不同取代度羧甲基淀粉钠纸张增强性能的研究

介绍了一种用于造纸工业的淀粉衍生物--羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS).主要研究了不同取代度的CMS对纸张的增强作用,研究表明:不同取代度的CMS对纸张增强效果不同,取代度为0.91的CMS对纸张的增强效果最好.     

羧甲基淀粉钠用于纸张增强

本文对作为纸张增强剂的羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)的增强机理进行了初步研究.结果表明,CMS对纸张有明显的增强作用,且随取代度的升高有增强趋势;CMS溶液中的氯化物含量越高,对增强效果起到积极作用越大;CMS对细小纤维具有一定的助留作用,且随着取代度的增加有增强的趋势;CMS的粒子表面电荷越高,羧甲基淀粉钠的增强效果越好.     

纸机湿部添加羧甲基淀粉钠对纸张强度的影响

从实用角度出发研究羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)在纸机湿部添加对纸张强度的影响,结果表明:CMS与阳离子PAE配合有明显的协同效应;纸浆系统的pH值、盐浓度、助剂的添加次序、剪切力、不同的阳离子聚合物、CMS的取代度及用量,对纸张强度都有一定的影响。     

苯丙乳液在添加PAE/CMC增强剂的浆料中的施胶性能

针对扬声器纸盆、纸浆餐盒等抗水性要求高的模塑产品,研究了在阳离子聚酰胺-环氧氯丙烷树脂(PAE)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)组成的PAE/CMC二元增强体系中苯丙乳液浆内施胶效果.结果表明,在PAE/CMC二元增强体系中,PAE与CMC的电荷比影响苯丙乳液施胶效果,当PAE与CMC的电荷比在1.5 ～4.0之间,随着PAE和CMC的电荷比的增加,纸张施胶度快速增加,继续增加PAE与CMC的电荷比,纸张施腔度变化趋缓,当PAE与CMC的电荷比为8.0时,继续增加PAE与CMC的电荷比,纸张的施胶度基本不变.     

CMS在浆纱中作为乳化剂取代CMC的探讨

对CMS在浆纱中作为乳化剂取代CMC进行了研究分析，认为CMS在织物上浆中完全可以取代CMC，既改善了浆液性能，提高了浆纱质量，又降低了浆纱成本的结果。     

粉煤灰纤维与植物纤维配抄性能研究

鉴于粉煤灰纤维难于分散,成纸强度低的问题,探讨了CMC浓度对粉煤灰纤维分散的影响。对增强剂的种类及其用量对配抄纸张的影响进行了研究,同时研究了粉煤灰纤维不同加入量对纸张强度的影响。结果表明：CMC分散粉煤灰纤维的最佳浓度为0．6％;在添加量相同的条件下,添加CMC对纸张增强效果优于添加CPAM的纸张;在加入1．2％的CMC条件下,粉煤灰纤维可代替20％-30％的植物纤维。     

CMC-CSPI二元增强体系在废纸造纸中的应用研究

讨探了自制阳离子大豆分离蛋白(CSPI)与羧甲基纤维(CMC)作为旧报纸脱墨浆纸张增强剂的协同应用效果。通过控制CMC与CSPI加入方式、用量等考察CMC-CSPI二元增强体系对纸张物理性能的影响。结果表明,CMC-CSPI二元增强体系以混合的方式加入,CMC用量为0.5%,CSPI用量为2.5%（均相对绝干浆）,增强效果比单独使用CMC或CSPI效果都好;对浆料滤水性能、细小组分留着率的改善效果优于CMC,但不如CSPI的改善效果。     

CMC在滤嘴棒纸中的应用

羧甲基纤维素(CMC)是纤维素分子中羟基上的氢原子被羧甲基取代所生成的一种纤维素醚。通常所用的是它的钠盐，由碱纤维素和一氯醋酸在烧碱溶液中作用而制得。CMC的重要参数是它的取代度(DS)、粘度和纯度。用于湿部添加的CMC取代度通常控制在0.4～0.8。加入纸浆内，可增加纸张的抗张强度。下面介绍一下CMC在滤嘴棒纸中的试验及生产应用情况。     

