核电厂氢气升压站关键设计要素探讨

AP1000核电站采用直接注入18.96 MPa高压氢气的方式来控制一回路反应堆冷却剂中的氧含量,因此,国内依托项目在核电厂内自建氢气升压站,将厂内的低压氢气增压并灌充至高压氢气瓶,供一回路注氢使用。现结合相关国标规定与其他行业相关工程经验,对核电厂氢气升压站的厂房布置、主要设备选型和工艺流程设计等关键要素进行了探讨,并对方案设计中氢气泄漏探测、防雷、防静电以及防火防爆等措施进行了全面的分析和论证。     

一种氢气干燥设备的开发与工业应用

简介了新开发生产的一种用于氢冷发电机的HEAP-30型氢气干燥器,可对发电机用冷却氢气进行机外循环冷却去湿干燥。实际应用证明,HEAP-30型氢气干燥器能确保发电机组内氢气湿度指标达到现行电力行业标准DL/T651-1998的要求,并具有环保、高效、去湿能力大、连续运行稳定、安全可靠等特点,是我国氢冷发电机组氢气去湿干燥的理想设备。     

基于层次分析法的压力容器安全风险评价研究

采用层次分析法分析了氢气压力容器风险。结果表明，氢气压力容器安全影响因素主要有氢气压力容器使用环境、氢气压力容器安全管理、氢气压力容器监测管理、氢气压力容器缺陷、氢气压力容器材质。模糊综合评价结果表明，氢气压力容器安全评价风险总分值为0.74，属于高风险。     

氢气管道与天然气管道的对比分析

利用氢气管道是长距离氢能输运最为高效的方式之一,但相较于成熟的天然气管网体系,氢气管道建设量相对较少,近年来将天然气管道改造成氢气管道的方式受到研究人员的广泛关注。从建设现状、规范标准、材料选择、设计制造、事故后果和安全间距等方面,对氢气管道和天然气管道进行了系统的对比分析,为氢气管道的建设和天然气管道改造技术的应用提供一定的参考。     

某电厂发电机氢气露点波动大及纯度偏低的原因分析与处理

某电厂正常运行期间存在发电机内氢气纯度偏低、露点波动大等问题,经过现场检查及分析为密封油真空箱油水分离异常及密封油中微水含量偏高所致。通过对密封油真空油箱油水分离改造、更换高效的吸附式氢气干燥器、氢侧回油管改造等,彻底解决了氢气纯度偏低、露点波动大的问题。     

多功能全多层高压氢气储罐

高压储氢具有储罐结构简单、压缩氢气制备的能耗较少、充装速度快等优点，已成为现阶段氢能储运的主要方式。氢气储罐是高压储氢的关键设备。目前，加氢站使用的高强钢制无缝压缩氢气储罐，由于结构上的原因，存在无抑爆抗爆功能、在线健康状态诊断困难、大容量时泄漏点多等缺点。为此，本文提出了一种多功能全多层高压氢气储罐，并应用于我国第一座站内制氢的加氢站。储罐由双层半球形封头、接管、加强箍、绕带简体和健康诊断系统组成，具有承压、抑爆抗爆、缺陷分散、健康状态在线诊断等多种功能。     

ASME B31.12标准在国内氢气长输管道工程上的应用

氢气长输管道设计技术在国外已经十分成熟,技术标准也相对完善,但在国内却是空白。介绍了国外氢气管道标准ASME B31.12在国内某氢气长输管道工程的应用情况,从管道选材、管道设计计算、无损检测和压力试验等方面介绍了ASME B31.12标准的技术要求以及具体应用情况,为今后国内氢气长输管道的建设可提供一定的借鉴。     

低功耗合金薄膜型氢气传感器热设计与研究

基于氢敏材料检测氢气浓度的工作原理,针对合金薄膜型氢气传感器加热电阻小、达到最佳工作温度时间长等特点,设计了一种低功耗合金薄膜氢气传感器。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS Workbench对该结构进行了热分析,结果表明,该种结构在加热功耗为0.2 W,总功耗为0.8 W时,能够短时间内将该氢气传感器加热到最佳工作温度。根据MEMS技术制备了合金薄膜型氢气传感器,实验结果与理论分析具有很好的一致性。该研究为薄膜型氢气传感器的低功耗设计与微小型封装提供了重要依据。     

化肥用压缩机压缩级数不同时的效益比较

目前小化肥320kgf/cm~2合成用氮氢气压缩机有选择六级压缩的,如4M8K3-36/320氮氢气压缩机、H8-36/320压缩机等;也有选择七级压缩的,如L3.3-17/320氮氢气压缩机、H12I-53/320压缩机等。中型化肥厂中压吸     

