防刺机织物的设计与研究进展

介绍了机织物防刺机制、测试方法及防刺性主要评判指标的研究进展,并以织物的防刺机制为理论依据,从纤维原料、纱线、织物、后整理四方面分析了提高机织物防刺性的设计方法。     

浅析防刺织物研究开发现状

目前安保人员面临的威胁主要来自小型火器和锐器,当前防弹装备技术已很成熟,且种类丰富,但防刺装备还很落后,亟需开发一种新型防刺织物在满足防刺要求的同时,兼顾轻质、穿戴舒适以及美观等功能。阐述了织物防刺机制及须具备的特性,并介绍了几种防刺织物研究开发应用的高性能纤维及开发途径。     

剪切增稠液/高性能纤维复合材料防刺性能的研究

制备出剪切增稠液体(STF),通过抽拔实验和红外测试从宏观与微观两个方面进行分析研究,"粒子簇"生成机理能较好地解释这种现象。并将该剪切增稠液对芳纶、超高分子量聚乙烯、S-玻璃纤维这三种用于防护材料的高性能纤维进行复合。通过对处理后的纤维复合材料进行扫描电镜和静态防刺实验,来分析这三种STF/纤维复合材料的微观形态及其防刺性能。研究结果表明,在纤维织物面密度相同的情况下,剪切增稠液体的使用能够有效增强这三种不同高性能纤维织物的防刺性能,使得其顶破强力分别比未处理的提高了16.13%、13.37%和16.47%。     

高强织物防穿刺作用特征与机制分析

高强织物广泛应用于防刺领域。为了研究高强织物防穿刺作用特征与机制,自行设计了可调重量与高度的自由落体式实验装置,选用单刃刀、三棱刀、锥对芳纶与超高分子量聚乙烯纤维织物进行刺入实验,考察了冲击能量、刀具截面形状、刺入角度对穿刺作用的影响,研究了织物纤维种类、结构、叠层密度与织物防穿刺作用的关系,分析了刀具对高强织物穿刺作用的机制。结果表明,穿刺效果主要由能量的大小决定,受其速度、质量的组成比例影响较小;刀具的截面形状决定其穿刺织物时的剪切破坏与排挤破坏的组成形式;防刺材料的结构是影响其防穿刺性能的关键因素,同种材料不同结构织物抗排挤能力越强。织物对锥和单刃刀的防穿刺能力越强。对三棱刀的防穿刺能力变化不明显。     

高强度耐烧蚀材料工艺性能研究

本文通过添加改性剂提高了酚醛树脂的韧性,对短切高强纤维、定长高强纤维、高强纤维织物、碳布、功能夹层等不同增强方案进行了试验探索.考核了不同材料体系的弯曲性能,进行材料工艺性能研究,模拟静力试验考核不同材料体系试验件的综合强度,实现了产品的工程化应用.     

高强织物动态防刺定量测试及其防刺机制

为研究高强织物动态防刺机制,从力学角度分析了在刀具穿刺过程中织物的受力变化,并通过FESEM扫描,分析了刀具穿刺过程中的能量变化。研究结果表明:当叠层角度为45°时,织物的防刺效果最佳;刀具穿刺过程中的能量除克服织物的弹性外,还有部分能量因摩擦转化为热能,该热能至少可使温度升高至255℃;要提高织物的防刺性能,除了纤维要具有高强度和高模量外,织物中纱线间的紧密程度更为重要。     

无纬布型软质防弹防刺服的防护性能研究

探讨了胶黏剂固含量、纤维类型和基础单元结构对软质防弹防刺服的防弹性能和防刺性能的影响,试验结果得出:当胶黏剂固含量为42%时,无纬布型防弹防刺服的防刺安全裕度达13%,防弹性能安全裕度达52%;纤维和胶黏剂对防弹与防刺性能的贡献不同;当基础结构单元为2层无纬布结构时,可以较好地兼顾防弹和防刺性能。     

