网孔形接触式塔盘

网孔形接触式塔盘是一种新型塔盘。它具有负荷能力高、压降低、效率高、造价低等优点。本文介绍了网孔形接触式塔盘的结构特点、操作性能以及在化工生产中的实际应用,并与浮阀塔盘的操作性能进行了对比。     

X-4.5盘形悬式绝缘子的试制

介绍了以山西原料为主,生产X—4.5盘形悬式绝缘子的工艺过程及坯釉配方情况,对粘土的用量、纯度、级配以及性能与电瓷性能的关系进行了初步探讨,分析了烧成过程特别是高火保温时间与电瓷性能的关系。一、前言 X—4.5盘形悬式绝缘子是电力工业中不可缺少的绝缘材料,主要用在交流高压架空电力线路中绝缘和固定导线。试制生产X—4.5对改善企业产品结构,提高企业经济     

垂直筛板和T形排列条形浮阀塔盘的初步研究

在φ300mm的实验塔中,用水-空气系统对“T”形排列条形浮阀塔盘及“VST”塔盘的流体力学性能及氧解吸效率做了实验研究。得出了塔板压降、泄漏、夹带、液层阻力降以及降液管中清液层高度的初步关联式。 在相同实验条件下与F_1型浮阀塔盘的数据对比、分析的基础上,发现了VST和T形排列条形浮阀塔盘的分离效率和板压降与F_1型浮阀塔盘相当,而操作范围要比F_1型浮阀宽。     

平行轴渐开线单斜齿齿轮

对平行轴渐开线单斜齿齿轮的计算进行简要的介绍,罗列了齿轮设计中需要注意的问题,明确变位齿轮及安全系数的重要性。     

啮合同向双螺杆挤出机中齿形盘元件不同螺杆构型的性能分析

在相同的模拟条件下，通过对啮合同向双螺杆挤出机中齿形盘元件不同螺杆构型的流量、回流系数、剪切速率和剪切应力的分析，得到混合或(和)输送较佳的螺杆构型，并分析了其原因。     

内浮盘密封性的探讨

在通过记录我司以往的高挥发性货物的储存损耗情况,我们分析相同罐容不同罐形（内浮盘储罐与拱顶储罐）、不同罐容相同罐形、不同浮盘形式等方面的储罐储存损耗数据,对内浮盘减少95％的挥发损耗进行验证。然后通过深入分析浮盘附件、材料选择与验收、浮盘的加工与安装工艺等方面对油气挥发的影响,据此找出浮盘对油品储存损耗影响的根本原因,探讨浮盘密封的优化方案,为内浮盘选用的技术指标提出建议。     

金刚石选形机振动的频率和振动波形对选形效果的影响

金刚石分选是金刚石生产工艺中必不可少的一道工序。在金刚石选形过程中,金刚石的形状、金刚石的粒度、分选盘的工作角度、分选盘的表面粗糙度、选形机的激振力大小、选形机工作部分的振动方向及选形动作是否流畅等因素对选形效果均有不同程度的影响。文章重点分析和研究了金刚石选形机在进行选形时不同的振动频率和振动波形对金刚石选形效果的影响规律,结果表明:输入电流的频率和波形直接影响选形机的电磁激振力,其对选形效果产生比较大的影响。     

啮合盘元件中粉体聚集体分散混合的数值模拟

采用有限元方法对啮合同向双螺杆挤出机的啮合盘元件流场进行了三维等温模拟计算，根据流场计算所得到的速度场通过编程计算得到了物料在啮合盘元件中的三维流动路径,结合粉体聚集体的分散模型和三维流动路径，计算得到了粉体聚集体在啮合盘元件出口的平均直径及其分布。     

泡罩塔盘结构设计探讨

结合工程实践，对泡罩塔盘的结构要点进行分析，并介绍了几种有良好运行经验的塔盘结构设计，以期为相关的工程设计提供一定参考。     

盘式螺杆微注塑机动盘结构优化研究

为了提高盘式螺杆微注塑机的塑化性能,通过多物理场建模仿真软件对其塑化过程进行了数值模拟,并对其动盘进行了结构优化.首先对动盘的结构参数进行了理论分析,然后对参数改变后的结构进行仿真计算与分析,探究各参数对塑化性能的影响规律,最终结合各参数对塑化性能的影响能力,考虑盘式螺杆实际情况设计出了动盘优化结构.结果表明,采用通过...     

