Microstructural evolution during aging of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy

The development of microstructure during the aging of Ti-10V-2Fe-3A1 alloy in the β and (α β) solution-treated and quenched conditions was investigated. The results showed that the isothermal holding below 400℃ yielded homogeneously distributed, spherical ω-phase particles. Fine α aggregates are formed uniformly within β grains by nucleating at ω particles or β/ω interfaces. At higher temperatures, thin martensite plates decomposed in water-quenched condition. The formation of ω phase was avoided and coarse α-phase plates directly precipitated from the β matrix. The highest hardness values were found when the alloys were aged at 400℃ for 8 h. The significance of the observations was discussed in terms of the effect of aging on the precipitations and property.     

二次碳化物的析出和转变对15Cr-1Mo-1.5V高铬铸铁硬化行为的影响

为了揭示高铬耐磨铸铁硬化的微观机制，提高其使用性能，采用光学显微镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射研究15Cr—1Mo—1．5V高铬铸铁中二次碳化物的析出和转变对其亚临界处理硬化行为的影响。研究结果表明，在833K进行亚临界处理时，出现两个硬化峰。残余奥氏体发生马氏体转变和二次碳化物(Fe，Cr)23C6的析出是第一个硬化峰形成的原因；MoC、(Cr，V)2C的析出导致材料的硬化则引起了第二个硬化峰形成。随后发生了(Fe，Cr)23C6向M3C型碳化物的原位转变，导致珠光体基体的形成，从而使材料硬度降低。     

Elevated-temperature properties of one long-life high-strength gun steel

The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of one quenched and tempered steel with nominal composition of Fe0.25C-3.0Cr-3.0Mo-0.6Ni-0. 1Nb (mass fraction) both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures were investigated in order to develop high-strength steel for long-life gun barrel use. It is found that the steel has lower decrease rate of tensile strength at elevated temperature in comparison with the commonly used G4335V high-strength gun steel, which contains higher Ni and lower Cr and Mo contents. The high elevated-temperature strength of the steel is attributed to the strong secondary hardening effect and high tempering softening resistance caused by the tempering precipitation of fine Mo-rich M2C carbides in the α-Fe matrix. The experimental steel is not susceptible to secondary hardening embrittlement, meanwhile, its room-temperature impact energy is much higher than the normal requirement of impact toughness for high strength gun steels. Therefore, the steel is suitable for production of long-life high-strength gun barrels with the combination of superior elevated-temperature strength and good impact toughness.     

低温时效对AZ81-4%Gd镁合金组织和性能的影响

为了研究低温时效对AZ81-4%Gd镁合金组织和性能的影响,对经过固溶处理后的该合金在150 ℃下进行不同时间的时效处理,采用x-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)以及硬度测试等技术,分析了经过不同时间时效后合金的显微组织和力学性能,并用金属学理论分析了合金组织和性能变化的原因.结果表明,合金在低温时效时,β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂相以连续和非连续两种方式析出,两种β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂相形貌不同.分析认为,β相的析出方式及形貌与其形核长大机理有关.在实验范围内,合金硬度随着时效时间的延长而逐渐增大.     

铜合金内硼化的研究

研究了Cu-Ni、Cu-Fe二元合金，Cu-Fe-Ni三元合金的内硼化，将成分分别为Fe3%Cu97%、Ni5%Cu95%、Fe3%Ni5%Cu92%、Fe1%Ni5%Cu94%4种铜合金在不同的温度和保温时间下进行内硼化处理，然后利用扫描电子显微镜观察形貌；并进行层深测量与显微硬度测试，结果表明，经内硼化处理后，三种合金的渗层硬度均明显高于基体硬度，硬度的最高值不在最表层而是在次表层；成分不同的合金经相同条件处理后，其组织形态与性能有明显区别；三种合金中Cu-Fe合金的内硼化效果较好。     

