热处理工艺对CL50D车轮钢晶粒度的影响

研究了加热速率、加热温度、保温时间及冷却速率等热处理工艺参数对高速车轮钢CL50D热处理态的晶粒度和断裂韧性的影响。结果表明,对轧态车轮钢采用快速加热(10～25℃/min)至约850℃,保温30～60 min后,经1～2℃/s控制冷却至室温可得到细化且均匀的珠光体+网状铁素体组织,断裂韧性优异Kq可达90 MPa.m1/2以上。     

残余应力对涂覆WC-17Co涂层的Ni718合金弯曲疲劳寿命的影响

利用超音速火焰喷涂技术在Ni718合金表面制备WC-17Co涂层,对喷涂后的试样进行150℃? h 和300℃? h 保温热处理,利用Almen试片曲率法计算不同热处理条件下涂层中的残余应力,利用反复弯曲试验测试试样的疲劳寿命,分析残余应力对试样疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明在疲劳循环过程中,裂纹在涂层中萌生并向涂层/基体界面处扩展,最后扩展至基体内部形成最终断裂。涂层中的残余压应力能够抑制疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展。当经过保温处理后涂层中的残余压应力降低,导致试样的疲劳寿命随热处理的温度上升而下降。     

支承辊钢接触疲劳过程中的表层组织变化

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段,对滚动接触疲劳前后Cr5型支承辊用钢的表层组织演变进行了研究.结果表明:经940 ℃保温2h淬火+450℃保温4h回火处理后,Cr5型支承辊用钢的热处理组织由回火马氏体+残余奥氏体+球型碳化物组成.接触疲劳过程中片状马氏体组织发生细化,碳化物由球型转变成杆状,在接触疲劳循环应力作用下发生应变诱发马氏体相变,接触前后试样表层的残余奥氏体含量由6.4％下降到0.8％.     

残余应力对涂覆WC-17Co涂层的Ni718合金弯曲疲劳寿命的影响（英文）

利用超音速火焰喷涂技术在Ni718合金表面制备WC-17C0涂层,对喷涂后的试样进行150℃,3 h和300℃,3 h保温热处理,利用Almen试片曲率法计算不同热处理条件下涂层中的残余应力,用反复弯曲试验测试试样的疲劳寿命,分析残余应力对试样疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明,在疲劳循环过程中,裂纹在涂层中萌生并向涂层/基体界面处扩展,最后扩展至基体内部形成最终断裂。涂层中的残余压应力能够抑制疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展。经过保温处理后涂层中的残余压应力降低,导致试样的疲劳寿命随热处理的温度上升而下降。     

提高GCr15钢轴承寿命的热处理途径

轴承钢的显微组织,直接关系到轴承钢的内在质量。采用不同的热处理工艺可以控制其显微组织。本文介绍了马氏体含碳量及残余奥氏体量对 Gcr15钢接触疲劳寿命的影响、碳化物细化对提高寿命的作用及奥氏体的晶粒细化和均匀性对 GCr15钢质量的重要性。并介绍了残余奥氏体稳定化处理的途径。对提高 GCr15钢轴承寿命的热处理工艺提出了建议。     

残余应力释放工艺对T形接头焊接残余应力及疲劳寿命的影响

为探究过载处理与热处理工艺对T形接头焊接残余应力释放及其作用下疲劳寿命的影响，对T形接头焊接过程进行有限元模拟，揭示了焊接残余应力分布特征及其对焊后疲劳寿命的影响规律，分析了过载处理与热处理对焊接残余应力释放效果及疲劳耐久性的影响，进一步探究了保温时间与热处理温度对T形接头焊接残余应力影响。结果表明：采用过载处理与热处理方法，T形接头焊接残余应力分别降低了63.8%与61.0%,其疲劳寿命分别延长了1倍与5倍；焊接残余应力的释放主要发生于热处理开始阶段，保温阶段残余应力的释放较小，冷却阶段残余应力有略微反向增大。为利于释放焊接残余应力，建议在冷却阶段严格控制构件均匀降温；焊接残余应力随热处理温度提高而减小，且保温时间对焊接残余应力影响不太明显。     

