、构造活动特征存在显著差异,控制了盆地烃源岩发育部位与层系,形成了具有不同特征的古隆起和山前构造带,使得各盆地油气聚集的控制因素也存在差异性。     

Statistical study of magnetotail flux ropes near the lunar orbit

Flux-rope/TCR events near the magnetotail lunar orbit(-67R_E GSM X* -39RE) were studied using magnetic-field and plasma data measured by THEMIS B and C between January 2011 and March 2012. The aberrant coordinate GSM*, where the X* axis is rotated 4° relative to GSM-X, was used to count the occurrence rate. The number ratio of earthward to tailward events was about 3:5. Moreover, the event occurrence rate distribution showed a clear dawn-dusk asymmetry distribution, with dusk-side events accounting for 57.98%. A superposed epoch analysis of the flux-rope events showed that earthward events had a shorter duration in the leading than in the trailing part. Earthward events also displayed a lower temperature and a lower flow speed than tailward events. We studied the relationship between the event occurrence rate and geomagnetic activity level even further. The occurrence rate of tailward flux-rope/TCR events increases with increasing AE-index, whereas earthward events occur mainly in the relatively quiet period of geomagnetic activity(AE ~ 100–300 n T). Flux-rope/TCR events identified within a 10 mm time frame were treated as belonging to a single reconnection event. By comparing the occurrence rates of earthward and tailward events along X*, we estimated the most likely location of the near-Earth reconnection site as X* = -36R_E.     

Variations of the relativistic electron flux after a magnetospheric compression event

On January 21, 2015, a sharp increase of the solar wind dynamic pressure impacted the magnetosphere. The magnetopause moved inward to the region L 8 without causing a geomagnetic storm. The flux of the relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt decreased by half during this event based on the observations of the particle radiation monitor(PRM) of the fourth of the China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellites(CBERS-4). The flux remained low for approximately 11 d; it did not recover after a small magnetic storm on January 26 but after a small magnetic storm on February 2. The loss and recovery of the relativistic electrons during this event are investigated using the PRM data, medium-and high-energy electron observations of NOAA-15 and the Van Allen Probes, medium-energy electron observations of GOES-13, and wave observations of the Van Allen Probes. This study shows that the loss of energetic electrons in this event is related to magnetospheric compression. The chorus waves accelerate the medium-energy electrons, which causes the recovery of relativistic electrons. The Van Allen Probes detected strong chorus waves in the region L =3–6 from January 21 to February 2. However, the flux of medium-energy electrons was low in the region. This implies that the long-lasting lack of recovery of the relativistic electrons after this event is due to the lack of the medium-energy"seed" electrons. The medium-energy electrons in the outer radiation belt may be a clue to predict the recovery of relativistic electrons.     

江苏省地闪密度及雷电流幅值分布

从雷电防护中重点关心的地闪密度和雷电流幅值两个方面进行分析,引入时间权重法结合人工观测雷暴日资料和闪电定位仪资料,给出地闪密度分布情况并依此绘制江苏省雷区分布图,对照Anderson经验公式拟合雷电流幅值概率分布情况.结果表明:江苏省地闪密度的分布趋势是南部比北部多,西部比东部多;洪泽湖周边、太湖和宁镇丘陵周边是江苏省雷电防护重点区域.江苏省雷电流幅值概率分布符合Anderson经验公式,幅值主要在20～40 kA范围内变化.     

宁蒗-祥云斑岩型矿床成矿条件及找矿方向研究

通过区域成矿地质背景和成矿条件的综合分析,认为宁蒗一祥云斑岩型铜多金属成矿带含矿岩体具有形态复杂、多期侵入复式岩体的晚期岩体成矿、岩体规模小、多数富碱等特征,并提出了主要的与喜马拉雅期斑岩侵入体有关的铜多金属矿的找矿靶区,对重要靶区地质特征、找矿依据和潜在找矿方向进行了论述．     

Plasma perturbations in the coexisting environment of VLF transmitter emission,lightning strokes and seismic activity

We analyzed plasma perturbations occurring in the coexisting environment of powerful VLF transmitter emission, intense lightning strokes and strong seismic activity during pregnant period. The results suggest that anomalous electron bursts with energy dispersion in the range of ~100–350 keV, forming the "wisp" signature, are due to cyclotron resonance of electrons with monochromatic waves from the powerful NWC VLF transmitters during nighttime. The intense broad band VLF emissions (up-going 0+ whistlers) are observed while the DEMETER satellite goes through the region of intense thunderstorm activities at mid-latitudes. However, the effects of intense lightning activity and pregnant earthquake have little impact on this kind of stable energy-dispersed electron structures, despite the fact that they are presumably two primary reasons for the particle precipitation in the ionosphere. The case studied here provides us a valuable opportunity to address the various sources triggering the anomalous plasma perturbations in the ionosphere.     

