镍基自熔性合金喷焊涂层的组织与性能研究

用两种镍基自熔性合金粉末,采用火焰喷焊技术在STB A22钢管基体表面制备了两种喷焊层,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了镍基合金喷焊钢管的表面形貌和喷焊层的断面组织,测定了喷焊层与基体之间的结合强度,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪测定了喷焊层与基体的界面组织以及成分分布,研究了喷焊层的成分分布、组织与性能.结果表明,镍基喷焊层与钢管基体形成了良好的冶金结合,合金元素在喷焊层与基体界面附近连续分布,保证了采用火焰喷焊技术得到的涂层与基体之间具有较高的结合强度.     

表面喷焊处理对铸铁表面组织和性能的影响

利用镍基自熔合金粉末,采用氧乙炔火焰喷焊技术在灰铸铁HT200基体表面制备喷焊层,研究了喷焊层的成分分布、组织与性能。结果表明,镍基喷焊层与铸铁基体形成了良好的冶金结合,合金元素在喷焊层与基体界面附近连续分布,保证了采用火焰喷焊技术得到的涂层与基体之间具有较高的结合强度。     

WC增强镍基复合喷焊层的组织与磨粒磨损性能研究

采用扫描电镜、电子探针、X射线衍射和透射电镜技术分析了氧乙炔火焰喷焊WC增强镍基自熔性合金复合涂层的组织结构,并采用湿砂橡胶轮式磨粒磨损试验机对该涂层与等离子喷涂NiCr/Cr3C2涂层的磨损性能进行了实验比较.结果表明,复合喷焊层内形成了γ-Ni固溶体基体,其中弥散分布着大量细小的碳化物硬质相Cr3C2、B4C、Cr7C3、Cr23C6等.WC颗粒仅在边缘处发生部分溶解,与涂层基体形成了冶金结合,周围生成针状的碳化铬枝晶.该组织决定了喷焊层基体具有较高的硬度,WC增强颗粒与基体之间具有很高的结合强度.复合喷焊层具有很好的耐磨粒磨损性能,其磨损失重量仅为NiCr/Cr3C2涂层的57%.     

TA1纯钛表面镍基喷焊层的组织和磨损性能

利用等离子喷焊技术在TA1纯钛表面制备了镍基耐磨喷焊层,研究了喷焊层结构、显微组织和显微硬度以及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:喷焊层由过渡层和强化层组成,焊层与基体间形成了基于原子扩散的冶金结合界面及以树枝晶为主的过渡层。喷焊层的组织主要由γ-Ni固溶体,γ-Ni(Ti)固溶体以及TiC、Cr_7C_3、Ni_3B和TiB_2等硬质相组成。强化层为韧Ni基体+硬质相耐磨组织,硬度(HV_(0.5))在8300~9070 MPa之间,较基体高出7000 MPa。喷焊层主要合金元素的扩散、显微组织变化及显微硬度沿层深方向的分布具有连续性和渐变性。与基材TA1对比试验表明,喷焊镍基合金后摩擦系数降低,耐磨性明显提高,喷焊层磨损面呈轻微的磨粒磨损特征。     

氧乙炔火焰喷焊制备自熔性合金涂层及其性能研究

目的研究镍基自熔性合金喷焊涂层成形机理,比较不同合金材料制备涂层的综合性能,以获得综合性能最佳的喷焊材料。方法以四种不同成分的镍基自熔性合金粉末作为喷焊材料,通过氧乙炔火焰在45钢基材表面进行喷焊。使用金相显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等对喷焊层进行显微结构分析,并利用维氏硬度计、磨损试验机等对喷焊涂层性能进行对比分析。结果氧乙炔火焰制备的涂层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合,涂层和基体在喷焊过程中发生元素扩散,生成了金属间化合物,基体的整体性能有显著改善。随着材料中Cr、B、Si等合金元素含量的增加,喷焊时涂层中生成的BCr、Ni17Si3等共晶硬质相含量上升,促使涂层的显微硬度、耐磨性能等得到显著提升。其中,Ni60A涂层提升最为显著,其涂层硬度相当于基体硬度的2.5倍,耐磨性为基体的18.1倍。Ni25A涂层提升最小,其显微硬度是基体的1.3倍,耐磨性是基体的6.6倍。结论喷焊状态下的Ni60A涂层与基体冶金结合良好,涂层表面质量好,涂层性能最佳。     

超薄基体气门等离子喷焊T400合金层的试验研究

采用等离子喷焊方法在厚度为1 mm的气门锥面制备了钴基合金涂层,用X射线衍射仪分析了涂层的相结构,用电子探针分析了涂层截面的成分分布,用光学显微镜观察了涂层的组织形貌。结果表明,熔合区主要由细小的等轴晶和少量的柱状晶组成,涂层主要由铸态枝晶和细晶组成,在涂层与基体之间形成了明显的冶金结合层。涂层中的金属元素呈梯度分布,在界面处存在明显的热扩散现象。实际应用表明,由于喷焊层形成了合金固溶体和耐磨性能好的碳化物,因而提高了气门的使用性能。     

超薄基体气门等离子喷焊T400合金层的试验研究

采用等离子喷焊方法在厚度为1mm的气门锥面制备了钴基合金涂层，用X射线衍射仪分析了涂层的相结构，用电子探针分析了涂层截面的成分分布，用光学显微镜观察了涂层的组织形貌。结果表明，熔合区主要由细小的等轴晶和少量的柱状晶组成，涂层主要由铸态枝晶和细晶组成，在涂层与基体之间形成了明显的冶金结合层。涂层中的金属元素呈梯度分布，在界面处存在明显的热扩散现象。实际应用表明，由于喷焊层形成了合金固溶体和耐磨性能好的碳化物，因而提高了气门的使用性能。     

喷焊工艺对钛基体镍基涂层显微组织和性能的影响

采用常规喷焊工艺和改进喷焊工艺,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面上制备了镍基耐磨涂层,分析了涂层的形貌和合金元素的扩散,测试了涂层的显微硬度,定性地研究了基体和涂层的结合性能.结果表明:改进工艺所制备的涂层组织和性能均优于常规工艺的,涂层组织的均匀性大大提高,晶粒得到细化;基体和涂层为明显的冶金结合;涂层显微硬度的变化沿层深方向呈连续性和渐变性,其表层显微硬度高达HV933.2.采用合理的喷焊工艺能够在钛合金表面制备出性能优良的耐磨涂层.     

钛合金表面火焰喷焊WC/Ni涂层组织和性能

采用火焰喷焊技术对TC4合金表面喷焊Ni基WC，并对涂层的显微组织、成分、相结构和显微硬度进行了试验分析。结果表明：强化层中WC弥散分布于Ni基中，强化层与过渡层界面良好；过渡层与基体形成良好的冶金层。     

固井水泥车柱塞表面热喷焊强化技术

采用两步法氧乙炔火焰喷焊技术对固井水泥车柱塞表面进行强化,使其表面形成Ni60自熔性合金涂层。设计了喷焊强化工艺,并对喷焊合金层进行了重锤冲击试验、微观组织分析、硬度及磨损试验。结果表明,喷焊层组织致密,喷焊层与基材之间结合强度高并产生微冶金结合;软基体上分布着硬质相硼化物和碳化物,使喷焊层的硬度和耐磨性明显提高;该强化工艺可满足柱塞的技术使用要求,工艺简单、涂层质量高、成本低,对柱塞表面修复强化具有广泛的应用前景。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.