碳化硅涂层防刺织物的制备及防刺性能的研究

为了提高芳纶无纬布的防刺性能,采用碳化硅表面涂覆的方式制备防刺涂层织物。选择碳化硅粉体粒径、质量比和搅拌温度设计三因素四水平的正交试验,确定了最佳的碳化硅分散液的制备工艺——碳化硅粉体粒径为30μm、m_sic∶m_水∶m_乙二醇为2∶1∶1、搅拌温度为35℃。对涂层织物进行准静态和动态穿刺试验,探究碳化硅粉体粒径、涂层厚度和涂层结构对涂层织物防刺性能的影响,结果表明：防刺性能随着碳化硅粉体粒径和涂层厚度的增加呈现先增大后减小趋势;当碳化硅粒径为30μm、涂层厚度为75μm时,织物单位克重刺破强力达到最大值503 N/g,相较于未涂覆涂层织物提高了302%;面密度都为8.1 kg/m2的18层碳化硅涂层织物结构和16层芳纶无纬布+9层碳化硅涂层织物结构均可实现有效防刺,较未涂覆结构面密度降低了10%。     

不锈钢/涤纶混纺织物的电磁屏蔽效能

为了研究纱线中不锈钢纤维含量、嵌条排列比和织物组织结构对织物电磁屏蔽效能的影响,设计了正交试验,织造出相应的织物试样并测试电磁屏蔽效能。结果显示:不同组织结构的织物对不同频率的电磁波屏蔽效能存在差异,且同一织物的电磁屏蔽效能随着电磁波频率的增加呈现先增加后降低再增加的趋势;不锈钢/涤纶以混纺纱的方式,即不锈钢纤维较均匀地分布在织物中,织物具有较好的电磁屏蔽效能;排列比、不锈钢纤维含量、组织结构对织物防电磁屏蔽效能作用依次降低。     

舒适型防弹防刺服的研究和制备

兼具防弹和防刺两种性能的个体防护服已经成为个体防护装备发展的必然趋势。为选择性能较为优异的双防服用胶黏剂,调配了不同的助剂和胶黏剂配方,以芳纶为无纬布主体纤维,根据公安部发布的《警用防弹衣》及《警用防刺服》标准要求的防弹、防刺性能等级,设计不同胶黏剂对比试验。试验结果表明:B服的防弹、防刺性能,确保芯片防弹凹陷控制在25 mm以内,且高温防刺具有较好的安全裕度。     

基于微纳层叠技术的PVC分子取向对增塑剂迁移的影响

利用自制微纳层叠装置在挤出过程中对聚合物薄层产生的持续剪切作用,分别制备了3种具有不同取向程度的聚氯乙烯（PVC）片材。利用扫描电子显微镜、万能试验机等对PVC片材的性能进行了表征。结果表明,与不经层叠器挤出的试样相比,经2节层叠器和4节层叠器的试样沿挤出方向的拉伸强度分别提高了5.72 %和10.18 %,密度分别提高了2.81 %和4.35 %,挥发损失率分别降低了13.12 %和37.65 %。     

Effects of the lamination temperature on the properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) in polyester-laminated tin-free steel can — I. Characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate)

The effects of lamination temperature on the properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate-coisophthalate) (co-PET), such as thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties, have been investigated in co-PET laminated steel. The variation of the degree of crystallinity and the orientation of the co-PET film during the lamination process was examined using DSC, X-ray diffraction, and birefringence, and water vapor permeability was also measured with varying lamination temperature. Both the degree of crystallinity and the orientation of the co-PET film decreased and water vapor permeability increased with increasing lamination temperature. The stress-strain curves of the co-PET films were different, depending on the lamination temperature. The stress in the co-PET film laminated at higher temperature was lower at a given strain, due to the increase of the amorphous region. The effects of annealing temperature and the extent of drawing on the residual stress in co-PET/tin-free steel (TFS) joints were investigated by examining the stress relaxation behavior of co-PET. It was necessary to heat co-PET/TFS joints at more than 150°C in order to eliminate the residual stress.     