Effect of low temperature aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of super-high strength aluminum alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of two alloys, namely Al- 12.2%Zn-2.48%Cu-2.0%Mg-0.15%Zr-0. 166%Ag（alloy 1）, and Al-9.99%Zn-1.72%Cu-2.5%Mg-0.13%Zr（alloy 2） were investigated. The results show that low temperature aging after promotive solution treatment can increase elongation without the loss of strength for the studied alloys. The optimum aging treatment （T6） for alloy 1 and alloy 2 is 100 ℃/80 h and 100 ℃/48 h, respectively. Compared with other heat treatment alloys, alloy 1 and alloy 2 show super-high tensile strength up to 753 MPa and 788 MPa, remaining 9.3% and 9.7% elongation under T6 condition, respectively. During aging, trace addition of Ag enhances the formations of GP zone and metastable phase, and stabilizes GP zone and metastable phase to a higher temperature. Trace addition of Ag prolongs the aging time of reaching the peak strength and delays over-aging condition of the alloy. However, trace addition of Ag promotes the formation of coarse constituent in the alloy and consumes hardening alloying elements of Zn and Mg. Moreover, the addition of the transition element Zr in 7000 series super-high alloy forms incoherent Al3 Zr dispersoid which can serve as nucleation sites for nonuniform precipitation of η phase during aging process. The higher the aging temperature, the greater the tendency for nonuniform precipitation of η phase.     

A creep technique for monitoring the aging precipitation in Cu-Nb bainitic steels

A creep technique was applied on a Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator for monitoring the aging precipitation in ultra-low carbon steels containing various coppers. The aging hardening curve was obtained by the hardness testing. With the aid of an optical microscope and TEM, the microstructure and the aging precipitates were detected. The results indicate that when the precipitation occurs during the creep a plateau will appear on the creep curve; the left-hand and right-hand endings of the plateau correspond to the precipitation start （Ps） and finish （Pf） times, respectively. The Pf obtained from the creep curve coincides with the peak hardness time （tp） at the aging hardening curve. A precipitation-time-temperature （PTT） diagram of the steel can be obtained.     

合金元素对Cu-Te-Cr合金时效组织与性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子能谱(EDS)分析Cu-Te-Cr合金时效析出相的形貌与组成,研究合金元素对Cu-Te-Cr合金时效组织与性能的影响。结果表明,时效过程中Te、Cr以多元化合物或细小的单质Cr析出,合金的硬度明显升高,随时效温度的升高,Cr粒子长大,共格度降低;同时基体晶粒内,部分析出相重溶,使合金硬度下降;由于Cr和Te两种元素互不相溶,其交互作用生成CrxTey化合物,随着Te含量的增加,铸造过程中生成这种化合物越多,减少Cr元素在铜基体的固溶度,从而合金硬度下降,而导电率有所提高。     

Phase transformation behaviors and shape memory effects of TiNiFeAl shape memory alloys

Measurements of electrical resistivity, X-ray diffraction, and tensile test at room temperature and ?196°C were performed to investigate the effects of Al addition substituting Ni on the phase transformation behaviors, the mechanical properties, and the shape memory effects of Ti50Ni47Fe2Al1 and Ti50Ni46.5Fe2.5Al1 alloys. It is found that 1at% Al addition dramatically decreases the martensitic start transformation temperature and expands the transformation temperature range of R-phase for TiNiFeAl alloys. The results of tensile test indicate that 1at% Al improves the yield strength of Ti50Ni47Fe2Al1 and Ti50Ni46.5Fe2.5Al1 alloys by 40% and 64%, but de- creases the plasticity to 11% and 12% from 26% and 27% respectively. Moreover, excellent shape memory effect of 6.6% and 7.5% were found in Ti50Ni47Fe2Al1 and Ti50Ni46.5Fe2.5Al1 alloys, which results from the stress-induced martensite transformation from the R-phase.     

降Nb,V,Ni添加Mn对HD钢二次硬化的影响

利用透射电镜和化学相分析研究了降低Nb,V,Ni含量以及添加Mn对HD钢二次硬化的影响。研究结果表明,降低Nb,V,Ni后对二次硬化温度影响不大,但硬度升高。添加Mn可使二次硬化温度提前,并使硬度进一步升高。二次硬化主要由V_4C_3和Mo_2C引起。回火时沿孪晶界析出片状渗碳体。     

Effect of homogenization treatment on microstrucmre and properties of Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy

The effect of homogenization on the hardness, tensile properties, electrical conductivity and microstructure of as-cast Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.25Sc-0.12Zr alloy was studied. The results show that during homogenization as-cast studied alloy has obviously hardening effect that is similar to aging hardening behavior in traditional Al alloys. The precipitates are mainly Al3（Sc,Zr） and Al6Mn When homogenization temperature increases the hardness peak value is declined and the time corresponding to hardness peak value is shortened. The electrical conductivity of the alloy monotonously increases with increasing homogenization temperature and time. The decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution containing Sc and Zr which is formed during direct chilling casting and the precipitation of Al3（Sc, Zr） cause hardness increasing. The depletion of the matrix solid solubility decreases the ability of electron scattering in the alloy, resulting in the electrical conductivity increased. Tensile property result at hot rolling state shows that the optimal homogenization treatment processing is holding at 300-350℃ for 6-8 h.     

