热泵干燥过程中低温热泵补热的应用分析

针对木材干燥中的不利工况,提高干燥系统的可靠性,根据两级压缩制冷循环原理,提出了低温热泵和干燥热泵的耦合应用方案。使用能量的?损失模型,分别对干燥系统进行热量、干燥介质的质扩散和除湿过程的?损失进行分析。在低温热泵20、22、24、26、28、30℃以及关闭低温热泵的供热情况下分别测试计算了干燥热泵压缩机的排气温度与能耗、热泵性能系数(COP)以及热力完善度,同时测得木材含水率下降1%,系统的干燥用时和能耗。结果表明:相比于关闭低温热泵,开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的排气温度最多减少了16℃,COP皆有所提高。由于主机室温度升高后,系统循环的不可逆程度增加,热力完善度随着供热温度增加逐渐降低。开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的供热量和用时比关闭低温热泵最大分别增加44%,减少46%。     

热泵干燥过程中低温热泵补热的应用分析

针对木材干燥中的不利工况,提高干燥系统的可靠性,根据两级压缩制冷循环原理,提出了低温热泵和干燥热泵的耦合应用方案。使用能量的（火用）损失模型,分别对干燥系统进行热量、干燥介质的质扩散和除湿过程的（火用）损失进行分析。在低温热泵20、22、24、26、28、30℃以及关闭低温热泵的供热情况下分别测试计算了干燥热泵压缩机的排气温度与能耗、热泵性能系数（COP）以及热力完善度,同时测得木材含水率下降1%,系统的干燥用时和能耗。结果表明：相比于关闭低温热泵,开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的排气温度最多减少了16℃,COP皆有所提高。由于主机室温度升高后,系统循环的不可逆程度增加,热力完善度随着供热温度增加逐渐降低。开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的供热量和用时比关闭低温热泵最大分别增加44%,减少46%。     

污泥热泵干燥速率及能耗的实验研究

利用小型热泵干燥试验台，对污泥干燥过程含水率、空气参数（温度、相对湿度）及热泵参数（制冷工质参数、排水量、能耗等）的变化进行了试验测试，并着重对干燥速率、能量回收率及影响因素进行了分析。试验显示，依靠外热源预热后，污泥干燥过程仅依靠热泵回收的排气余热供热，干燥箱内平均温度可达63℃，最高迭71℃。干燥箱内温度的高低取决于受制冷工况影响的热泵供风温度。污泥干燥速率随空气温度升高和相对湿度的降低而增大，湿基含水率从42．6％到18．74％的平均干燥速率为0．123％／（m·min）。热泵干燥回收排气余热的节能效果显著，并随热泵排水量的增加而增大。平均能量回收率为39．1％，最大值为48．9％和最小值为23．6％，分别发生在热泵排水量最大和最小的阶段。     

软胶丸干燥机的研究与开发

分析了原软胶丸干燥中存在的几种问题,依据软胶丸的干燥特性提出了将热泵系统应用于软胶丸干燥过程的新型工艺流程。以此为依据所建造的ＴＸＬ型软胶丸干燥机的实际运行结果表明：该新型干燥机解决了原干燥工艺存在的问题,所设计的热泵系统具有显著的节能效果,其能耗仅为原干燥工艺能耗的１／９。     

稻谷就仓低温通风干燥系统生产性实验

中国是稻谷的生产和消费大国，总产量占世界总产的33％左右，居世界第一位。传统的稻谷高温烘干方法介质温度高、干燥生产能耗大、费用高，烘干后稻谷惊纹率高，整精米率降低，严重影响稻谷加工和食用品质。在探索稻谷低温通风干燥特性、综合分析国内外稻谷低温通风干燥特性试验研究成果的基础上，研制了稻谷深层通风干燥系统，确定了立管式多环径向通风干燥工艺路线，通过稻谷就仓通风干燥系统的生产性实验，对通风干燥仓结构性能、稻谷通风前后质量变化规律等进行了测试，验证了稻谷低温通风干燥的科学性与可行性。     

枸杞真空常压脉动干燥设备的设计

针对短时间内对大量枸杞进行干燥的问题,提出采用真空常压脉动干燥技术,使干燥过程中压力在真空与常压之间交替变化,降低能耗,提高干燥效率。通过对枸杞的真空脉动干燥工艺的试验研究,寻找到最佳真空脉动干燥曲线。根据最佳干燥工艺曲线,设计干燥面积为50m2的真空脉动干燥机及其自动控制系统。该装置实现了对真空度和温度的智能调节,提高了枸杞的干燥速率并改善了干燥效果,大幅度缩短干燥时间,提高枸杞的干燥品质。     