500kV输电线路杆塔接地电阻季节变化特性测量与分析

输电线路杆塔接地电阻测量是线路防雷的一项重要工作内容,而杆塔接地电阻随降雨量的季节性变化而变化。采用三极法在不同月份对杆塔接地电阻进行测量,分析降雨量、温度、地形、土壤类型等因素对杆塔接地电阻的影响,探讨不同因素对季节系数的影响机制。测量与分析结果表明：500kV输电线路杆塔接地电阻出现季节性变化最主要影响因素是不同季节降雨量的变化,并由所测数据分析地形对接地电阻季节性变化的影响,给出该地区平地和坡地的接地电阻季节影响系数。     

Analysis of magnetotail flux rope events by ARTEMIS observations

Three earthward flowing magnetic flux ropes observed in the duskside plasma sheet at geocentric solar magnetospheric coordinate X~–55 Re by P1 and P2 of acceleration,reconnection,turbulence and electrodynamics of moon’s interaction with the sun mission during 13:00–15:00 UT on July 3,2012,were studied.The morphologies of the flux ropes were studied in detail based on Grad-Shfranov reconstruction method and electronic pitch angle distribution data.It is found that(1)the flux rope cross-sectional dimensions are 1.0 Re×0.78 Re,1.3 Re×0.78 Re,and 2.5 Re×1.25 Re,respectively.The magnetic field lines were asymmetric about the center with field line compression on both sides of the current sheet at the leading region;(2)the electron energy flux data presented asymmetry with larger electron flux and lower temperature in the precursor region.The flux ropes were blocked by the resistance of compressed particle density in the front central plasma sheet and the enhanced magnetic field on its sides;and(3)it is found that the flux rope has a layered structure.From inside out,event 1 can be divided into three regions,namely electronic depletion core region,closed field line region,and the caudal area possible with fields connected with the ionosphere.It suggests that the flux ropes cannot merge with the tail magnetic field lines near the lunar orbit.Especially,the flux rope asymmetrical shape reflects the different reconnection processes that caused it on both sides of the magnetic structure.The events shown in this paper support the multiple X-line magnetic reconnection model for flux ropes with in situ observations.     

中国服饰风格与中国美术

将中国服饰风格与中国美术置于文化大背景下,通过悬垂与曹衣出水、飘逸与吴带当风两种服饰与美术最直接的联系,阐述服饰艺术与绘画艺术的某些一致性．而这种一致性正是文化的形象反映．     

Simulation of a semi-industrial pilot plant thickener using CFD approach

Thickeners are important units for water recovery in various industries. In this study, a semi-industrial pilot plant thickener similar to the tailing thickener of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine was simulated by CFD modeling. The population balance was used to describe the particle aggregation and breakup. In this population balance, 15 particle sizes categories were considered. The Eulerian–Eulerian approach with standard k–ε turbulence model was applied to describe two phases of slurry flow in the thickener under steady-state condition. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental measurements to validate the accuracy of the CFD modeling. After checking the numerical results, the effect of important parameters such as, feed flow rate, solid percentage in the feed, and solid particle size on the thickener performance was studied. The thickener residence time distribution were obtained by the modeling and also compared with the experimental data. Finally, the effects of feedwell feeding on the average diameter of aggregate and turbulent intensity were evaluated.     

Angular response of ‘pin-hole’ imaging structure measured by collimated β source

The pitch-angle distribution of energetic particles is important for space physics studies on magnetic storm and particle acceleration.A‘pin-hole’imaging structure is built with the‘pin-hole’technique and a position sensitive detector,which can be used to measure the pitch angle distribution of energetic particles.To calibrate the angular response of the‘pin-hole’imaging structure,special experiment facilities are needed,such as the particle accelerator with special design.The features of this kind of particle accelerator are:1)The energy range of the outgoing particles should be mid-energy particles(tens keV to several hundred keV);2)the particle flux should be consistent in time-scale;3)the directions of the outgoing particles should be the same and 4)the particle number within the spot should be low enough.In this paper,a method to calibrate the angular response of the‘pin-hole’imaging structure by the90Sr/90Y β source with a collimator is introduced and simulated by Geant4 software.The result of the calibration with the collimated β source is in accord with the Geant4 simulations,which verifies the validity of this method.     