疲劳载荷对17CrNiMo6喷丸强化层残余应力与组织的影响

高强度渗碳钢17CrNiMo6常用喷丸强化工艺来改善抗疲劳性能,但疲劳载荷会使喷丸强化层的残余应力与组织发生改变,削弱了强化效果。采用X射线衍射方法研究了其残余应力、半高宽和残余奥氏体随疲劳载荷周次的变化规律,同时研究了喷丸前后表面形貌、硬度和组织的变化。结果表明,喷丸与二次喷丸强化层残余应力场在疲劳载荷前100周次内发生了应力松弛,松弛幅度分别为50%与33%,之后基本保持稳定。半高宽随载荷周次的增加分别下降了5%与7%,而残余奥氏体含量变化不大。此外,喷丸处理增加了材料表层残余压应力,细化了晶粒尺寸,使疲劳寿命提高了11%;二次喷丸可进一步增加材料表层残余压应力,细化晶粒尺寸并改善表面形貌使材料疲劳寿命提高了23%。因此在评估喷丸工艺强化效果,预测喷丸处理后零部件的疲劳寿命时,宜采用松弛后的残余应力作为衡量参数。     

热处理和残余应力对钢球滚动疲劳寿命的影响

滚动轴承是一种重要的机械零件,是工业和人们日常生活的基础。要求轴承圈和滚动元件的接触面具有很高的承受周期性载荷的稳定性。对于深沟滚珠轴承这样的滚动轴承,其滚珠广泛采用高碳铬轴承钢(JIS SUJ2)制作。笔者研发了可靠性较高的钢球材料,弄清了与滚动疲劳有关的特性的影响。本文采用热处理工艺(淬火和回火)、啧丸及制造工艺不同的各种钢球,研究了热处理和喷丸处理产生的残余应力对滚动疲劳寿命的影响,从而弄清了硬度和组织对钢球滚动疲劳寿命的影响,获得了最合适的热处理工艺。此外还弄清,喷丸产生的残余应力会缩短钢球的疲劳寿命,提出了最佳的残余应力分布。     

整体辗钢车轮淬火工艺的数值模拟

利用DEFORM-HT软件结合CL60钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线),研究了某840D型车轮在不同淬火工艺下的温度场、应力场以及微观组织变化情况。结果表明:踏面喷水淬火工艺是最优淬火方案,踏面喷水淬火后车轮的最大等效应力(卸载之后的等效应力即为残余应力)为245 MPa,优于其他方案,车轮踏面在淬火过程中发生马氏体转变可以增加车轮的耐磨性,车轮轮辋表面的硬度约为33 HRC,满足企业27~34 HRC的要求。根据实际工况结合CL60钢的CCT曲线建立了车轮喷水淬火的试验方案,观察试样的显微组织并与模拟结果进行对比,证明模拟结果是可靠的。     

热处理参数对车轮辐板残余应力及疲劳评价的影响

残余应力是影响车轮抗疲劳性能的重要因素之一,基于有限元法对车轮残余应力进行了分析,并将车轮辐板圆弧段残余应力计算值与测试结果进行了比较。利用Sines疲劳准则对辐板疲劳进行了计算评价,分析了热处理参数变化对车轮辐板制造态残余应力的影响,以及辐板残余应力在辐板疲劳评价中的作用。结果表明:在Sines疲劳SP值计算时,由于辐板两端圆弧段残余应力的作用显著大于其它因素,辐板SP分布形态与残余应力的分布形态基本一致;当热处理工艺参数在基准参数附近较大范围内波动时,所引起的辐板残余应力的变化对疲劳SP值的最大影响幅度约为辐板最大疲劳SP值的15%;热处理工艺参数的波动不足以对车轮辐板的疲劳评价结果产生决定性的影响。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。