超声数学频谱分析系统的设计与应用

介绍了超声信号数字频谱分析的原理和实施方法。即通过信号采样、A/D转换、FFT变换等可获得换能器及超声回波的频谱特性参数。介绍了德国KK公司和南昌航院自制探头的波形和频谱图,认为根据频谱测量结果,适当改变有关参数就有可能研制高性能换量器。     

铝电解工艺对阳极气泡析出行为的影响

铝电解阳极气泡行为对电解过程和技术经济指标均有直接影响。本研究采用槽电压采集及其频谱分析法,研究了阳极电流密度、过热度和氧化铝浓度对气泡析出行为的影响,并提出通过添加气泡促排添加剂,以改善气泡的析出行为。结果表明:随着阳极电流密度、过热度和氧化铝浓度的增加,槽电压波动幅度降低,气泡在阳极底掌下的覆盖面积减少。当阳极电流密度从0.4A/cm~2增加到1.0A/cm2时,槽电压波动幅度从80m V降低到10m V,气泡释放频率从0.055Hz向更高频率区域内移动。过热度从5℃升高到25℃时,槽电压波动幅度从40m V降低到20m V。当向电解质中加入10%的添加剂时,槽电压波动幅度显著降低,明显改变了气泡析出行为。     

底吹过程中气泡生长和脱落的冷态模型（英文）

结合高速摄影和数字图像处理技术,采用4种不同开口率的多孔喷嘴结构研究底吹过程中气泡的生长和脱离行为。实验结果表明,多孔喷嘴结构条件下的气泡生长过程由花瓣状阶段、膨胀阶段和分离阶段组成。通过实验获得的气泡图像对花瓣状气泡进行定性描述,并且通过纵横比定量分析非球形气泡形状变化规律。此外,采用最大卡尺距离和气泡当量直径分析气泡脱离尺寸。通过考虑气泡脱离直径与开口率的关系,分别建立基于最大卡尺距离与喷嘴出口水力直径比的无量纲气泡直径的预测模型。对比分析结果表明,提出的预测模型能够准确预测多孔喷嘴结构条件下的气泡脱离尺寸。     

基于水模型实验的“Fortin”型气泡动力学研究

阳极底掌下气泡的行为直接影响电解过程中相间的传热传质、阳极电流分布、槽电压降以及阳极效应的发生,对铝电解工业生产影响重大。本文基于几何和动力相似原理,设计和搭建了水模型实验平台,对不同当量直径和倾角下的气泡进行研究,选用计算分析软件MATLAB对单个"Fortin"型大气泡的形状曲线进行了拟合,得出"Fortin"型气泡形状的近似函数,探讨和分析倾斜阳极下单个大气泡的运动特征,气泡终极速度以及特征尺寸随气泡体积及阳极倾角的变化关系。     

超声检测系统数字频谱特性分析及应用

阐述了超声信号数字频谱分析的原理和实施方法，通过信号采样、A／D转换、时频变换等可获得超声回波频谱特性参数。同时，分析了影响系统频谱特性的因素，对组建高性能超声数字信号分析系统很有意义。     

钆在DMSO中的电化学研究

研究了二甲基亚砜中，钆在Ｐｔ和Ｃｕ电极上的电化学行为，结果表明，Ｇｄ（Ⅲ）在Ｐｔ和Ｃｕ电极上一步不可逆还原为Ｇｄ（０），在Ｃｕ电极上恒电位电解。可获得粘附性好的Ｇｄ均匀沉积膜。     

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of the Electrodeposited Amorphous Ni--S—Co Alloy in Alkaline Medium

通过电沉积方法获得了Ni-S-Co非晶合金镀层．电化学测试结果表明，非晶态Ni-S-Co合金电极的析氢过电位仅为70mV，析氢反应的电化学活性高于其它种类的电极(包括非晶态Ni-S合金电极)，计算了电极的电化学参数(Tafel斜率b,交换电流密度i0和表观活化能△H^*)．XRD和SEM测试表明，在电解过程中，非晶态Ni-S-Co合金电极的电化学稳定性高于非晶态Ni-S合金电极．长时间电解实验表明，非晶态Ni-S-Co合金电极在模拟工业电解条件下具有相当高的活性和稳定性．     

冷轧带钢电解清洗极板腐蚀机理和原因

采用线性电位扫描法研究了碳钢在不同脱脂剂浓度下的阳极极化过程,进一步研究了碳钢在不同不同脱脂剂浓度条件下、不同电位下的恒电位、恒电流电解行为,在此基础上对生产现场进行了考察。电化学实验表明：碳钢阳极极化过程依次经历活化区、钝化区、过钝化区及极限区;活化区基体活化溶解电流小,不影响电极寿命;过钝化区电极表面开始发生析氧反应;极限区析氧反应达到极限,使基体腐蚀反应大量发生,电极寿命降低;脱脂剂浓度越低、阳极电位越高,电极表面基体溶解反应速率越大,相应电极使用寿命越短。实际生产中,极板表面由于电流分布不均使其局部电流超过极限电流导致局部腐蚀发生,而电解槽内极板安装精度、电极表面气泡无法逸出、极板表面污泥淤积等都均会影响电流分布。     

