自己动手,丰衣足食

忽然之间,通胀了。超市里,米贵了,面贵了,油贵了,连卷纸都在涨。菜场里,青菜贵了,海鲜贵了,各种肉也贵了。一时之间,贵气袭来,席卷了我们的生活。我们的收入没变,但是能够换来的实物越来越少了。     

食品科学的最新发展：分子物理美食学

食品科学的最新发展：分子物理美食学菜是否熟了，是嫩了还是老了？作料是否合适，多了还是少了？火大了还是小了？时间是长了还是短了？这些素来仅能凭我们的感官和经验来回答的问题如今科学家们已在作出精密的答案——这就是分子物理美食学。菜炒嫩了和炒老了凭肉眼是难...     

用面包生产线试烤月饼的研究

本文介绍了用从日本引进的面包生产线试生产月饼后,提高了引进设备的利用率和扩大产品种类,解决了面包生产淡季设备不能满负荷作业的问题,也满足了市场的需求,减轻了工人的劳动强度,提高了生产率,创造了一定的经济效益。     

丝攻的修磨及攻丝润滑

讨论了钳工在攻制内螺纹的工作中，尤其是机攻时，常出现的问题，提出了改进措施，着重介绍了丝攻的修磨。还介绍了攻丝操作中冷却润滑液改进，通过实践摸索，研制了新型的“机攻螺纹润滑液”，节约了成本，提高了工效，保证了产品的合格率，取得了较好的经济效益。     

褪去“奢侈”面纱平板放量增长

经历了关键一年的培育,平板电视终于脱颖而出,褪去了“奢侈品”的面纱,逐渐走入寻常百姓家,平板电视在2005年得到了放量的增长,销量达到了188万台,与2004年同期相比增长了379.3%,销售额达到了239亿元,比2004年增长了292.7%。中国平板电视终于结束了漫长的导入期,进入了快速成长     

氯化钾三效蒸发工艺

氯化钾采用三效蒸发,充分利用了热能,改变了沿用多年的落后工艺、降低了生产成本,为氯化钾生产开辟了新思路;自动控制系统的引用大大降低了工人的劳动负荷,且提高了操作的精度,使氯化钾生产首次实现自动化;三效蒸发系统的成功运行不仅降低了生产成本还为下游产品提供了优质充足的原料.     

FCS在染整生产过程的应用(上)

阐明了FCS的技术特点；叙述了FCS的体系结构；介绍了FCS的通信网络；阐述了应用实例；指明了FCSN发展趋势。     

软水综合利用效果好

通过实施软水综合利用 ,降低了冷凝器的进出水温度 ,避免了冷凝器的结垢 ,改善了冷凝效果 ,降低了溶剂消耗 ;改善了锅炉供汽 ,达到了节能降耗 ,增加效益的目的     

自动木工机的方案设计与分析

在阐明新产品原理方案设计方法的基础上，设计了自动木工机。完成了木工机总功能的求解，得到了几种解决方案，进行了比较，优选出了其中的一种解决方案，并对其关键部件进行了可行性建模分析，制作出了产品模型，验证了方案的可行性。     

一类切换系统的稳定性

研究了一类切换系统的稳定性。主要介绍了对该切换系统设计了PI控制器,给出了系统全局渐近稳定的充分条件,并给出了周期闭轨道存在的充分必要条件,同时讨论了系统稳定性的其他情况。最后的数值仿真验证了结论的正确性。     