时效对Mg-7Gd-4Y-0.6Zn-0.6Zr合金显微组织及硬度的影响

为了提高Mg合金的强韧性和抗高温性能.文中通过显微硬度测试、差示扫描量热仪及透射电镜分析,研究了挤压Mg-7Gd-4Y-0.6Zn-0.6Zr系镁合金的显微硬度及时效析出相的结构.结果表明:钆的添加增强了Mg-Gd-Y合金的时效硬化效果,对合金时效硬化的总体规律无明显影响.透射电镜分析发现具有DO19超点阵的β″和斜方晶体β′相在合金时效硬化阶段析出,提高了合金硬度.在时效后期由于粗大的针片状1β相析出,使合金硬度下降.     

长期时效过程中GH4586合金的微观组织演变机理

系统研究了航空涡轮盘GH4586A和GH4586B合金在700～800℃长期时效时,合金微观组织的演变过程.重点研究了时效过程中沉淀强化相与奥氏体基体的稳定性,尤其是拓扑密排相（TCP相）析出行为及其与时效温度和时效时间的关系.研究表明,长期时效过程中GH4586B合金未见TCP相析出,但γ＇相随时效时间的延长快速粗化,导致合金室温与高温强度显著衰减.GH4586A合金的γ＇相长大缓慢,从而保持了稳定的抗拉强度,但在750℃、2 000 h以上时效时出现了μ相析出在晶界与晶内M6C二次碳化物表面形核并以半共格形式向奥氏体基体内生长,致使合金的塑性有所下降.     

The aging feature of Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy containing Sc

The aging behaviors of Al-1.42% Li-2.41% Cu-0.93% Mg-0.073% Zr-0.17% Sc (mass fraction, the same below) alloy at room temperature, 160 °C, and 160°C after 8% pre-deformation were studied respectively by hardness measurement. The microstructure of the alloy in various aging conditions was observed by TEM. The results show that the main precipitations of the alloy in quenching condition are the particles containing Sc and Zr which have certain coherent relation with the matrix. Addition of Sc in Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy will be favorable to promoting precipitation. The particles can serve as preferred nucleation sites for δ′ phases which accelerate the aging hardening rate at initial aging. The main hardening phases of the alloy aged at 160 °C are δ′ and δ′/β′ composite precipitates. The size of the composite precipitates is very small (nanometer size). The composite precipitates will preclude efficiently the formation concentrative slip location and will improve the mechanical properties of the alloy. S′ phase will occur in the alloy aged at 160 °C after 8% pre-deformation. It is found that 8% pre-deformation has no obvious influence on the precipitation of the composite phase. Foundation item: The Key Program of the 9th Five-year Plan of China (No. 95-YS-001) Biography of the first author: TAN Cheng-yu, associate professor, born in 1963, majoring in materials and their suface performances.     

CoAlW合金时效过程中γ'相析出的相场模拟

运用相场方法模拟了CoAlW合金时效过程中,L12有序结构的γ'相从共格无序面心立方母相γ中析出的过程.基于静态浓度波的形式描述结构的有序度,构造了关于浓度和有序度的自由能曲面.将晶格的错配应变和L12结构的4种反相纳入模型中,并考虑两相弹性模量差别对组织演化的影响.通过二维计算机模拟,得到与实验相符的组织形态,证实了...     

