In-tube nondestructive testing of main gas pipelines

A complex of auxiliary equipment for in-tube nondestructive testing of main gas pipelines (MGPs) via magnetic flaw detectors is described. A list and schedule of procedures for in-tube inspection of MGPs are presented. Typical flaws in the tube metal of MGPs are studied and classified by the degree of hazard.     

State of the art review of inspection technologies for condition assessment of water pipes

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of inspection techniques and technologies towards condition assessment of water distribution and transmission mains. Pipe condition assessment is the determination of its current condition, including structural health, impact on water quality, and hydraulic capacity. The collection and analysis of relevant data and information is the first and a paramount step to detect and monitor critical indicators to prevent or mitigate catastrophic failures. The technologies include conventional non-destructive inspection and advanced sensor techniques for condition monitoring. This paper focuses on the inspection techniques and technologies for structural deterioration of water pipes. Technologies like smart pipe, augmented reality, and intelligent robots are also briefly discussed and summarized.     

Radiographic inspection of the weld seams: Test parameters

The EN 1435 standards and State Standard GOST 7512 are compared and corrections to State Standard GOST 7512 are recommended.     

Development of EMA transducer for inspection of pipelines

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) have potential for In-line inspection (ILI) of pipelines compare to other Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, since EMAT doesn’t need to contact and/or coupling material and can detect defects in outside of pipelines. However, improvement of transduction efficiency of EMATs is needed to secure integrity of the pipelines. To improve performance of EMAT, optimization of major parameters, such as strength of permanent magnet, shape of coil, configuration of static and dynamic magnetic fields is required. Thus, in this paper, investigation of transduction efficiency with variation of major parameters are performed by comparison of generated ultrasonic signals. Based on the investigation results, EMATs for ILI of pipelines are designed and fabricated with optimized Periodic solenoid array (PSA) types of meander-line sensor, static magnetic field, and then, performance of the developed EMATs are evaluated by detecting defects in the gas pipelines mounted in the one-bed testing system.     

Non-contact, in-line inspection of surface finish of crankshaft journals

Crankshaft bearings of an automotive engine require smooth and high reliability performance as they operate in a harsh environment of heat, pressure, abrasion, and chemical attack that may cause wear. The bearings are designed to meet high precision tolerances and require high-quality surface finish and surface topography. The journals are first grounded and finally polished to an outstanding surface finish in the order of sub-micrometers. In a mass production process, the tapes that are used for final polish may break without being revealed by the automation. Therefore, it is essential to provide an in-line inspection system for such parts to eliminate manual inspection. In order to achieve this goal, we developed a machine vision technique to validate that all journals were polished and detect the unpolished ones. In utilizing this technique, a full-size prototype go/no-go demonstrator was built to validate the performance and reliability of the method. The sensitivity of the system is high enough to differentiate sub-micron level roughness change of the crankshaft surface.     

A pig introscope for inspection of main gas pipelines

Development, design, and experimental testing of a new magnetic in-tube pig flaw detector is considered. An in-tube introscope makes it possible to obtain with photographic accuracy a direct image of the inner tube surface for assessment of internal flaws in pipelines.     

A marker system of equipment for nondestructive testing of gas main pipelines

Contemporary means of in-tube nondestructive testing are passed through a gas pipeline during its exploitation. In-tube pig flaw detectors are passed under a gas pressure from the launching to the receiving chamber for diagnostics of the gas pipeline. For some reasons, the pig flaw detectors are stuck in the gas pipeline. The marker system is designed not only for searching for a stop of a pig flaw detector on the route, but also designed for additional topographic referencing of the in-tube equipment for nondestructive testing during diagnostics of a gas pipeline.     

State-of-the art and development prospects of digital radiography systems for nondestructive testing,evaluation, and inspection of objects: a review

A review of modern state and practical applications of various digital radiography systems that are intended for nondestructive testing, evaluation, and inspection of objects is presented. The mainstream trends of development are described.     

一种管道漏磁无损检测传感器的设计与实现

针对管道缺陷检测的现状,研制了一种适用于输油、输气管道的漏磁无损检测传感器,该传感器由磁敏器件、励磁模块、导轮等部分组成,具有灵敏度高、可用性强的特点,能满足不同管径和工况的管道缺陷检测,内容涉及漏磁检测、磁敏器件的选择、永磁体的优化以及导轮的设计等。     

Potentialities of acoustic emission technique for inspection of main pipelines

A technique has been suggested for calculating parameters of acoustic emission pulses propagating in a main pipeline as functions of parameters of developing cracks, pumped products, pipeline dimensions, and a distance to the detector position. Limiting distances for detection of acoustic emission pulses and minimal dimensions of detected cracks have been estimated.     