国内外肉制品中食品添加剂硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的标准管理探讨

目的 探讨肉制品中食品添加剂硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的标准管理。方法 通过对国际食品法典以及美国、加拿大、欧盟、澳新、日本、韩国和中国肉制品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐食品添加剂标准规定的分析,结合风险评估、监测结果和食品中毒事件数据分析的情况,探讨相关标准未来的发展方向。结果 从生产加工过程控制、终产品检测可操作性或进出口口岸检测便利性的角度出发,美国、加拿大、澳新选择制定最大添加量,日本和韩国选择制定最大残留量,欧盟则根据具体食品产品,选择制定最大添加量或最大残留量。我国在食品添加剂标准中采用了添加量和残留量兼顾策略的同时,在污染物限量标准中规定了食品中N-二甲基亚硝胺的限量。膳食暴露评估显示硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为食品添加剂对膳食暴露贡献较低,对公众食品安全风险较低。结论 虽然目前标准中保留硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐最大添加量和残留量的做法符合过程控制原则和实际监管需求,但仍建议继续开展关于食品加工工艺改进和替代品的研究,同时也要继续加强对消费者和餐饮业者食品安全教育,减少误食误用引起的食物中毒。     

花生中重金属含量的影响因素及其来源

为分析花生中重金属含量的影响因素及其来源,进行产地及品种田间模型试验,采集花生、土壤及降水样品,测定样品中7种重金属的含量.结合单因素方差分析、多因素方差分析和Pearson相关性分析,解析产地、品种及其交互作用对花生中重金属含量的影响,探究重金属含量与种源土壤和降水中重金属含量的关系.结果显示,花生中Ni、Cd和Tl...     

物流运输对鱼类肌肉品质影响研究进展

现代物流运输技术高速发展,呈现智能化、信息化和高效化的趋势。通过物流运输可满足国内外消费者对鱼类产品多样性的需求,实现渔业资源优化配置。肌肉是鱼体主要食用部分,其品质直接影响产品加工适应性和经济价值。本文将鱼类产品分为鲜活、冰鲜和冷冻三大类,首先概述鱼类物流运输的方式、网络图和特点;其次,从营养价值、组织结构、风味特点、感官品质及物理性质五方面对鱼肌肉品质进行评价,并总结测定方法;最后,论述物流运输过程中温度、时间、包装等主要因素对鱼肌肉品质的影响。     

Evaluation of fruit authenticity and determination of the fruit content of fruit products using FT-NIR spectroscopy of cell wall components

An analytical procedure using Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics with multivariate techniques for the rapid determination of the fruit authenticity and for the quantification of the fruit content was developed, based on the cell wall constituents (alcohol-insoluble residue, AIR, and hemicellulose, HC). The contents of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose in the hemicellulose fraction of apricots, peaches, and pumpkins determined by gas chromatography were used as references. Furthermore, spectral information was correlated with the fruit content and the gravimetric data obtained from sequential fractionation of the alcohol-insoluble residue. Samples of self-made and commercial apricot and peach fruit preparations, jams, and spreads were included in the investigations. Hemicellulose from 109 samples and AIR from 92 samples was recorded, and principal component regression was used to create calibration models relating chemical and gravimetrical reference values to spectral data. The calibration models provided a good predictability in comparison with the results obtained by reference methods. Good agreement was also obtained for the prediction of the neutral sugar composition of the HC and the fruit content from the AIR. FT-NIR spectroscopy allowed a rapid, accurate and non-destructive assignment of specified fruit from spectral data of the HC fraction and the AIR. Thus, FT-NIR could be applied for investigations on quality control complementing, or even replacing, gas chromatography as the most widespread method for the determination of neutral sugars. Furthermore, preliminary investigation on classification of fruit blends was performed. The probability of belonging to a specific fruit was significantly lowered or precluded for samples with fraudulent admixture like peach or pumpkin to apricot, or pumpkin to peach.     

