沥青调制温度对活性炭材料结构及电容特性的影响

以煤焦油沥青为原料，在不同温度下调制得到碳质微晶结构的中间相沥青，采用化学活化法制得超级电容器用高比表面积活性炭。以制备的活性炭作电极材料组装模拟电容器，6mol／LKOH溶液为电解液，考察了中间相沥青的调制温度对活性炭结构和电容行为的影响。结果表明：随着调制温度的提高，活性炭比表面积先增加后减小，在450℃时达到最大值，为3250m^2／g；制备的活性炭孔径主要集中在14nin范围内：在350℃时，无定形结构的中间相沥青有利于扩孔，制得的活性炭具有较高的中孔含量：随着调制温度的继续提高，中孔含量下降：活性炭比电容量随着调制温度的提高先增大后减小，450℃时达到最大值，为215F／g。     

中间相沥青粒径对活性炭材料及其电化学性能的影响

以煤焦油沥青为原料,在500℃下调制得到炭质微晶结构的中间相沥青.以不同粒径的中间相沥青为原料,以KOH和CO2为活化剂,采用物理-化学联合活化法制得超级电容器用高比表面积活性炭.以制备的活性炭作电极材料,以1 mol/L Et4NBF4/PC为有机电解液,考察活性炭材料的电容行为.结果表明:随着中间相沥青粒径的减小,活性炭比表面积先增大后减小;在中间相沥青粒径为150～250 μm时制备的活性炭的BET比表面积达最大值2 476 m2/g,质量比电容量最大,达到103.5 F/g.以粒径75～96 μm中间相沥青制备的活性炭表现出良好的功率特性,在1 mA充放电时,质量比电容量为87 F/g;在20 mA充放电时,质量比电容量也达到83 F/g.     

铵盐浸渍预处理对活性炭性能的影响

以除尘灰分离炭粉为原料,采用化学物理活化法制得活性炭。研究了铵盐浸渍预处理对活性炭特性的影响,讨论了比表面积对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,铵盐浸渍可以明显提高活性炭的比表面积,当浸渍比为2：1时,用除尘灰制得活性炭的比表面积最大值达1191．8m^2/g,且其合适的孔结构可以提高对二甲苯的吸附能力。对铵盐浸渍预处理的活化机理作了初步探讨。     

碳化活化温度对生物质基多孔碳/硫复合正极材料电化学性能的影响

以胖大海作为生物质碳源、KOH为活化剂,采用一步碳化活化法制备了生物质基多孔碳,将多孔碳作为三维导电骨架和硫宿主材料,与硫熔融复合后用作锂硫电池正极材料。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、热重分析、电化学工作站和电池测试仪等对碳/硫复合正极材料的综合性能和电化学性能进行分析测试,研究了不同碳化活化温度对多孔碳微观结构和碳/硫复合正极材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明:随着碳化活化温度的升高(700～900℃),多孔碳石墨化程度和比表面积、孔容均先增大后减小,当优选碳化活化温度为800℃时,所制备的多孔碳的结构为以微孔为主的微介孔结构,其比表面积和孔容最大,碳/硫复合正极材料表现出较高的比容量、良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性,主要是由于经过800℃碳化活化后的多孔碳不仅具有良好的导电性,而且其高的比表面积、孔容为活性硫提供了充足的反应位点,丰富的微介孔结构能够物理限制可溶性多硫化物的扩散,从而有效抑制了"穿梭效应"。     

磁性多孔活性炭/铁酸钙复合材料对钍(Ⅳ)的吸附性能及机制

本文采用KHCO3活化制备多孔活性炭(Porous activated carbon,PAC),然后用水热法制备磁性多孔活性炭/铁酸钙复合材料(PAC/CF),考察其对水溶液中钍(Ⅳ)的吸附特性,并通过扫描电镜、比表面积分析仪、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、振动样品磁强计和Zeta电位等手段对复合材料进行表征,验证其...     

