锻造用贝氏体型非调质钢的高周疲劳性能

利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验方法研究了新开发的一种锻造用贝氏体型非调质钢的高周疲劳性能,并与典型的钒微合金化的铁素体-珠光体型非调质钢F38MnVS和调质钢40Cr进行了对比。结果表明,开发的贝氏体型非调质钢具有细小均匀的粒状贝氏体组织,在锻态的疲劳极限比达到了调质钢40Cr水平,但在正火后的疲劳性能有所降低。与同样钒微合金化的铁素体＋珠光体钢F38MnVS相比,具有粒状贝氏体组织的试验钢的疲劳极限比较低。对疲劳断口的分析表明,贝氏体钢的疲劳裂纹均起源于试样的基本表面,疲劳裂纹以准解理机制扩展。进一步裂纹扩展速率试验表明,贝氏体钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN明显低于铁素体＋珠光体型非调质钢F38MnVS。     

微观组织对中碳微合金非调质钢疲劳性能的影响

用旋转弯曲疲劳试验研究了不同微观组织的中碳微合金非调质钢38MnVS的疲劳性能,并与调质处理的40Cr钢进行对比.结果表明,高温正火态38MnVS钢(38-N)具有粗大的贝氏体组织,疲劳性能最差;高温退火态(38-A)和热轧态(38-R)38MnVS钢具有粗大的网状铁素体,其疲劳性能亦较差;热锻态(38-F)具有细小均匀的微观组织和低的铁素体/珠光体硬度比,具有优于调质态40Cr钢的优异疲劳性能.因此,控制锻轧后微合金非调质钢38MnVS的微观组织可提高其疲劳性能.     

钒对中碳非调质钢疲劳性能的影响

采用旋转弯曲疲劳实验研究了含钒的38MnVS钢与不含钒的38MnS钢在热锻态和退火态下的疲劳行为.结果表明,V元素主要通过析出强化和组织细化改善铁素体 珠光体型非调质钢的疲劳性能.在热锻态,V(C,N)呈细小弥散分布,与铁素体间具有特定位向关系,具有明显的析出强化和细化组织作用.铁索体的强化使得疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的抗力提高,因而38MnVS钢的疲劳性能明显优于38MnS钢;在退火态,V(C,N)质点长大,与铁素体间失去共格关系,不再具有明显的析出强化作用,因而退火态38MnVS钢的疲劳性能明显低于热锻态,而与38MnS钢的疲劳性能相当.     

两种不同碳含量铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢的缺口高周疲劳破坏行为

采用旋转弯曲疲劳实验和疲劳裂纹扩展速率实验研究了两种不同碳含量的铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢30MnVS和49MnVS的光滑样和缺口样(应力集中系数Kt=4)的高周疲劳破坏行为。结果表明,缺口对实验钢的疲劳极限具有显著的影响,30MnVS和49MnVS钢缺口样的疲劳极限较光滑样降低了约69%,呈现出较高的疲劳缺口敏感性。与49MnVS钢相比,30MnVS钢的光滑疲劳极限提高了11.0%,缺口疲劳极限提高了8.5%,但30MnVS钢的疲劳缺口敏感性及疲劳裂纹扩展速率均略高。两种实验钢的疲劳裂纹往往萌生于试样或缺口根部表面基体组织中的铁素体/珠光体边界,并优先沿着该边界扩展。实验结果及文献数据的拟合分析表明,可采用Kt的二次多项式拟合公式来简便地计算Kf值。     

非调质钢表面硬化处理工艺

试验用非调质钢为F35MnV、F38MnVS、F40MnVS、F45MnVS及F49MnVS铁素体-珠光体钢和F12Mn2VBS贝氏体钢。对这些钢进行了表面硬化处理试验。结果表明,铁素体-珠光体型非调质钢可采用气体渗氮、离子渗氮和气体氮碳共渗以提高其表面硬度和耐磨性,但贝氏体非调质钢氮碳共渗处理后,其冲击韧度从46.7 J降低到了35.0 J,故不宜采用该工艺进行表面硬化。此外,F40MnVS钢的高频感应淬硬层表面硬度和硬化层深度与45钢的基本相同,经渗氮处理的F35MnV和F40MnVS钢渗层的化合物层比40Cr、45和38CrMoAlA钢的薄,而扩散层较厚者厚,表面硬度比40Cr、45钢高,比38CrMoAlA钢低。经气体氮碳共渗的非调质钢具有良好的综合力学性能。     

不同氧含量非调质钢的高周疲劳性能

采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验对比研究了两种不同氧含量(0.0018%和低于0.001%)中碳微合金非调质钢F45MnV在不同状态(正火、调质和锻造)下的高周疲劳性能。结果表明,在具有均一回火索氏体组织的调质态,低氧料F45MnV-1的疲劳性能优于高氧料F45MnV-2;在具有类似铁素体+珠光体组织的正火态,两种料的高周疲劳性能和疲劳裂纹扩展速率基本一致;锻态F45MnV-1料由于具有细小、均匀的铁素体+珠光体组织,其高周疲劳性能优于正火态F45MnV-1料,而与调质态F45MnV-1接近。对于铁素体+珠光体组织和均匀调质组织,非金属夹杂物对疲劳破坏行为的不同影响是上述试验钢疲劳性能差异的主要原因。此外,两种试验钢的铁素体+珠光体组织的裂纹扩展速率均略低于调质态组织。     