特种茉莉花茶窨制过程中化学成分变化的分析研究

目的探究特种茉莉花茶四窨之后各窨次化学成分和感官品质的变化。方法测定6种福州特种茉莉花茶(条形、松针形、扁针形、卷条形、圆形、束形)四窨次之后茶坯的水浸出物、茶多酚、游离氨基酸、酚氨比、咖啡碱、黄酮类化合物含量及其茶汤的电导率和色度值。结果各花色特种茉莉花茶间窨制时各项指标存在差异;随着窨次的增加,咖啡碱含量的变化较小,其余化学成分的变化较大且趋势因花色而异。结论不同花色特种茉莉花茶茶坯的外形、茶树品种、采摘嫩度和加工工艺等决定了其化学成分含量及其窨制过程中的变化趋势不完全相同,可为窨花工艺提供理论基础和技术指导。     

Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds,Their Extraction,and Possible Utilization

Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by‐products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.     

食品检验机构的风险分析与对策研究

《中华人民共和国食品安全法》、《检验检测机构资质认定管理办法》和《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则》等法律法规和标准中都多次提到了“风险”一词, 要求检验检测机构应策划应对风险的措施, 消除风险源, 改变风险的可能性或后果, 分担风险, 或通过信息充分的决策而保留风险。本文从食品检验检测机构的风险点识别着手, 分别对抽样、检验检测物品的处置、检验检测过程的控制、报告的编制与管理和其他等5方面分析了检验检测的全过程可能存在的风险源, 并提出风险评估、风险管理(保留、消除、转移或降低)和风险监控的方式, 为检验检测机构的风险分析与管理提供了参考意义, 对有效地构建质量管理体系具有借鉴作用, 有助于提升检验检测机构的质量和数据的权威性。     

Copper in grape and wine industry: Source,presence, impacts on production and human health,and removal methods

Heavy metals are of particular concern in grape and wine processing, especially copper. The sources of copper are diverse, including vineyard soil, copper-containing pesticides on the fruit surface, copper wine-making equipment, and exogenous addition in winemaking. Copper has potential risks to human nerves, metabolism, and others. It can inhibit yeast growth, delay fermentation, and also mediate oxidation reactions, which has a huge impact on the nutritional quality and sensory quality of fresh wine and aged wine. It is therefore crucial to detect, quantify, and remove copper from grapes and wine. However, the copper situations in the wine industries of various countries are complicated and diverse, and the existing forms of copper are quite different, which makes the research challenging. This review summarizes and analyzes the existence and influence of copper in the wine industry by analyzing the sources of, the current situation regarding, and the detection and removal methods for copper in wine. With the study, a better understanding of copper's impact on wine production will be gained, facilitating further control of copper in wine and helping the wine industry grow.     

采前喷施壳聚糖复合膜对猕猴桃软腐病的防控及其保鲜作用

以‘贵长’猕猴桃为试材,通过病原菌分离、致病性测定和DNA测序鉴定了修文县猕猴桃软腐病病原菌,并选用壳聚糖、钙盐和糊精分别与茶多酚、甘氨酸、柠檬酸、抗菌肽混合制备和筛选了复合膜剂,研究了采前幼果期和壮果末期果面喷施壳聚糖复合膜对猕猴桃软腐病的防控及其保鲜作用。结果表明,修文县猕猴桃软腐病病原菌为葡萄座腔菌（Botryosphaeria dothidea）和拟茎点霉菌（Phomopsis sp.）;采前喷施不同壳聚糖复合膜对其软腐病的防效均达60%以上（添加茶多酚防效86.54%、甘氨酸防效61.54%、柠檬酸防效71.15%、抗菌肽防效69.23%）,显著降低丙二醛（MDA）积累,提高果实的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,诱导增强果实的抗病性。同时,该复合膜能有效地增加果实单果质量和体积,显著提高果实VC、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、可滴定酸、叶绿素和蛋白质的含量,促进猕猴桃产量的增加和品质的改善。此外,施用该复合膜还能有效提高和维持果实硬度、降低果实呼吸强度以及果实质量损失率和营养物质的损失,明显抑制果实可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖含量的上升速率和延缓组织的衰老软化,从而提高了猕猴桃耐贮性。研究结果为猕猴桃优质栽培、病害有机防控和果实绿色保鲜提供了科学依据和新途径。