烟草薄片胶用CMS的制备及性能研究

通过正交设计 ,采用“酸前法”制备出高稳定性、高粘度、较高取代度的CMS作为烟草薄片粘合剂以代替CMC ,讨论了制备CMS的最佳工艺条件。实验表明 ,甲壳素用量在 1.5%、CMS用量为5%时 ,所制薄片的耐水性大于 7min ;为保证烟草薄片的耐水性、色泽、柔韧性和吸味等技术指标 ,制片时各添加剂的建议用量为CMS 5% ,梗末∶叶末为 6∶4 ,甘油 2 % ,磷酸 1%～ 2 %。     

流变助剂对纸张涂料粘弹性能的影响

纸张涂料具有粘弹性,主要是由于其中作为流变助剂的水溶性聚合物与其他组分的相互作用引起的.不同的流变助剂对涂料的影响程度不同.本文比较了CMC(羧甲基纤维素)、PVA(聚乙烯醇)和CMS(羧甲基淀粉)对涂料粘弹性能的影响,表明CMC比PVA和CMS更能提高体系的粘弹性能,并从组分间的相互作用方面分析了它们对粘弹性能的作用机理.     

A Comparison of Some Methods for the Determination of the Degree of Substitution of Carboxymethyl Starch

The degree of substitution (DS) markedly affects the properties of sodium carboxymethyl starch (Na‐CMS). In this work Na‐CMS samples with different DS starting from both potato and corn starch were synthesized in an ethanol/water mixture and their DS was determined using three methods: direct titration of the acid form of the carboxymethyl starch (H‐CMS), Cu salt precipitation and back titration. It was found that direct titration gave smaller DS values, while the Cu salt precipitation method gave higher DS values than the back titration method, which was found to be the most accurate. The values of the DS obtained by these methods were similar for lower DS while for higher values the discrepancy was more pronounced. Under the same experimental conditions the CMS obtained from corn starch had a higher DS than the one obtained from potato starch and on average, the discrepancies between the DS values obtained by the employed analytical methods were smaller for the CMS samples synthesized from corn starch.     

电导率和取代度对阳离子淀粉增强作用的影响

自行合成不同取代度的季铵型阳离子淀粉,用氯化钠调节浆料的电导率,探讨不同浆料电导率和阳离子取代度对系统Zeta电位、纸张的环压强度和耐破指数的影响.结果表明,阳离子淀粉的取代度越高,系统的Zeta电位变化越大,纸张环压指数和耐破指数提高幅度越大;电导率对添加低取代度阳离子淀粉的系统Zeta电位影响较大,对添加高取代度阳离子淀粉的Zeta电位影响较小,在取代度相同的情况下,电导率对纸张环压指数和耐破指数的影响不明显.     

高取代度羧甲基玉米淀粉制备工艺的研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,乙醇为溶剂,氯乙酸为醚化剂,研究高取代度羧甲基淀粉的制备工艺。还比较了不同淀粉、醚化剂的种类以及Na OH状态对取代度的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺为:二次加碱法,95%（质量分数）的乙醇作溶剂,淀粉乳浓度为25%,氯乙酸用量为115 g,Na OH用量为2.25（摩尔比,碱∶酸）,碱化温度为40℃,碱化时间为10 h,碱化Na OH用量为1（摩尔比,碱∶酸）,醚化温度为40℃,醚化时间为10 h,醚化阶段用14 g Na₂CO₃代替部分Na OH。一步法制备了取代度（DS）=1.21,反应效率（RE）=61.38%的羧甲基淀粉（CMS）,非晶颗粒态淀粉的取代度比原淀粉略高,四种淀粉制备CMS取代度从高到低依次为马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉、玉米淀粉,氯乙酸作醚化剂时取代度远高于氯乙酸钠,固体碱制备CMS的取代度比液体碱高。      