长输管道地磁杂散电流干扰机理探讨

直流杂散电流干扰引起管道阴极保护电位异常波动，导致管道阴极保护欠保护或者过保护，增大外腐蚀风险。通过对管道阴极保护电位长期监测数据波动规律分析、频谱分析以及干扰源调查分析，找出电位异常波动原因及干扰机理。生产实践发现，东北某长输管道k1～k205段约200 km管道自投产以来管道阴极保护电位波动剧烈，监测期间管道阴极保护通电电位最正达9V_CSE，最负达-14 V_CSE，远远超出正常的阴极保护电位水平。研究表明：该段管道直流杂散电流干扰具有长程(200 km)、低频直流特性(0.0001～0.001Hz)和全天候干扰的规律，分析该杂散电流干扰为地磁干扰；建议对k1～k205段管道采用恒电流阴极保护，并加密埋设腐蚀试片或者腐蚀监测探针，长期监测腐蚀速率，评价地磁干扰的影响程度。     

双相不锈钢在动态下的中性电解除鳞行为

运用旋转圆盘模拟研究了2205双相不锈钢在运动条件下的中性电解除鳞行为。结果表明：随着运动速率从0增大到30 m/min时,试样脉冲电解后的失重量减小,除鳞效率降低,而表面形成的腐蚀坑变大;运动速率增大到30 m/min以后,电解除鳞效率及腐蚀坑尺寸的变化较小。除鳞速率随电解时间延长而迅速降低、并逐渐趋于稳定值。根据电解时试样表面氧化皮中孔洞和裂纹等位置处气泡的形核、生长及逸出特点,讨论了不同运动速率条件下气泡在电解除鳞过程中的作用机理。     

On the mechanism of porosity formation during welding of titanium alloys

The mechanism of porosity formation during the fusion welding of titanium and its alloys is studied. Porosity formed during the electron beam welding of titanium is characterized using high-resolution X-ray tomography, residual gas analysis and metallographic sectioning; the results confirm that porosity formation is associated with evolution of gas, especially hydrogen. A model for hydrogen diffusion-controlled bubble growth is proposed, to aid in the interpretation of these findings. To investigate further the effect of hydrogen on porosity formation, hydrogen charging is used to achieve different hydrogen levels prior to welding. The results confirm that porosity can be suppressed even at every high hydrogen levels, when welding is carried out with optimized welding parameters and perfect joint alignment; on the other hand, porosity is exacerbated when a small beam offset is employed. This is because any beam offset alters the size of the liquid zone at the melting front, where the joint edges first become melted. It is proposed that the thickness of the liquid film at the melting front is crucial for bubble nucleation and bubble survival in the weld pool; bubbles can escape through the keyhole by breaking through this liquid film, when it is too thin. This challenges the common assumption of bubble escape by flotation to the weld pool surface. Thus the nucleation rate in the liquid zone at the melting front determines the likelihood of porosity occurring. This suggests that the beam offset is likely to be one factor influencing porosity formation in these circumstances. The paper provides fundamental insights into the mechanism of porosity formation during the welding of titanium alloys and guidance to aid in its elimination.     

富氧底吹熔炼炉内气液两相流动的数值模拟

以某公司的富氧底吹熔池熔炼炉为原型,运用数值模拟的方法对炉内氧气铜锍两相流动进行三维瞬态模拟,研究炉内气泡主要参数、气含率分布规律、氧枪出口附近压力变化以及液面波动情况。并借助于高速摄像仪设备,对水模型实验中气泡形成、合并、变形及破碎过程进行研究,所得结果与模拟结果进行比较。结果表明:所建立的数学模型是合理的。氧气铜锍两相流动模拟结果表明,炉内气泡形成时间为0.12~0.25 s,生成频率为4~5 Hz,其短轴大小集中在3.5d~6.5d(d为氧枪直径尺寸);气泡停留时间为0.2~0.4 s,其在熔池内的平均上浮速度约为4 m/s;7°和22°氧枪出口气泡后座现象出现的平均频率分别为5 Hz和7 Hz,作用时间为0.06 s;高效反应区存在于熔池上部区域;气相搅动液相所形成的表面重力波在沉淀区传播的过程中,波幅衰减很快,当波传播到出渣口附近时,液面趋于静止。     

Ar气泡在连铸坯固/液界面处运动行为的物理模拟研究

针对连铸过程中水口吹Ar工艺导致的铸坯缺陷,利用Cu质水冷插针进行物理模拟实验,研究了气泡在连铸坯固/液界面处的运动行为.通过观察气泡在固/液界面的运动行为,研究气泡被铸坯捕获机理.同时,对现场铸坯进行了取样分析,发现弯月面处生长的枝晶是气泡被凝固坯壳捕获的一个重要因素,进而提出生产中采用水口电磁制动和结晶器窄面处电磁搅拌的方法来改善铸坯质量,减少气泡凝入铸坯.     