宜昌磷矿重介质选矿工艺矿物学

为探究宜昌磷矿中主要组分的赋存状态和矿物条带的工艺性能以确定其重介质选矿工艺的可行性,对宜昌磷矿进行了工艺矿物学研究.首先使用化学成分分析和荧光成分分析对矿石中各条带的矿物成分和化学成分进行测定,再对矿石中各条带解离性进行测定,并用重液浮沉法对各条带的比重分布进行测试.结果表明,宜昌磷矿石中98.98％的五氧化二磷分布在磷块岩条带中,同时磷块岩条带含有2.29％倍半氧化物,磷块岩条带重量百分比为81.32％;磷块岩条带和脉石条带宽度大且各条带之间存在硬度差别,磷块岩条带易于单体解离;在密度范围2.7～2.9,磷块岩条带与粘土质条带可通过重介质选矿选别.因此宜昌磷矿采用重介质选矿,可先选别出矿石中的磷块岩条带,然后再处理倍半氧化物,可获得合乎要求的优质磷精矿.     

CFD model simulation of bubble surface area flux in flotation column reactor in presence of minerals

Bubble surface area flux(S_b) is one of the main design parameter in flotation column that typically employed to describe the gas dispersion properties, and it has a strong correlation with the flotation rate constant. There is a limited information available in the literature regarding the effect of particle type,density, wettability and concentration on Sb. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations are performed to study the gas–liquid–solid three-phase flow dynamics in flotation column by employing the Eulerian–Eulerian formulation with k-e turbulence model. The model is developed by writing Fortran subroutine and incorporating then into the commercial CFD code AVL FIRE, v.2014.This paper studies the effects of superficial gas velocities and particle type, density, wettability and concentration on Sband bubble concentration in the flotation column. The model has been validated against published experimental data. It was found that the CFD model was able to predict, where the response variable as indicated by R-Square value of 0.98. These results suggest that the developed CFD model is reasonable to describe the flotation column reactor. From the CFD results, it is also found that Sb decreased with increasing solid concentration and hydrophobicity, but increased with increasing superficial gas velocity. For example, approximately 28% reduction in the surface area flux is observed when coal concentration is increased from 0 to 10%, by volume. While for the same solid concentration and gas flow rate, the bubble surface area flux is approximately increased by 7% in the presences of sphalerite.A possible explanation for this might be that increasing solid concentration and hydrophobicity promotes the bubble coalescence rate leading to the increase in bubble size. Also, it was found that the bubble concentration would decrease with addition of hydrophobic particle(i.e., coal). For instance, under the same operating conditions, approximately 23% reduction in the bubble concentration is predicted when the system was working with hydrophobic particles. The results presented are useful for understanding flow dynamics of three-phase system and provide a basis for further development of CFD model for flotation column.     

河南夏馆—二郎坪一带叠加 改造型金矿床地质特征及成矿模式

河南内乡夏馆—西峡二郎坪一带金矿床(点)广泛分布,成矿类型多样,产出条件复杂,岩体与 围岩接触带以及中元古代和早古生代地层中都有金矿形成。根据成矿物质、成矿流体来源和成矿机制, 将产于接触带和地层中的金矿体分为5种类型,它们是在火山、火山沉积和正常沉积等不同背景下,由 岩浆热液、变质热液或地下水热液叠加改造(再造)形成的,每类矿床都经历了多期多阶段成矿过程,以 后期热液交代、充填成矿为主。构造对金矿形成有明显控制作用,区域性深大断裂控制金成矿带,二级 韧脆性剪切带控制金矿床分布,三级层间破碎带、断裂裂隙带和接触带构造控制矿体就位。构造热液 的叠加改造或再造主导了成矿作用。     

Individuelle Entscheidungsfindung nach pränatal diagnostizierter schwerer fetaler Fehlbildung

Definition of the problem Prenatal medicine should not only aim at optimal therapy and birth planning, it should also help in decision-making with regard to continuing or terminating the pregnancy. After a pregnancy with a known severe fetal malformation, a third of the women retrospectively do not completely agree to their former decisions to continue or to terminate the pregnancy. Another third of the women are strongly uncertain about their decisions. How do social circumstances influence pregnant women’s decision making in this existential situation? How do they evaluate their decision and their experiences after the pregnancy? From the perspective of the affected women—what can be expected from physicians? Methodology Problem-centered and narrative interviews were carried out with 11 women. Criteria for the respondents were a completed pregnancy with prenatally diagnosed severe fetal malformation, which allowed a legal decision to continue or terminate the pregnancy. The analysis of the transcribed interviews was performed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring and was computer-supported by the software ATLAS.ti. Results The retrospective satisfaction with the decision depends on finding an individual solution of an existing conflict between the basic attitude towards life in general (personal experience, prior knowledge, values) and the actually existing social circumstances (personal planning of life, family career and financial background). According to the individual analysis we classified four basic types. Women with a strong basic conflict experienced the birth rather negatively and suffered from psychopathological symptoms for a longer time. Sufficient reflection and a positive and accepting environment (patient–physician communication, adequate psychosocial support) strongly contributed to the satisfaction of the interviewees. Conclusion From the perspective of the affected women, expectations of prenatal physicians are presented.