Developing protective textile materials as barriers to liquid penetration using melt‐electrospinning

Electrospun polypropylene fiber webs and laminates were developed using melt‐electrospinning, to explore an alternative way of manufacturing protective clothing materials for agricultural workers. Electrospun polypropylene webs were fabricated in two levels of thickness. To examine the effect of lamination on the protection/thermal comfort properties, the webs were laminated on nonwoven fabric substrates. Barrier performance was evaluated for the electrospun webs and laminates, using two pesticide mixtures that represent a range of surface tension and viscosity. Effects of web thickness and lamination on air permeability and water vapor transmission were assessed as indications of thermal comfort performance. Penetration testing shows that electrospun polypropylene webs provide excellent barrier performance against the high surface tension challenge liquid, whereas the laminated fabrics of electrospun polypropylene webs exhibited performance of 90–100% for challenge liquids with varying surface tension. Air permeability of electrospun polypropylene webs decreased by ～20% because of the lamination and web thickness, but was still higher than most of the materials currently in use for protective clothing. Water vapor transmission of electrospun polypropylene webs reduced by up to 12% from the lamination and web thickness as well, but was still in a range comparable to woven work clothing fabrics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3430–3437, 2006     

注塑成型FRP的力学性能预测的数值模拟

纤维增强复合材料的力学性能和热物理性能强烈地依赖于纤维的取向状态，在注射成型过程中，纤维最终的取向状态依赖于充填过程的速度场，因此最终的产品性质依赖于成型的详细过程。研究发现，注塑成型制品的结构呈层状分布，层的数目依赖于模具几何和成型条件，不过大多数的结构在成型表面为沿流动方向取向，而在中心层为横向排列，有时在制件表面还有一层薄的介于二者之间排列的取向层。本文主要给出在两个简单模型中的纤维取向预测的理论和数值方法，这两个模型分别为：中心浇口圆盘和边浇口长条。     

Characterization of the draping behavior of jute woven fabrics for applications of natural‐fiber/epoxy composites

In this study, we investigated the draping behavior of jute woven fabric to study the feasibility of using natural fabrics in place of synthetic glass‐fiber fabrics. Draping behavior describes the in‐mold deformation of fabrics, which is vital for the end appearance and performance of polymer composites. The draping coefficient was determined with a common drapemeter for fabrics with densities of 228–765 g/m² and thread counts under different humidity and static dynamic conditions. The results were compared to glass‐fiber fabrics with close areal densities. Characterization of the jute fabrics was carried out to fill the knowledge gap about natural‐fiber fabrics and to ease their modeling. The tensile and bending stiffnesses and the shear coupling were also characterized for a plain woven jute fabric with a tensile machine, Shirley bending tester, and picture frame, respectively. As a case study, the draping and resin‐transfer molding of the jute fabric over a complex asymmetric form was performed to measure the geometrical conformance. The adoption of natural fibers as a substitute for synthetic fibers, where the strength requirements are satisfied, would thus require no special considerations for tool design or common practices. However, the use of natural fibers would lead to weight and cost reductions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1453–1465, 2013     

反应型火焰复合剂对聚醚型聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料火焰复合性能的影响

在泡沫生产配方中分别添加火焰复合剂、阻燃剂和聚酯多元醇,研究了这些添加剂对聚醚型聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料和织物火焰复合性能的影响,并对火焰复合的机理进行了探讨。结果表明,相对于其他两种添加剂而言,反应型的火焰复合剂可以大幅度提高聚醚型聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料和织物的剥离强度,且对泡沫塑料的物理力学性能没有负面的影响。添加剂类型、火焰强度、织物种类以及异氰酸酯指数都对材料剥离强度有很大影响。     