同向双螺杆挤出机中齿形元件的流动和混合模拟

应用POLYFLOW软件,采用三维非等温、Cross模型,对高聚物熔体在双螺杆挤出机齿形元件和断裂螺纹元件中的流动和混合过程进行了数值模拟,并用示踪粒子法研究了不同颜色粒子的流迹和停留时间、剪切速率、剪切应力、拉伸速率的分布。在此基础上,对两种元件的分布性混合和分散性混合性能进行的量化分析对比发现,与断裂螺纹元件相比,齿形元件有着弱的输送能力和建压能力,强的轴向温升能力,强的分布性混合能力和分散性混合能力。     

Effect of multifunctional comonomers on the properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers

The properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and its copolymers containing 0.04–0.15 mol% of pentaerythritol and trimethylolethane (TME) have been investigated. The molecular weight of the copolymers increased with comonomer content, and this effect was observed significantly with pentaerythritol copolymers, resulting in broad molecular weight distribution. The comonomer effect on the mechanical properties was small. The shear viscosity of the copolymers showed shear thinning within the experimental shear rate range. The crystallization rate and birefringence of the fibres containing 0.103 mol% pentaerythritol increased with the spin draw ratio, whereas they decreased with comonomer content. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

螺杆组合对玻纤增强聚酰胺66纤维长度及力学性能的影响

研究了在同向双螺杆挤出机不同混合段螺杆组合下制备玻璃纤维(GF)增强聚酰胺66(PA66)复合材料时的纤维破坏情况,并通过沿螺杆轴向取样分析纤维长度沿挤出方向的变化规律,研究了不同螺杆组合对制品力学性能的影响,设计出适合于PA66/马来酸酐接枝乙烯辛烯共聚物(POE-g-MAH)/GF体系的螺杆组合。结果表明,合理设计纤维加入后的螺杆组合可以有效提高剩余纤维长度及制品的力学性能,同捏合块相比,使用反向齿形盘能够在提供较强混合能力的同时保证较低的剪切强度,从而有利于保持纤维长度,并有助于纤维的分散及物料的混合;将混合元件分开布置,并用输送元件将其分隔开,有助于提高输送能力,保持纤维长度。     

Ablative Radiotherapy Reprograms the Tumor Microenvironment of a Pancreatic Tumor in Favoring the Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy

The low overall survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer has driven research to seek a new therapeutic protocol. Radiotherapy (RT) is frequently an option in the neoadjuvant or palliative settings for pancreatic cancer treatment. This study explored the effect of RT protocols on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their consequent impact on anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) therapy. Using a murine orthotopic pancreatic tumor model, UN-KC-6141, RT-disturbed TME was examined by immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that ablative RT is more effective than fractionated RT at recruiting T cells. On the other hand, fractionated RT induces more myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration than ablative RT. The RT-disturbed TME presents a higher perfusion rate per vessel. The increase in vessel perfusion is associated with a higher amount of anti-PD-L1 antibody being delivered to the tumor. Animal survival is increased by anti-PD-L1 therapy after ablative RT, with 67% of treated animals surviving more than 30 days after tumor inoculation compared to a median survival time of 16.5 days for the control group. Splenocytes isolated from surviving animals were specifically cytotoxic for UN-KC-6141 cells. We conclude that the ablative RT-induced TME is more suited than conventional RT-induced TME to combination therapy with immune checkpoint blockade.     

Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options

The prevalence of liver cancer is constantly rising, with increasing incidence and mortality in Europe and the USA in recent decades. Among the different subtypes of liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed liver cancer. Besides advances in diagnosis and promising results of pre-clinical studies, HCC remains a highly lethal disease. In many cases, HCC is an effect of chronic liver inflammation, which leads to the formation of a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of immune and stromal cells. The TME of HCC patients is a challenge for therapies, as it is involved in metastasis and the development of resistance. However, given that the TME is an intricate system of immune and stromal cells interacting with cancer cells, new immune-based therapies are being developed to target the TME of HCC. Therefore, understanding the complexity of the TME in HCC will provide new possibilities to design novel and more effective immunotherapeutics and combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance to treatment. In this review, we describe the role of inflammation during the development and progression of HCC by focusing on TME. We also describe the most recent therapeutic advances for HCC and possible combinatorial treatment options.     

GeromiRs Are Downregulated in the Tumor Microenvironment during Colon Cancer Colonization of the Liver in a Murine Metastasis Model

Cancer is a phenomenon broadly related to ageing in various ways such as cell cycle deregulation, metabolic defects or telomerases dysfunction as principal processes. Although the tumor cell is the main actor in cancer progression, it is not the only element of the disease. Cells and the matrix surrounding the tumor, called the tumor microenvironment (TME), play key roles in cancer progression. Phenotypic changes of the TME are indispensable for disease progression and a few of these transformations are produced by epigenetic changes including miRNA dysregulation. In this study, we found that a specific group of miRNAs in the liver TME produced by colon cancer called geromiRs, which are miRNAs related to the ageing process, are significantly downregulated. The three principal cell types involved in the liver TME, namely, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate (Ito) cells and Kupffer cells, were isolated from a murine hepatic metastasis model, and the miRNA and gene expression profiles were studied. From the 115 geromiRs and their associated hallmarks of aging, which we compiled from the literature, 75 were represented in the used microarrays, 26 out of them were downregulated in the TME cells during colon cancer colonization of the liver, and none of them were upregulated. The histone modification hallmark of the downregulated geromiRs is significantly enriched with the geromiRs miR-15a, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c. We built a network of all of the geromiRs downregulated in the TME cells and their gene targets from the MirTarBase database, and we analyzed the expression of these geromiR gene targets in the TME. We found that Cercam and Spsb4, identified as prognostic markers in a few cancer types, are associated with downregulated geromiRs and are upregulated in the TME cells.     

The Ferroptosis Molecular Subtype Reveals Characteristics of the Tumor Microenvironment,Immunotherapeutic Response,and Prognosis in Gastric Cancer

Ferroptosis is a relatively new form of programmed cell death, which can enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy by regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the face of the dilemma of a great difference in the efficacy of immunotherapy for gastric cancer (GC) patients, the exploration of ferroptosis may assist us in predicting immunotherapy efficacy prior to treatment. The potential role of ferroptosis in TME still needs further elucidation. Based on ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs), we systematically evaluated ferroptosis molecular subtypes in gastric cancer. Additionally, the association between these molecular subtypes and the characteristics of TME was examined. A ferroptosis score was constructed to further explore the predictive efficacy of ferroptosis on the immunotherapy response in gastric cancer. There were also 32 other cancers that were evaluated. Three molecular subtypes of ferroptosis in gastric cancer were identified. The three immunophenotypes of tumor immune inflamed, immune excluded, as well as immune desert were mostly in agreement with the TME features of these three subtypes. The individual tumor genetic variation, TME characteristics, immunotherapy response, and prognosis could be assessed by a ferroptosis score. High ferroptosis scores in gastric cancer suggest stromal activation and immunosuppression. It is noted that tumors with a low ferroptosis score are characterized by extensive tumor mutations as well as an immune activation, which are associated with an enhanced immunotherapy response and an improved prognosis. This study reveals that ferroptosis plays an integral role in the regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment. The ferroptosis score may serve as an independent prognostic factor for GC and will deepen our understanding of the TME infiltration mechanisms as well as lead to more rational immunotherapy regimens.     