离子渗氮的铁素体-珠光体非调质钢的组织和性能

对4种非调质铁素体-珠光体钢48MnV、40MnSiVN、38MnVS6和S55S1热轧后进行920℃×1.5 h风冷正火和560℃×2 h回火,以及540℃×8 h离子渗氮。检测了渗氮层的显微组织、表面硬度、硬度梯度、耐磨性能、抗疲劳性能以及基体的力学性能。结果表明:48MnV、40MnSiVN和38MnVS6钢的扩散层组织与未渗氮处理的钢相似,离子渗氮可明显提高非调质钢的表面硬度、耐磨性能和抗疲劳性能,且几乎不影响基体的力学性能。不含钒元素的S55S1钢扩散层形成了少量的针状氮化物,从而增大了渗层的脆性。     

非调质钢激光表面淬火研究

使用半导体激光器对40MnSiV、48MnV、38MnVS6和12Mn2BV非调质钢试样进行激光表面淬火,分析了试样淬火后的表面硬度和显微组织.结果表明,试样表面具有很高的硬度,显微组织由表层及心部依次是马氏体、马氏体和铁素体、珠光体和铁素体.     

感应淬火对半轴用非调质钢高周疲劳性能的影响

利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验方法对比研究了一种半轴用铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢感应淬火前后高周疲劳性能的变化。结果表明,试验钢试样感应淬火后表层形成了厚度约1.2 mm、平均显微硬度约650 HV0.3的马氏体组织淬硬层。该淬硬层具有较高的残余压应力和十分细小的原奥氏体晶粒。感应淬火处理后,试验钢的疲劳耐久极限从420 MPa提高到716 MPa。疲劳断口的SEM观察表明,未经感应淬火试样的疲劳裂纹均起源于试样的表面基体,而经表面感应淬火后的疲劳裂纹则起裂于淬硬层边界附近的内部基体。     

38MnVS非调质钢活塞锻后控制冷却工艺

对38MnVS非调质钢活塞进行锻后冷却处理并探讨了不同冷却工艺对非调质钢活塞的影响规律.首先,分析了不同冷却速率对非调质钢活塞的组织性能和力学性能的影响,可知,在冷却速率为50～90℃·min-1下,非调质钢析出珠光体及铁素体时各方面的性能最优.然后,利用分选装置对非调质钢活塞锻件进行预选,挑选出达到合格锻造温度的活塞...     

Vanadium recovery from clay vanadium mineral using an acid leaching method

A technique including direct acid leaching,vanadium precipitation with alkaline,sodium hydroxide releaching,impurity removing by adjusting pH value,precipitation vanadium with ammonium chloride,and vanadium pentoxide by roasting steps was proposed according to the characteristic of Xichuan clay vanadium mineral.The factors influencing leaching vanadium such as temperature and the concentration of sulfuric acid were investigated and optimized.The experimental results indicate that the extract ratios of V2O5 can reach 94% and 92% at a sodium chlorate ratio of 3% and a manganese dioxide ratio of 3%,respectively.A completely chemical precipitation method was adopted to decontaminate and enrich the vanadium in the acid leaching solution.The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and the purity analysis of vanadium pentoxide indicate that the purity of final vanadium pentoxide can reach 99% and meet the standard specifications.The total recovery can reach about 75%.The technique has the characteristics of simplicity,less investlnent,and more environment safety as compared with the traditional salt roasting method.     

Behavior of vanadium during reduction and smelting of vanadium titanomagnetite metallized pellets

The effects of CaO content, MgO content and smelting temperature on the vanadium behavior during the smelting of vanadium titanomagnetite metallized pellets were investigated. The thermodynamics of reduction and distribution of vanadium was analyzed and the high-temperature smelting experiments were carried out. The thermodynamic calculations show that the distribution ratio of vanadium between the slag and the hot metal decreases with the increments of CaO and MgO content in the slag as well as the increase of the smelting temperature. The smelting experiments demonstrate that the vanadium content in iron and the recovery rate of vanadium in pig iron increase as the CaO content, MgO content and smelting temperature increase, whereas the vanadium distribution ratio between the slag and iron tends to decrease. Moreover, the recovery rate of vanadium in pig iron has a rising trend with increasing the optical basicity of the slag. The addition of MgO in the slag to increase the slag optical basicity can not only improve the vanadium reduction but also promote the formation of magnesium-containing anosovite, which is beneficial to following titanium extraction.     