MVR技术用于空心桨叶干燥机干燥污泥恒速段实验研究

为降低干燥过程的能耗,基于空心桨叶干燥机建立了一套机械蒸汽再压缩式热泵干燥系统,采用罗茨压缩机驱动,对污泥间歇干燥过程的恒速段进行实验研究,实验结果表明:在恒速段,降低干燥压力、适当减小压缩比、选择合适的转轴频率均有利用提高系统的运行效率;在实验条件范围内,MVR热泵干燥系统的COP为3.9~5.0,SMER为5.2~7.7。     

太阳能辅助型热泵干燥装置的设计与试验

热泵干燥装置作为节能、环保的新型干燥装置具有高效节能、常压低温干燥、结构形式多样、无污染等特点而得到广泛应用.但热泵干燥装置在闭式循环中,前期启动和后期降速阶段存在不足:前期预热过程缓慢、启动时间长、启动阶段效率低;后期降速阶段的干燥速率低、干燥物料品质不高.本论文利用太阳能与热泵结合,提高干燥效率.     

新型间接加热连续型干燥机的设计及干燥工艺

设计了一种新型间接加热连续型干燥机及干燥工艺。该设备是一种物料运行时间可调、热传递效率高的连续型干燥机;该工艺是由喂料系统、干燥机、除尘器、喷淋装置、循环风机、加热器、传热介质等构成的闭路循环干燥流程。整个闭路循环干燥工艺中,介质使用量少,物料停留时间短,热传递效率高,因而降低了生产能耗与成本。     

鱿鱼热泵-热风联合干燥节能研究

以热泵干燥阶段的温度、分阶段干燥的水分转换点、后期热风干燥阶段的温度为影响因素,以单位能耗除湿值（SMER）和总挥发性盐基氮值（T—VBN）两者的综合指标Y为最终评价指标进行响应面优化分析,得出了联合干燥最佳工艺参数：热泵干燥温度（X1=54．3℃）、水分转换点（X2=32．3％）和热风干燥温度（X3=43．5℃）。在最优工艺条件下比较HPD、HPD＋AD、AD三种干燥方式下的样品品质和耗能,联合干燥得到的鱿鱼干品质高于热风干燥,而且降低了干燥能耗38．67％。     

Heat Pump Drying of Green Sweet Pepper

Thin-layer drying experiments under controlled conditions were conducted for green sweet pepper in heat pump dryer at 30, 35, and 40°C and hot air dryer at 45°C with relative humidities ranging from 19 to 55%. The moisture content of sweet pepper slices reduced exponentially with drying time. As the temperature increased, the drying curve exhibited a steeper slope, thus exhibiting an increase in drying rate. Drying of green sweet pepper took place mainly under the falling-rate period. The Page equation was found to be better than the Lewis equation to describe the thin-layer drying of green sweet pepper with higher coefficient of determination and lower root mean square error. Drying in heat pump dryer at 40°C took less time with higher drying rate and specific moisture extraction rate as compared to hot air drying at 45°C due to lower relative humidity of the drying air in a heat pump dryer though the drying air temperature was less. The retention of total chlorophyll content and ascorbic acid content was observed to be more in heat pump–dried samples with higher rehydration ratios and sensory scores. The quality parameters showed a declining trend with increase in drying air temperature from 30 to 45°C. Keeping in view the energy consumption and quality attributes of dehydrated products, it is proposed to dry green sweet pepper at 35°C in heat pump dryer.     

Saffron Drying with a Heat Pump–Assisted Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal Solar Dryer

Saffron is the most expensive spice and Iran is the largest producer of this crop in the world. Saffron quality is profoundly affected by the drying method. Recent research has shown that hybrid photovoltaic–thermal solar power systems are more efficient in comparison with individual photovoltaic and thermal systems. In addition, heat pump dryers are highly energy efficient. Furthermore, they are suitable for heat-sensitive crops such as saffron. Therefore, in the present study, the performance of a hybrid photovoltaic–thermal solar dryer equipped with a heat pump system was considered for saffron drying, in order to obtain a high-quality product and reduce fossil fuel consumption. The effect of air mass flow rate at three levels (0.008, 0.012, and 0.016 kg/s), drying air temperature at three levels (40, 50, and 60°C), and two different dryer modes (with and without the heat pump unit) on the operating parameters of the dryer was investigated. The results of the investigation showed that total drying time and energy consumption decreased as air flow rate and drying air temperature increased. Applying a heat pump with the dryer led to a reduction in the drying time and energy consumption and an increase in electrical efficiency of the solar collector. The average total energy consumption was reduced by 33% when the dryer was equipped with a heat pump. Maximum values for electrical and thermal efficiency of the solar collector were found to be 10.8 and 28%, respectively. A maximum dryer efficiency of 72% and maximum specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) of 1.16 were obtained at an air flow rate of 0.016 kg/s and air temperature of 60°C when using the heat pump.     