Hijacked Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosuppression and Cues to Improve T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors

The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell–cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response depends on several TME factors. In this context, the number, type, and subsets of immune cells, as well as the functionality, memory, and exhaustion state of leukocytes are key factors of the TME. Both the presence and functionality of immune cells, in particular T cells, are regulated by cellular and soluble factors of the TME. In this regard, one fundamental reason for failure of antitumor responses is hijacked immune cells, which contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in multiple ways. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have central roles in generating an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we focused on recent developments in the immune cell constituents of the TME, and the micromilieu control of antitumor responses. Furthermore, we highlighted the current challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies and potential future strategies to consider for strengthening their effectiveness.     

Benzothiazole‐accelerated sulfur vulcanization. I. 2‐Mercaptobenzothiazole as accelerator for 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene

2,3‐Dimethyl‐2‐butene (TME) was used as a model compound for polyisoprene in a study of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)‐accelerated sulfur vulcanization. Mixes that contained curatives only were heated in a DSC to various temperatures, while those that also contained TME were heated isothermally at 150°C in evacuated, sealed glass ampules. Heated mixtures were analyzed for residual curatives, intermediates, and reaction products by HPLC. It is proposed that MBT forms polysulfidic species (BtS_xH) in the presence of sulfur and that these react with TME via a concerted, substitutive reaction pathway to form polysulfidic hydrogen‐terminated pendent groups of varying sulfur rank (TME–S_xH). MBT is released as a by‐product of this reaction. Crosslinking occurs slowly as a result of the interaction of polythiol pendent groups, the rate being dependent on the pendent group concentration. H₂S is released on crosslinking. 2,3‐Dimethyl‐2‐butene–1‐thiol was synthesized and reacted in the presence of sulfur to confirm the formation of crosslinked products (TME–S_x–TME). Benzothiazole‐terminated pendent groups (TME–S_xBt) were not observed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1377–1385, 2000     

Chidamide plus Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Remodel the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Reduce Tumor Progression When Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Naïve and Anti-PD-1 Resistant CT26-Bearing Mice

Combined inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathways has shown efficacy in multiple cancers; however, the clinical outcomes show limited benefits and the unmet clinical needs still remain and require improvement in efficacy. Using murine colon carcinoma (CT26) allograft models, we examined the efficacy and elucidated novel tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling mechanisms underlying the combination of chidamide (a benzamide-based class l histone deacetylase inhibitor; brand name in Taiwan, Kepida^®) with VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs; cabozantinib/regorafenib, etc.) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs; anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4 antibodies). The TME was assessed using flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing to determine the novel mechanisms and their correlation with therapeutic effects in mice with significant treatment response. Compared with ICI alone or cabozantinib/regorafenib + ICI, combination of chidamide + cabozantinib/regorafenib + ICI increased the tumor response and survival benefits. In particular, treatment of CT26-bearing mice with chidamide + regorafenib + anti-PD-1 antibody showed a better objective response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). Similar results were observed in anti-PD-1 treatment-resistant mice. After treatment with this optimal combination, in the TME, RNA-sequencing revealed that downregulated mRNAs were correlated with leukocyte migration, cell chemotaxis, and macrophage gene sets, and flow cytometry analysis showed that the cell numbers of myeloid-derived polymorphonuclear suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages were decreased. Accordingly, chidamide + regorafenib + anti-PD-1 antibody combination therapy could trigger a novel TME remodeling mechanism by attenuating immunosuppressive cells, and restoring T-cell activation to enhance ORR and OS. Our studies also showed that the addition of Chidamide to the regorafenib + anti-PD-1 Ab combination could induce a durable tumor-specific response by attenuating immune suppression in the TME. In addition, this result suggests that TME remodeling, mediated by epigenetic immunomodulator combined with TKI and ICI, would be more advantageous for achieving a high objective response rate, when compared to TKI plus ICI or ICI alone, and maintaining long-lasting antitumor activity.