两性聚丙烯酰胺在废纸浆中的应用试验

进行了两性聚丙烯酰胺对废纸浆成纸强度的影响试验，结果表明：PAM对废浆有较好的增强作用。废纸浆的种类、浆料的pH值及PAM添加量是影响PAM增强效果的主要因素。PAM用量为吨纸添加3-5kg时有较为理想的增强效果。     

Octenylsuccinate Derivatives of Carboxymethyl Starch – Synthesis and Properties

Carboxymethyl starch (CMS, DS_CM 0.1) was modified with octenylsuccinic anhydride in various solvent systems. Using the dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)/p‐toluenesulphonic acid (p‐Ts‐OH) system, carboxymethyl starch octenylsuccinates (OS‐CMS) were obtained with degrees of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.03 to 0.53 at high reaction efficiency, and characterized with regard to their molecular structure, their rheological and surface active properties. The water‐soluble OS‐CMS derivatives showed a pseudoplastic behavior dependent on both the DS and polymer concentration (c_p). The thickening power displayed a maximum at DS 0.14 at higher c_p (2.5 and 5.0%). In spite of the only moderate surface‐tension decreasing effect of the OS‐CMS derivatives, most of them exhibited excellent emulsifying, foaming and antiredeposition effects. They represent novel polysaccharide‐based biosurfactants with a broad application potential.     

Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS) Products and Their Utilization in Textile Printing

Starch and oxidized starches of different molecular sises were carboxymethylated under identical conditions. The degree of substitution (DS) of the so obtained. CMS samples increases by decreasing the molecular sise of starch which, indeed, is a manifestation of higher extents of oxidation. The latter was effected using different sodium hypochlorite concentrations and the extent of oxidation was expressed as chlorine consumption. Pastes of these CMS samples exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour and their apparent viscosity decreases as the extent of oxidation increases, when used as thickeners in printing polyester fabric with disperse dyes, these pastes bring about prints the colour strength (K/S) of which are comparable with these for conventional thickeners, namely commercial CMS and sodium alginate. Mixing of sodium alginate with the prepared CMS samples increases the efficiency of the latter to act as the thickening agent. The highest K/S is obtained with CMS derived from starch oxidized using 1.25g active chlorine/1. Mean while, the colour fastness properties of the prints towards rubbing, washing and perspiration are nearly equal to those fabrics printed using the conventional thickeners such as sodium alginate or commercial CMS.     

Physicochemical Properties of Carboxy-methylated Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Starch

ABSTRACT: Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) with degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.1 to 0.32 was prepared from sago ( Metroxylon sagu ) starch in non-aqueous medium using isopropanol as a solvent. The physico-chemical, rheological, and thermal properties of the starches were investigated. At room temperature (25 °C), CMS hydrated readily, resulting in higher swelling power compared with native (unmodified) starch. Light microscopy revealed that CMS granules imbibed more water than native starch at room temperature and thus caused a larger increase in granule size. Some of the CMS granules lost their integrity. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed fine fissures on the surface of CMS (DS 0.32) granules compared with a relatively smooth surface of native starch granules. Carboxymethylated sago starch exhibited excellent dispersibility and cold water solubility as judged by the absence of peak viscosity in the pasting profile (determined by Rapid ViscoAnalyzer). Pasting profile of CMS was qualitatively similar to pregelatinized starch. Despite exhibiting greater swelling power, CMS showed significantly lower pasting viscosity compared with the native starch. Intrinsic viscosity was also greatly reduced by carboxymethylation. Studies using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that transition temperatures and enthalpies decreased with an increase of degree of substitution. CMS at higher substitution levels (DS 0.27 and 0.32) showed significantly lower retrogradation tendency, as indicated by lower setback, absence of DSC endotherm upon storage at 4 °C and lower syneresis upon repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The results suggested that retrogradation might be effectively retarded by the presence of the bulky carboxymethyl group.     

羧甲基淀粉的助洗性能

研究了羧甲基淀粉的助洗作用以及其与ＣＭＣ复配对去污的影响．