State of the art of Deep Rolling

It is vital to control fatigue life in different industrial sectors, and to improve this, surface treatments are usually used. Some of the most important surface treatments are Shot Peening (SP), Laser Shock Peening (LSP) or Deep Rolling (DR), which are used to improve the surface properties and resistance to cyclic loading of the components. The idea of this article is to focus on Deep Rolling and revise the state of its development at the present time, with a particular emphasis on implementation and changes in materials. A comparison of Deep Rolling versus other surface has been made, and different processes that can improve the effects of Deep Rolling, such as heat treatments, are shown. It can be concluded that the pressure of the tool during the process is the most important control parameter for Deep Rolling and that the residual stresses and strain hardening have the greatest influence in terms of fatigue life. Moreover, selecting the correct values of the other control parameters for DR, depending on the material on which DR is to be done, allows increased compressive residual stresses, a hardened layer near the surface and lower surface roughness, all of which produce an improvement in fatigue life.     

Analysis of stress-corrosion flaws in main gas pipelines based on the results of in-tube nondestructive testing

The need for monitoring based on the results of in-tube magnetic testing of main gas pipelines is substantiated in this study. An analysis that is performed using the data of in-tube diagnostics of pipelines is the most complete and reliable source of information about the state of a main gas pipeline at the moment of monitoring. In particular, the efficiency of pig flaw detectors is clearly seen from the results of 5-yr nondestructive testing; the experience of inspection of main gas pipelines according to certain parameters is generalized.     

Estimating the technical state and safe operational life of pipelines from the results of in-tube nondestructive testing

The testing technique for examining the state and safe operational life of pipelines containing corrosion and stress-corrosion flaws is considered. This technique is currently used to examine the state of pipelines of OAO Gazprom. This technique is based on the processing and analysis of the database on the in-tube inspection of gas pipelines. The results of analysis provide estimation of safe operational lifetimes.     

Use of an infrared camera for nondestructive quality inspection of fiber-optic components

The applicability of the third-generation ЛИК IR camera (Matrix Technology Corp., Moscow) for express nondestructive inspection of mid-IR fiber-optic components is demonstrated. It is shown that thermographic testing of fiber-optic components helps increase their quality.     

海底石油管道超声检测双向伞式变径技术

我国三种海底石油管道内径分别为Φ195mm、Φ247mm、Φ297mm,超声检测是管道壁厚变薄等缺陷的主要检测方法.为使超声检测装置能够适应三种管道的检测以节省成本,详细分析了适用于三种石油管道的超声探头排布方案;提出并论述了采用双向伞式机构实现超声探头保持架变径的原理,最后介绍了双向伞式变径装置结构设计的关键部分-铰链的结构设计.     

A method for estimating the metal residual life of the weld pipes of gas main pipelines

A method was proposed for estimating residual life T _res with the use of the plastic strain ɛ_op accumulated by the metal of a pipe during its operation, the minimum critical plastic strain increment Δɛ_cr, upon whose accumulation during further after-inspection operation a mechanical property attains its maximally allowable regulatory value, and the known operating time T _op of an inspected gas pipeline section. The method makes it possible to increase the reliability of the estimation of the metal residual life of inspected pipes and to exclude the factor of randomness due to the fact that the strain ɛ_op accumulated by the metal of a pipe and the minimum plastic strain increment Δɛ_cr are determined on specimens that are cut from an inspected pipe instead of those cut from an emergency stock pipe or from a thermally treated inspected pipe.     

On the development of national standards for magnetic and eddy-current nondestructive inspection of steel pipes

Comparative analysis of the technical level of different nondestructive-testing methods (ultrasonic, magnetic, and eddy-current) used in the production of seamless and HFC welded pipes is performed. To increase the quality of pipes produced for operation under elevated pressure and to unify nondestructive-testing methods and facilities used, standards for magnetic and eddy-current inspection are developed in accordance with the stated foreign acceptance levels.     

State of the art of intraocular lens manufacturing

Intraocular lens implantation surgery is the only approach for cataract treatment at present. Apart from removing the cloudy lens, correction of refractive errors becomes the second main function of intraocular lenses. This paper systematically summarizes the intraocular lenses in terms of its material, design, manufacturing and evaluation. The next generation of intraocular lenses with customized freeform surfaces is highlighted from the lens design viewpoint. The status of processing and measurement methods is presented for both current intraocular lenses and future freeform lenses. Finally, the research perspectives are outlined.