非机械氢气压缩机的技术与性能研究

非机械氢气压缩机己被证明是机械压缩机的有效替代品,具有无运动部件且紧凑度高等优点,是提高氢能利用水平的重要研究方向。介绍低温压缩、金属氢化物、电化学和吸附等非机械氢气压缩机,分析每种压缩技术的基本工作原理和可实现的性能,描述其目前在氢气应用中的用途以及技术极限,为进—步提高氢气压缩性能提供了有力技术支持。     

The effect of hydrogen gas environment on fretting fatigue strength of materials used for hydrogen utilization machines

The objective of this study is the characterization of the fretting fatigue strength in a hydrogen gas environment. The test materials were a low alloy steel SCM435H, super alloy A286 and two kinds of austenitic stainless steels, SUS304 and SUS316L. The test was performed in hydrogen gas at 0.12 MPa absolute pressure. The purity of the hydrogen gas was 99.9999%. The fretting fatigue limit was defined by the fretting fatigue strength at 30 million cycles. For all materials, the fretting fatigue strength in the hydrogen gas environment increased in the short-life region. However, the fretting fatigue strength in the hydrogen gas environment decreased in the long-life region when exceeding 10 million cycles except for SCM435H, while there was no reduction in the fretting fatigue strength in air between 10 and 30 million cycles. The reduction rate was 18% for A286, 24% for SUS304 and 7% for SUS316L. The tangential force coefficient in the hydrogen gas environment increased when compared to that in air. It can be estimated that this increase is one of the causes of the reduced fretting fatigue strength found in a hydrogen gas environment. In order to discuss the extension of the fretting fatigue life in hydrogen gas observed at the stress level above the fretting fatigue limit in air, continuous measurement of the fretting fatigue crack propagation was performed in a hydrogen gas environment using the direct current potential drop method. As a result, it was found that the extension of the fretting fatigue life was caused by the delay in the start of the stable crack propagation.     

A study on the thermal characteristics of hydrogen storage vessel related to condition of charging

Recently, study on renewable energy has been carried out due to environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuels. In particular, hydrogen, a clean energy, is environmentally friendly because it produces only pure water as a by-product of the reaction process. In the case of liquified hydrogen, the energy density is about 848 times higher than that of gas hydrogen, but it is not currently widely used due to technical constraints and other problems because it has to maintain a cryogenic state. Therefore, in this work, numerical method was verified by comparing results of precedent study and this study. And relationship between Reynolds number and Nusselt number was confirmed. Based on this results, code was made by using programming language (Fortran 77) with relationship between Reynolds number and Nusselt number to analyze the state of charge (SOC). Variables were set as mass flow rate, temperature of hydrogen gas, and initial tank temperature. As a result, the effect of hydrogen gas temperature is dominant as a factor that affects the temperature of the fully charged state. Therefore, it is determined that the temperature control of the hydrogen storage will be possible through the hydrogen gas temperature setting.

     

重量制备氮中氢气体标准物质的实验方法

研究了重量法制备氯中氢气体标准物质的实验方法。采用中国计量科学研究院自行设计加工的气体充填装置制备了氮中氢气体标准物质,该装置低压系统真空度达到7×10^-3Pa;气体称量装置采用美国Mettler SB16001电子天平（16kg、0．1g）和上海第二天平仪器厂TG320B高精密天平（20ks、10mg）称量组分及稀释气体的质量;采用美国Agilent公司6890型气相色谱仪脉冲放电氦离子化检测器（PDHID）对稀释气体中微量氢进行分析,该仪器对氢的检测限为4×10^-9。实验中选取其中氢含量低于0．01×10^-6的高纯氮气体,以满足配制1×10^-6及100×10^-6标准气体的需求。本项研究组分气体和稀释气体分析的扩展不确定度分别〈0．002％,氮中氢系列气体标准物质重量制备的不确定度均小于1％。     

Influence of gaseous components and pressures on hydrogen embrittlement of natural gas pipeline

Hydrogen usually penetrates metals through defects such as dislocations, vacancies, and crystalline imperfections and causes embrittlement, leading to cleavage fracture and intergranular fracture. Synthetic natural gas produced by coal gasification, biogas, and landfill gas inevitably contain hydrogen. Therefore, hydrogen embrittlement of pipeline materials should be considered when they are mixed with conventional natural gas and supplied to customers. To analyze hydrogen embrittlement of base metals and girth weld metals of API 5L X70 and X65 gas pipelines, a specimen was treated in 100 % hydrogen environment at 10 MPa to determine the hydrogen concentration in it. Small punch (SP) tests were performed under various gaseous components and pressures. When SP tests were performed at very low speed, hydrogen embrittlement could be observed. Specimens became very susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement with increasing hydrogen partial pressure in the hydrogen/methane gas mixture, and the SP energy also decreased dramatically.     

