The Law,Exposed

To help resolve a wider spectrum of disputes, Brazil enacted its first Mediation Law on June 26, to take effect in 180 days.     

The Press, the Market, and Democracy

The post-Stalinist states in Eastern Europe will almost certainly develop a newspaper press that is based on the market. These developments pose some problems for the future of the developing democratic systems. This paper examines the detailed workings of the press market in a situation where advertising revenue is an important element in newspaper finances, using examples from Britain. It is demonstrated that left to itself this market will stratify information provision and fail to provide all citizens with the same quality of information and opinion. In particular, low-income groups who want access to detailed public information, will not be catered to. To alleviate these problems and to assist in the development of democracy, it is argued that the reconstruction of public communication in Eastern Europe must make use of subsidies.     

The blood-brain barrier, cancer, cell phones, and microwaveradiation

The blood-brain barrier is an anatomic/physiologic complex associated with the cerebral vascular system. It is composed of a network of astrocytic pseudopodia, which envelopes the tight junctions of the vascular endothelium. It is a natural defense system, which maintains the physiochemical environment of the brain within certain narrow limits that are essential for life. The effect on this system of microwave radiation from cell phones is discussed together with the use of microwave radiation in the treatment of tumors     

The Brain-Machine Interface, Unplugged

In experiments and even limited human clinical trials, electrode arrays implanted on the brain's surface have given monkeys and humans the ability to move objects with their thoughts. The experiments are proof that brain-computer interfaces could improve the lives of severely paralyzed people. But these systems rely on wires snaking out from the skull, which would affect a person's mobility WWW.SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG and leave an opening in the scalp prone to infection. Wireless brain-machine interfaces would be much more practical and could be implanted in several different areas of the brain to tap into more neurons. A typical scheme would have electrodes penetrating brain tissue, picking up neuronal electrical impulses, called spikes. A chip would amplify and process the signals and transmit them over a broadband RF connection through the skull to a receiver. Then, just as in wired systems, algorithms would decode these signals into commands for operating a computer or a robot.     

The take-anywhere, do-anything display

I'm watching a clip from Slumdog Millionaire on what looks like a standard netbook computer, a scene in which deep blue body paint gives way to luscious sa ron-yellow cloth. The picture quality is fine, if nothing special. But then I push a small white button at the side of the display, and it does something I've never seen before: The backlight disappears, and the image turns black and white, remaining visible thanks to the overhead lights in the room. I hold up an Amazon Kindle by way of comparison. Both displays have the same crisp grayscale text I've come to expect from e-paper.     

纳尼亚王国传奇:狮王、女巫和魔衣橱

二战时期的伦敦,由于躲避德军飞机的轰炸,皮文斯一家两男两女四个小孩被送到郊区的一所大屋中居住。在一次捉迷藏的游戏中,最小的妹妹露茜在一只巨大的衣橱后面发现了一条隐蔽的秘密通道,四个孩子可以直接去到那个森林参天的神奇王国——纳尼亚。纳尼亚居住着各种半人半兽、女巫、妖怪和会说人话的的动物,季节转换迅速,也充满着魔法和巫术。邪恶的白女巫要将所有与她作对的人变为石头,干掉狮子阿斯兰统治整个王国;而阿斯兰及其领导的善良国民却不愿接受奴役,决定发起以少敌多的反抗。四个孩子的来到让阿斯兰一方充满了希望,而白女巫针对他们的阴谋也在实行之中,一场决定性的恶战在所难免……从电影架构上来说,本片堪称是《哈利·波特》系列和《指环王》系列的集合体,都是以小孩子为主角并具有魔幻特征。本片的剧本改编自爱尔兰著名文学家C．S．路易斯的七开本巨著《纳尼亚王国传     

静电的产生、危害和预防

概述了“静电”的产生、危害和预防方法。     

The Averaged, Overdetermined, and Generalized LMS Algorithm

This paper provides and exploits one possible formal framework in which to compare and contrast the two most important families of adaptive algorithms: the least-mean square (LMS) family and the recursive least squares (RLS) family. Existing and well-known algorithms, belonging to any of these two families, like the LMS algorithm and the RLS algorithm, have a natural position within the proposed formal framework. The proposed formal framework also includes - among others - the LMS/overdetermined recursive instrumental variable (ORIV) algorithm and the generalized LMS (GLMS) algorithm, which is an instrumental variable (IV) enable LMS algorithm. Furthermore, this formal framework allows a straightforward derivation of new algorithms, with enhanced properties respect to the existing ones: specifically, the ORIV algorithm is exported to the LMS family, resulting in the derivation of the averaged, overdetermined, and generalized LMS (AOGLMS) algorithm, an overdetermined LMS algorithm able to work with an IV. The proposed AOGLMS algorithm overcomes - as we analytically show here - the limitations of GLMS and possesses a much lower computational burden than LMS/ORIV, being in this way a better alternative to both algorithms. Simulations verify the analysis.     