Efficient Energy Recovery with Wood Drying Heat Pumps

This article presents a 13-m³ wood dryer coupled with a 5.6-kW (compressor power input) heat pump. Drying tests with hardwood species such as yellow birch and hard maple were completed in order to determine the system's energy performance. Supplementary heating to compensate for the dryer heat losses was supplied using electrical coils or steam exchangers. The heat pump running profiles and dehumidification performance in terms of volumes removed and water extraction rates, coefficients of performance, and specific moisture extraction rates were determined for two all-electrical and two hybrid drying tests. The hardwood drying curves, share of the final moisture content, and final quality of the dried wood stacks, as well as total drying energy consumption and costs, were determined for each drying run. Finally, the total energy consumption of the drying cycles using a heat pump was compared with that of a conventional drying cycle using natural gas as a single energy source.     

Calculation Steps for the Design of Different Components of Heat Pump Dryers Under Constant Drying Rate Condition

Heat pump–assisted dryers are an alternative method for drying heat-sensitive food products at low temperature and less relative humidity with lower energy consumption. The mathematical models of a heat pump dryer consist of three submodels; namely, drying models, heat pump models, and performance models. Heat and mass balance of both refrigerant and air circuits in all components of the system are used for development of mathematical models. The models are used for design of different components of heat pump dryers operating under constant drying rate condition. A simple stepwise design procedure for batch-type, closed-loop heat pump dryer is also presented.     

Investigation on Drying Performance and Energy Savings of the Batch-Type Heat Pump Dryer

Simulation of the heat pump cycle and the drying process has been carried out to obtain the design parameters of the dryer. The analysis indicates that a specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) greater than 3.4 kg/kWh can be obtained. A box-type heat pump dryer has been developed and investigated for the performance of drying of shredded radish. Heat pump drying took 1.0–1.5 times longer than hot air drying. However, the heat pump dryer showed considerable improvement in energy savings. The SMER of the heat pump dryer was about three times higher than that of the hot air dryer.     

Drying Kinetics of Tomato by Using Electric Resistance and Heat Pump Dryers

Drying kinetics of tomato was studied by using heat pump dryer (HPD) and electric resistance dryers with parallel and crossed airflow. The performance of both systems was evaluated and compared and the influence of temperature, air velocity, and tomato type on the drying kinetics was analyzed. The use of HPD showed to be adequate in the drying process of tomatoes, mainly in relation to the conversion rate of electric energy into thermal energy. The heat pump effective coefficient of performance (COP_HT,EF) was between 2.56 and 2.68, with an energy economy of about 40% when compared to the drying system with electric resistance. The Page model could be used to predict drying time of tomato and statistical analysis showed that the model parameters were mainly affected by drying temperature.     

水循环式热泵干燥装置的性能分析

水循环式热泵干燥装置是指热泵和干燥部分通过水循环耦合而成的热泵干燥系统，是一种中小型热泵干燥装置的结构型式。对水循环式热泵干燥装置的开机过程、调控特性、能源效率进行了分析，相关结论可为推广应用提供参考。     

Drying Kinetics of Tomato by Using Electric Resistance and Heat Pump Dryers

Abstract

Drying kinetics of tomato was studied by using heat pump dryer (HPD) and electric resistance dryers with parallel and crossed airflow. The performance of both systems was evaluated and compared and the influence of temperature, air velocity, and tomato type on the drying kinetics was analyzed. The use of HPD showed to be adequate in the drying process of tomatoes, mainly in relation to the conversion rate of electric energy into thermal energy. The heat pump effective coefficient of performance (COP_HT,EF) was between 2.56 and 2.68, with an energy economy of about 40% when compared to the drying system with electric resistance. The Page model could be used to predict drying time of tomato and statistical analysis showed that the model parameters were mainly affected by drying temperature.     

热泵微波联合干燥系统研究

对热泵微波干燥的实用性及其性能进行了模拟分析和试验研究 ,试验及计算结果吻合较好。分析了空气旁通率、压缩机转速及空气质量流量等主要设计及运行参数对干燥性能的影响。与蒸汽加热干燥比较的结果表明 :通过精心设计热泵微波干燥系统 ,可使其能耗与蒸汽加热干燥相当。