层次孔结构双功能碳负极材料的制备及性能

在500～900℃的活化温度下,以酚醛树脂为碳源,采用模板-物理活化联合法制备系列超级电容电池用层次孔结构双功能碳负极材料。借助扫描电镜、透射电镜及比表面积测试仪分析材料的物理结构,组装模拟电容器和对锂半电池,利用恒流充放电法及循环伏安法考察其电化学行为。结果表明:制备的层次孔结构碳材料具有较大的中微孔结构和局域石墨微晶结构;在LiPF6/EC+DMC和Et4NBF4/AN两种电解液中均表现出良好的电化学性能;其中以活化温度为600℃时制备的碳材料性能最优,其锂离子半电池可逆容量达到611.2 mA.h/g(0.2C),50次循环效率为74%,6C倍率下稳定可逆容量仍高达223 mA.h/g,模拟电容器比电容高达143 F/g(0.1 A/g),且倍率性能优异。     

沉淀前驱物制备AIN陶瓷粉末

以硝酸铝和碳黑为原料，利用化学沉淀法制备出混合均匀的Al2O3＋C前驱物，并以该前驱物为原料采用碳热还原法制备了AIN粉末。研究了氮化反应温度、pH值、表面活性剂、溶液浓度、氮气流量和碳铝比等工艺参数对氮化反应的影响，得出的最佳工艺参数分别为：以0．4mol／L的硝酸铝溶液和比表面积为156m^2／g的碳黑为原料，控制原料中碳铝比为3：1，添加适量的硬脂酸（SA）和聚乙二醇（PEG）作为表面活性剂，控制沉淀过程中pH=9，通过共沉淀工艺得到分散性好、团聚程度小的前驱物，并将此前驱物在常压和氮气流量为5L／min的条件下于1550℃煅烧4h，最后将反应产物在650℃的空气中除碳4h，制备出氮含量为33．20％，氧含量为0．98％，比表面积为4．26m^2／g的AIN粉末。     

超声场辅助矿浆电解法制备超细铜粉

采用铜精矿为原料，通过机械活化和超声场的辅助作用，直接在矿浆电解槽中将铜精矿制备成平均粒度小于10 μm的超细铜粉。分析矿浆电解制备超细铜粉的基本原理，研究电流密度和超声波对超细铜粉粒度和形貌的影响。结果表明：提高电流密度有利于超细铜粉的形成，随着电流密度的增加，铜粉粒度不断下降，比表面积不断上升；与未经超声处理相比，采用超声场辅助矿浆电解法制备得到的铜粉粒度趋于下降，比表面积上升，且随着超声时间的延长，粒度下降越多，比表面积增加越大。     

合成方法对LiNi0．4Co0．2Mn0．4O2电化学性能的影响

分别采用混合氢氧化物法和溶胶．凝胶法制备了三元的锂离子电池LiNi0．4Co0．2Mn0．4O2正极材料。采用XRD，SEM以及BET等方法对正极材料进行表征，并对其电化学性能进行测试。实验结果表明，不同的合成方法和工艺条件导致了材料的晶相结构、表观形貌、比表面积以及电化学性能上的差异。LiNi0．4Co0．2Mn0．4O2正极材料中出现的阳离子相互占位将导致其电化学性能变差。与溶胶．凝胶法制备的样品相比，混合氢氧化物法制备的样品具有较高的比表面积（3．2m2／g）和较高的放电比容量。在充放电电压范围为2．5～4．3V、充放电电流为20mA／g条件下，混合氢氧化物法所制备样品的首次放电比容量为180．1mAh·g^-1，20次循环后放电容量为160．2mAh·g^-1，并显示出较好的循环稳定性。     

TiO2／活性炭的制备与光催化性能

以活性炭(AC)为载体，采用Sol-Gel法制备纳米TiO2／AC复合催化剂，利用SEM，TG-DTA，XRD等对其组成、结构、尺寸等进行分析和表征；并用紫外灯为光源，通过可溶性罗丹明B的光催化降解反映对其光催化活性进行研究。结果表明，TiO2纳米粒子的尺寸范围在30nm～60nm之间，其中TiO2的晶型主要为锐钛矿；活性炭载体与TiO2结合牢固，TiO2纳米颗粒不发生二维粘结；TiO2／AC复合体的比表面积比活性炭载体的大，对罗丹明B在200min内达到完全降解，而P25需要5h，TiO2／AC复合体具有很强的光催化活性，并且制备的TiO2／AC复合体催化剂容易从溶液中分离。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.