Effect of chitosan addition to BTCA/CA processed cotton fabrics for adsorbing metallic ions from waste water

One of the most important properties of chitosan, a derivative of chitin, is that it is able to chelate with certain heavy metal ions, and this property can be applied to process waste water containing heavy metal ions. In this research, using BTCA/CA as a crosslinking reagent with chitosan added, cotton fabrics were cured and allowed to undergo an adsorption reaction in CuSO₄ and ZnSO₄ solutions. The effect of different curing temperatures and time, as well as different adsorptive temperatures and time, were studied. The cotton processed fabrics were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and thermal gravity analysis (TGA) to study the crosslinking reaction with the cotton‐processed fabrics. The results indicate: (1) the BTCA/CA‐processed cotton fabrics with an addition of chitosan have a better adsorptive capacity than the processed fabrics without chitosan; (2) the crosslinked fabrics are better in adsorbing copper ions as chitosan concentration, curing temperature and time, and adsorptive temperature and time increase; (3) the adsorption rate of copper and zinc ions are linearly proportional to the changes of time, so that the slope shows that the adsorption rate of crosslinked fabrics for copper ions is faster than for zinc ions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3264–3269, 2006     

细特丙纶针织物服用舒适性的研究

研究了细特丙纶变形丝和棉等三类针织物(起绒、毛■、纬平)的服用舒适性能,即透湿性、导湿性和保暖性,讨论了织物组织结构对服用舒适性的影响,并对细特丙纶针织物的毛细升高现象进行了分析.研究表明,细特丙纶各类针织物的透湿性、导湿性和保暖性均优于棉针织物,而棉盖丙针织物的导湿性优于丙纶和纯棉织物.     

Thermal analysis of different cellulosic fabrics

Thermal behavior of different cellolusic fabrics was investigated in air and nitrogen by TG, DTG and DTA. Kinetic parameters based on weight loss for the initial and major stages of thermal degradation were determined. The weight loss in the TG curve for the cellulosic fabrics can be divided into four stages. In general, E_a values in air are lower than those in nitrogen, and the enthalpy changes as well as rates of degradation in air are much larger than those in nitrogen. This indicates that the thermal degradation of cellulosic fabric is promoted by oxygen. The E_a values of regenerated cellulose fabrics (viscose and modal) at the rapid weight loss stage are relatively higher than those of the cotton and linen fabrics. The raw cotton has the lowest E_a of all cellulosic fabrics, but its frequency factor and rate of weight loss are also the lowest. The thermal behavior of linen is similar to that of the raw cotton. Bleached, boiled and antibacterially finished cotton fabrics are also compared. Thermal behavior and kinetic parameters for the different cellulosic fabrics are discussed in the light of their structural characteristics, including degree of polymerization, crystallinity, crystalline form, orientation and morphology. Also the effects of the impurities and additives on the fabric are considered. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Structure–property relationships of thermally bonded polypropylene nonwovens

The effect of fiber structure and morphology on the resultant mechanical and low load deformation properties of thermally bonded nonwoven polypropylene fabrics has been studied. Commercially available staple polypropylene fibers varying in linear density and draw ratio (Herculon and Marvess staple fibers) were used in this study. The orientation of these fibers was characterized by birefrigence measurements. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements were made to determine the heat of fusion and melting point of fibers. Experiments confirm that tensile strength and stiffness of the fabrics correlate with this fiber structure. Under the same bonding conditions fabrics made from fibers with low draw ratios show higher tensile strength and stiffness than do fibers with high draw ratios. The mechanical properties of fabrics were found to be greatly affected by the thermal bonding temperature. The tenacity and flexural rigidity of fabrics made from poorly oriented fibers show higher values than those made from highly oriented fibers. The shrinkage of the fabrics was observed to increase with increasing bonding temperature in both machine and cross machine directions. The changes in fabric thickness due to the thermal bonding are considerably lower for poorly oriented fibers.