Fretting fatigue in hydrogen gas

To clarify the effect of hydrogen gas on fretting fatigue strength of the materials, which supposed to be used for hydrogen utilization machines, fretting fatigue tests were conducted in hydrogen gas. It is important to take fretting fatigue into account in strength design, because many fatigue failure accidents have occurred at joints or contact parts between components. As a part of the experiments, an austenitic stainless steel was focused in this paper. The material was SUS 304. Fretting fatigue strength in hydrogen gas decreased compared with that in air. Tangential force coefficient increased in the reverse order of fretting fatigue strength. Therefore, one of the reasons of the decrease of fretting fatigue strength was that tangential force was different depending on the environment. Absorption of hydrogen occurred during fretting in hydrogen gas was detected. The absorption could be considered as one of the causes of the decrease of fretting fatigue strength, since fretting fatigue life of pre-charged specimen was decreased and also the crack propagation threshold of short fatigue crack was reduced by hydrogen charge.     

Technical approaches in the mass spectrometric analysis of hydrogen and helium isotopes

A method of mass spectrometric analysis of gas mixtures of hydrogen and helium isotopes on low-resolution units is proposed. The method is based on the dependence of the ion current intensity on the partial pressure of the gas in the puffing system of the mass spectrometer. The appropriate laboratory procedure for performing the mass spectrometric analysis with simultaneous recording of the mass spectrum and absolute gas pressure in the puffing system of the mass spectrometer is designed. It was shown that it is possible to identify completely overlapping peaks of ion currents of components of the gas mixture, and this is confirmed by the measurement results.     

纸带法测定天然气、煤气和液化石油气中的硫化氢

本文描述用GD-101硫化氢自动分析仪测定天然气、煤气和液化石油气中的硫化氢。纸带法操作简单、方法自动、可取代碘量法、层析法和比色法,具有推广价值。     

天然气单体烃氢同位素组成质谱分析

用色谱 -热转换 -质谱 ( GC/ TC/ MS)对天然气单体烃氢同位素组成进行了测定。实验表明 :热转换温度、进样量和分流比等条件的改变对氢同位素组成的测量结果有影响。以文 3 1井甲烷氢同位素组成 ( -1 5 4‰ )为参考 ,对天然气中甲烷、乙烷和丙烷氢同位素组成的测量不确定度进行了分析。结果表明 :甲烷和乙烷的测量精度都较高 ,但由于参考标准的不确定度较大 ,所以测量结果的不确定度较大     

Fretting fatigue strength of SCM435H steel and SUH660 heat‐resistant steel in hydrogen gas environment

Utilisation of hydrogen is expected to be one of the solutions against the problems of exhaustion of fossil fuels and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Evaluation of the materials for hydrogen utilisation machines is required. The objectives of this study are the characterisation of fretting fatigue strength of low‐alloy steel SCM435H and heat‐resistant steel SUH660, and the validation of effectiveness of nitriding in hydrogen gas environment. Fretting fatigue tests were conducted up to 3 × 10⁷ cycles. The decrease of fretting fatigue strength in hydrogen gas environment was found at the long‐life region exceeding 10⁷ cycles. The amount of the decrease of the fretting fatigue limit at 3 × 10⁷ cycles was 11% for SCM435H and 15% for SUH660. However, at the stress level above the fretting fatigue limit in air, the finite life in hydrogen gas increased more than that in air. The cause of extension of fatigue life was the delay of start of stable crack propagation. Fretting fatigue crack, which was smaller than 200 µm in length, consumed approximately 60% of the fatigue life in hydrogen gas environment. Fretting fatigue crack was steadily propagated after the test was started in air. Observations of the fretted surface showed that the fretting wear process in hydrogen gas environment was dominated by adhesion. Tangential force coefficient was higher in hydrogen gas environment than that in air. It is considered that the adhesion has a close relation to crack initiation in hydrogen gas environment, and as a result, the failure of specimen occurred at a lower stress level comparing the fretting fatigue limit in air. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用MAT253同位素质谱仪测定氕氘混合气组分

To meet the need of the research on isotope effects of mixed hydrogen isotope gas, an analysis method of mixed hydrogen isotope composition was set up through introducing the molecule ionization quotient on MAT253 mass spectrometer. Some effect factors to quotient were examined and the method is used to determine 6 samples of different deuterium concentration. The results show that this method is effective for P2D2 mixed gas and it’s relative standard deviation is more low then 0.3%.