Dynamic recrystallization-induced temperature insensitivity of yield stress in single-crystal Al1.2CrFeCoNi micropillars

High-entropy alloys, a new class of metallic materials, exhibit excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. In spite of the worldwide interest, the underlying mechanisms for temperature dependence of mechanical properties of these alloys remain poorly understood. Here, we systemically investigate the mechanical behaviors and properties of Al_(1.2)CrFeCoNi(comprising a body-centered cubic phase) and Al_(0.3)CrFeCoNi(comprising a face-centered cubic phase) single-crystal micropillars with three orientations([100], [110], and [111]) at temperatures varying from 300 to 675 K by using in situ compression of micropillars inside a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the yield stresses of Al_(1.2)CrFeCoNi micropillars are insensitive to temperature changes, and their flow stresses and work hardening rates increase slightly with increasing temperature from 300 to550 K, which differs from the typical temperature dependence of yield/flow stresses in metals and alloys. In contrast,Al_(0.3)CrFeCoNi micropillars exhibit typical thermal softening. Furthermore, it is found that the Al_(1.2)CrFeCoNi micropillars exhibit a transition from homogenous deformation to localized deformation at a critical temperature, while the Al_(0.3)CrFeCoNi micropillars always maintain a well-distributed and fine slip deformation. Detailed transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that dynamic recrystallization(involving dislocation tangles, and formation of dislocation cell structures and sub-grains)plays a key role in the observed temperature insensitivity of the yield stress and increasing flow stress(and work hardening rate)with increasing temperature in the Al_(1.2)CrFeCoNi micropillars, and that thermally activated dislocation slip leads to thermal softening of the Al_(0.3)CrFeCoNi micropillars. The differences in deformation modes and temperature dependence of the mechanical properties between Al_(1.2)CrFeCoNi and Al_(0.3)CrFeCoNi essentially originate from the differences in dislocation activities and slip systems since the two alloys adopt different phases. Our findings provide key insights in the temperature dependence of mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of high-entropy alloys with body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic phases.     

50CrV低温二次硬化机理的探讨

设计了低温回火工艺，使50CrV钢的硬度提高，通过对比实验和采用透射电镜，探讨了低温二次硬化产生的机理，结果表明，低温回火时VC的弥散折出导致了50CrV钢的硬度升高，微合金钢中强碳化物形成元素Nb,V,Ti的沉淀强化和固溶强化引起低温二次硬化。     

Fe^2＋质量浓度对纳米晶Ni-Fe合金电沉积层耐蚀性的影响

采用直流电沉积技术在黄铜基体上制备出低Fe高Ni的纳米晶Ni-Fe合金镀层。研究不同Fe2＋质量浓度（2～12 g/L）对合金镀层的表面形貌、镀层成分、相结构、镀层显微硬度和耐蚀性的影响规律。实验结果表明,电镀Ni-Fe合金可获得纳米晶结构,当Fe2＋质量浓度为4 g/L时,硬度较高,为658 HV。在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中,Fe2＋质量浓度为4 g/L时,合金镀层的耐蚀性最好,自腐蚀电流密度较小,约为0.430μA/cm2,涂层电阻较大,约为143 400Ω,比基体黄铜提高约40倍。     

Relationships between the precipitation of α2 ordered phase and alloying elements／electron concentration in α＋α2 titanium alloys

Some experimental α α2 alloys were prepared by the addition of tin or aluminum elements into Ti-55 alloy. These alloys were designed with varied electron concentration values and named as Sn-rich alloys and Al-rich alloys, respectively. The precipitation and growth of α2 ordered phase in the tested alloys under various heat treatment conditions were investigated. Some comparisons among the experimental results were performed and discussed in detail. Stronger precipitation and growth of α2 ordered phasewere caused in Al-rich alloys but relatively weak change in Sn-rich alloys with increasing the electron concentration. The precipitation of α2 ordered phase in Al-rich alloys is stronger than that in Sn-rich alloys when the electron concentration value is the same for the two alloys.     

Relationships between the precipitation of α2 ordered phase and alloying elements/electron concentration in α+α2 titanium alloys

Some experimental α α2 alloys were prepared by the addition of tin or aluminum elements into Ti-55 alloy. These alloys were designed with varied electron concentration values and named as Sn-rich alloys and Al-rich alloys, respectively. The precipitation and growth of α2 ordered phase in the tested alloys under various heat treatment conditions were investigated. Some comparisons among the experimental results were performed and discussed in detail. Stronger precipitation and growth of α2 ordered phase were caused in Al-rich alloys but relatively weak change in Sn-rich alloys with increasing the electron concentration. The precipitation of α2 ordered phase in Al-rich alloys is stronger than that in Sn-rich alloys when the electron concentration value is the same for the two alloys.