A new method of synthesizing ultrafine vanadium carbide by dielectric barrier discharge plasma assisted milling

A new high efficiency method of synthesis of ultrafine vanadium carbide (VC) at a low carburization temperature has been developed. Firstly, a mixture of V₂O₅ and graphite powders is milled using dielectric barrier discharge plasma assisted milling (denoted as DBDP milling) for 4 h, and then the milled powders are carburized at 1200 °C, causing the V₂O₅ to react completely with graphite to form ultrafine VC. The formation temperature of VC is much lower than that needed in the conventional milling and heating process. This is because of the greatly enhanced reaction between V₂O₅ and graphite arising from the unique lump-like morphology and large number of clean surface contacts and greater surface area induced by DBDP milling.     

超细V_8C_7和Cr_3C_2粉末的制备方法

制备V8C7和Cr3C2粉末的传统方法是将V(Cr)氧化物与固体碳球磨混合﹑二次碳化而成,此方法存在碳化温度高﹑粉末粒度粗等缺点。本文介绍了几种国外制备超细V8C7和Cr3C2粉末的制备方法。     

氮化烧结V(C,N)颗粒增强铁基复合材料的研究

用热力学计算证明了氮化反应的可行性，用DTA确定了VN反应的温度范围。通过XRD和SEM比较了两种烧结气氛（真空和氮气）制备的颗粒增强复合材料烧结体的相组成、颗粒大小和形态分布。实验表明，由于V与N的亲合力大于V与C的亲合力，这导致了压坯的增强相由V6C5、V4C3向VN的转变；同时在1200℃（α-Fe→γ-Fe的相变为剩余的C的固溶创造了条件。     

氮化烧结V(C,N)颗粒增强铁基复合材料的研究

用热力学计算证明了氮化反应的可行性,用D TA确定了V N反应的温度范围。通过X RD和SEM比较了两种烧结气氛(真空和氮气)制备的颗粒增强复合材料烧结体的相组成、颗粒大小和形态分布。实验表明,由于V与N的亲合力大于V与C的亲合力,这导致了压坯的增强相由V 6C5、V 4C3向V N的转变;同时在1 200℃α-Fe!γ-Fe的相变为剩余的C的固溶创造了条件。     

Recovery of vanadium from vanadium slag by composite roasting with CaO/MgO and leaching

A novel process of composite roasting with CaO/MgO and subsequent acid leaching was proposed to improve the recovery rate of vanadium from Linz–Donawiz (LD) converter vanadium slag. The effects of the MgO/(CaO+MgO) molar ratio and the roasting and leaching parameters on the recovery of vanadium were studied. The results showed that the leaching efficiency of vanadium decreased from 88% to 81% when CaO was replaced completely by MgO; however, it could be improved by roasting with the composite of CaO/MgO. The maximum vanadium leaching efficiency of 94% was achieved under the optimum MgO/(CaO+MgO) mole ratio of 0.5:1. The results from X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM−EDS) confirm that the formation rate of acid-soluble vanadates can be enhanced during roasting with the composite of CaO/MgO and that the leaching kinetics can be accelerated owing to the suppression of calcium sulfate precipitation.     

钒钛磁铁矿提钒尾渣浸取钒

采用硫酸氢氟酸次氯酸钠组合浸出体系浸取钒钛磁铁矿提钒尾渣中的钒,研究浸出过程中试剂浓度、浸出液固比、浸出温度、浸出时间、物料粒度对钒浸出率的影响。结果表明:钒的浸出率随试剂浓度、液固比、温度和时间的升高而增大;当矿物粒度小于0.20 mm时,钒浸出率有随矿物粒度变小而减小的趋势。在物料粒度0.15~0.25 mm、初始硫酸浓度150 g/L、初始氢氟酸浓度30 g/L、次氯酸钠加入量为矿量1.5%、矿浆液固比6:1、浸出温度90℃、浸出时间6 h、搅拌速度500 r/min的条件下,钒的浸出率可达85%以上。     

热电池用锂钒氧化物正极材料的放电模式

合成V2O5-V2O3-Li2O体系的3种化合物LiV3O8、γ-LiV2O5和VO2,并以其作为热电池正极活性物质、锂硼合金为负极、LiCl-KCl为电解质进行500℃、100 mA/cm^2的放电实验,研究该正极活性物质在放电中的物相转变过程,同时对V2O5、β-Li0.3V2O5、VnO2n＋1和VnO2n？1的放电反应进行分析。结果表明,LiV3O8、γ-LiV2O5和VO2均进行分解式放电反应,生成LiV2O5、Li3VO4、V2O3和LiVO2等物相。分析认为V2O5和β-Li0.3V2O5可能出现嵌入反应直至转变为γ-LiV2O5,再由γ-LiV2O5进行放电,VnO2n＋1和VnO2n-1放电最终也将生成Li3VO4和V2O3。γ-LiV2O5和VO2放电过程中V4^＋歧化反应产生Li3VO4相和V2O3相,Li3VO4相较差的电子导电性使正极材料失去快速放电能力。