LIBSVM,LIBLINEAR,SVMmuticlass比较研究

SVM是Vapnik等人在统计学习理论基础上针对线性分类器提出的一种最佳分类准则,被广泛应用于文本、图像、语音等多个领域的分类问题.LIBSVM、LIBLINEAR、SVMmulticlass是基于支持向量机(SVM)原理集成的两类或多类分类器工具包,这三种工具均实现了对数据的最优化分类,但彼此之间也有各自的特点.对于不同规模的数据集,即样本数与特征数比例不同的数据集的分类结果会存在差异.因此,本文从训练时间(Training Time),分类准确率(Precision)和采用的线性核函数(Kernel Function)这三个方面对各个工具包的分类性能进行详细分析,从而给出三种工具的各自的优缺点,以便为使用这三种工具的研究者们提供一些经验支持.实验结果表明,针对线性可分的数据,LIBLINEAR工具包具有训练时间短,分类准确率高的特点,非常适用于大规模数据的分类.     

倒装芯片的高速度、低成本、无铅化挑战

有机基板上的倒装芯片已经成为一种具有稳定结构的成熟工艺技术。对高容积应用而言,这一技术更加可靠,并且比板上芯片更能节省成本,其成本价格已经接近于表面贴装技术的成本价格。对于很多需要高速的应用而言,也要求其具有优越的电性能。不过目前这一技术依然存在部分挑战,主要来自目前无铅化封装的全球趋势对于芯片封装无铅化提出的要求。     

The press, race relations, and social change

Scholars from varying perspectives have suggested that discourse in media content may play an important role in shaping and reinforcing perceptions of race relations, particularly among White Americans. However, there has been relatively little systematic consideration of whether and, if so, how discourse in the press has contributed over time to relations between Whites and Blacks. With this in mind, this research examined the racial ideologies present in coverage by 14 mainstream newspapers of U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1883 and 1896 that allowed and then institutionalized 'separate but equal' race relations. Findings suggest that discourse in the mainstream press encouraged racial values and attitudes that were simultaneously being institutionalized in several cultural arenas by social Darwinism, Booker T. Washington's accommodationism, and legalized segregation.     

The semantic Web: what, why, how, and when

The semantic Web aims to enrich the existing Web with a layer of machine-interpretable metadata so that a computer program can draw conclusions (that is, derive new information) predictably (that is, all programs that receive this information draw the same conclusions from it). The semantic Web has two motivators. The first is data integration, which is a significant bottleneck in many IT applications. The second motivator is more intelligent support for end users. If computer programs can infer consequences of information on the Web, they can give better support in finding information, selecting information sources, personalizing information, combining information from different sources and so on. To achieve these goals, we must meet the challenges of providing i) a syntax for representing metadata ii) vocabularies for expressing the metadata iii) metadata for lots of Web pages     

The Semantic Grid: Past, Present, and Future

Grid computing offers significant enhancements to our capabilities for computation, information processing, and collaboration, and has exciting ambitions in many fields of endeavor. We argue that the full richness of the Grid vision, with its application in e-Science, e-Research, or e-Business, requires the "Semantic Grid." The Semantic Grid is an extension of the current Grid in which information and services are given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. To this end, we outline the requirements of the Semantic Grid, discuss the state of the art in achieving them, and identify the key research challenges in realizing this vision.     

流媒体技术的原理、应用及发展

Internet的迅猛发展和普及为流媒体业务发展提供了强大的市场动力，流媒体业务正日益普及，流媒体技术广泛应用于互联网信息服务的方方面面。首先介绍了流媒体技术的基础、基本原理以及流式传输的基本过程，接着重点介绍了流媒体技术在视频点播、远程教育、视频会议和Internet直播方面的应用，最后介绍了流媒体技术的发展现状和展望。     

The LASA sensing system design, installation, and operation

The implementation of the LASA sensing system is the subject of the following paper. The selection of the geographical area has already been treated. The design of the sensing system, the establishment of system specifications, and the selection of components are discussed. The installation of the seismograph systems is described in some detail. This includes the drilling and casing of 504 two-hundred foot wells and 21 five-hundred foot wells, the trenching of 3 000 000 feet of cable, and the installation and calibration of the 525 seismometers and amplifiers. To meet the operational requirements the 525 sensing circuits were equalized to the same system sensitivity, 20 millivolts per millimicron of earth motion which corresponds roughly to the saturation of a typical amplifier by the signal generated by a magnitude 7.75 event [1]. The maintenance phase has been initiated and is described.