Effect of nitrogen on micro-pores in DD33 single crystal superalloy during solidification and homogenization

The DD33 superalloy with ultra-low nitrogen (N) content was prepared by vacuum induced melting, and the effect of N on micro-pores in the DD33 single crystal nickel-base superalloy during solidification and homogenization was investigated by in-situ X-ray computed tomography (XCT). Results indicate that the volume fraction of micro-pores, including shrinkage pores and gas pores, increases from 0.08% to 0.11% with increasing N content from 5 ppm to 45 ppm during solidification. Correspondingly, the level of micro-pores in the sample with high N content is higher than that in the sample with low N content during homogenization at 1,330 °C for different time periods. However, the evolution behaviors of gas pores is different from that of shrinkage pores during solidification and homogenization. The number of gas pores is obviously larger in the high N sample during solidification, while the number of shrinkage pores and gas pores is almost the same in both samples after 1 h homogenization. Quantitative results show that the annihilation of micro-pores is associated with bubble diffusion, while the growth behavior of micro-pores during further exposure is dominated by Kirkendall-Frenkel effect.

     

Mathematical Simulation on Oxidation of Ilmenite in Fluidized Bed

ＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｎＯｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＩｌｍｅｎｉｔｅｉｎＦｌｕｉｄｉｚｅｄＢｅｄＳｕｎＫａｎｇ（孙康）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＮｏｎｆｅｒｒｏｕｓＭｅｔａｌｓ，ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｅｒｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｓｈｅｎｙ...     

Influence of Helium and Nitrogen Gases on the Properties of Cold Gas Dynamic Sprayed Pure Titanium Coatings

This study investigates the effect of propellant gas, helium, and nitrogen during cold spraying of titanium coatings. Coatings were characterized by SEM and were evaluated for their deposition efficiency (DE), microhardness, and porosity. In selected conditions, three particle velocities were investigated in which for each condition, the propelling gases?? temperature and pressure were attuned to attain similar particle velocities for each gas. Observations show that loosely bonded particles can be detached by high-pressure supersonic gas stream. Selected coatings were characterized by XPS to analyze the occurrence of oxidation and nitridation. Although generally accepted that coating characteristics can be affected by particle temperature, results show that for the same particle velocity, DE and coating density are also a function of substrate temperature. In addition, a thick and fully dense cold sprayed titanium coating was achieved with optimized spray parameters and nozzle using helium. The corresponding average particle velocity was 1173 m/s.     

地铁杂散电流干扰下管地电位波动特征的傅里叶分析

目的 辨识埋地管道受到地铁杂散电流干扰时管地电位的波动特征.方法 对上海、广州、深圳、武汉等4个城市中与地铁轨道邻近而受干扰的埋地管道进行24 h管地电位测试,并利用ORIGIN软件对管地电位数据分别进行快速傅里叶变换处理,统计分析不同城市埋地管道中地铁杂散电流干扰频率的分布特征.结果 管地通电电位对杂散电流干扰的响应...     

快速付里叶变换在板形检测中的应用

本文简述了付里叶变换原理及其快速算法在板形检测信号处理中的应用.通过在自行研制的动态板形检测模拟试验装置上测量板带的振动信息,采用快速付里叶变换对其进行频谱分析,获得板形缺陷信息,并将分析所得结果与剖条试验中实测的板带实际板形状况对比,两者对比结果是一致的、吻合的,从而为板形检测提供了一种新方法.     

中间包微气泡冶金技术发展

中间包中生成微小气泡可显著促进夹杂物上浮去除。对中间包微气泡精炼技术进行了分析总结,并针对研究较为深入的长水口吹氩技术相关文献进行了详细分析。结果表明,利用中间包中钢液湍动能破碎气泡可形成高效去除夹杂物技术,一些新技术正在研发过程中,长水口吹氩技术具有良好前景;“冷钢片沾钢”工业试验表明,中间包长水口吹氩可在中间包钢液中生成弥散细小氩气泡,生成的绝大部分氩气泡尺寸小于2 mm;长水口吹氩生成微小气泡的过程可分为气泡在长水口壁孔脱附和脱附气泡在湍急钢流中被剪碎成微小气泡两个阶段,其中钢液湍动能对氩气泡的剪切破碎作用十分明显;长水口吹氩技术水模型研究较多,数值模拟研究相对较少,工业试验研究才刚刚开始,有待更进一步的深入研究。     

板坯高拉速连铸台阶状水口的水模型研究

采用全比例水模型研究了一种用于板坯高拉速连铸的新型台阶状水口的流场、液面特征、液渣分布与流股特征。研究发现： 与原水口相比,使用该水口后结晶器内流场对称性更好;新水口在拉速2.4 m/min下平均波高最大值为 5.3 mm,比原水口最大值（6.4 mm）小17%,液位波动的FFT分析表明：新水口下液面波动频率集中在1.2 Hz (振幅为0.46 mm),而原水口液面波动频率集中在1.1Hz,振幅0.7 mm;使用新水口在高拉速下结晶器的表面流速为0.28 m/s,比原水口(0.41 m/s)小32%,且自由液面波峰波谷差和液渣层裸露面积均小于原水口;水口作用机理分析表明：由于新水口台阶的混合作用,促使水口出口两侧流股对称性更好,更有利于稳定液面和减少卷渣。