一株益生芽孢杆菌的分离及理化性质鉴定

研究采用改良的营养琼脂培养基,从泡菜中分离一株蜡样芽孢杆菌。经生理生化实验和16SRNA序列分析初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。该菌株经过pH2.0、pH3.0和pH4.0的人工胃液中处理2h和4h,存活率均超过94%;在0.1%～0.3%胆盐溶液里存活率均超过91%;拮抗实验结果表明QT12对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌K88和格氏乳球菌均具有较明显的抑制作用。研究结果表明,该菌株可以顺利通过胃酸进入小肠后开始作用,改善肠道微生态环境,具有作为微生态制剂菌株的应用潜力。     

耐胃肠道环境芽孢杆菌菌株的筛选

以来源于健康动物肠道的芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,通过模拟体内高胆盐环境(胆盐含量0.3%),来监测菌株的耐受能力;测定在人工胃液、肠液环境中作用不同时间后的存活菌数的方法,来初步筛选能够作为益生菌的芽孢杆菌。实验结果表明,有3株芽孢杆菌分别为B5329、B22、B544,在胆酸盐、人工胃液、人工肠液中表现出了很强的耐受能力。     

动物双歧杆菌乳亚种菌株HCS04-002益生特性的研究

该研究测定动物双歧杆菌乳亚种（Bifidobacterium animails subsp. lactis）菌株HCS04-002对酸、胆盐、人工胃液和人工肠液的耐受性,并采用邻硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷（ONPG）法及甘油三酯试剂盒分别测定菌株的β-半乳糖苷酶活力和甘油三酯降解能力。结果表明,菌株HCS04-002在pH 2.0和pH 3.0环境下处理17 h,存活率达60%以上;在0.3%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的胆盐环境处理17 h,存活率达70%以上;经人工胃液和人工肠液消化后,存活率达99%以上;β-半乳糖苷酶活力为0.78 U/mL;甘油三酯降解率为43%。综上,动物双歧杆菌乳亚种菌株HCS04-002具有较好的耐酸、耐胆盐及耐胃肠液能力,进入人体后能够以较高存活率到达肠道发挥作用,并具有一定的缓解乳糖不耐受和降甘油三酯功能。     

Paenibacillus bovis sp.nov.BD3526作为益生菌的潜力

对Paenibacillus bovis sp.nov.BD3526作为益生菌的潜力进行了体外活性初步研究。采用模拟胃液、肠液、不同浓度的胆盐环境,测定BD3526菌株在酸性及高胆盐环境的存活率,并测试BD3526对金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明,BD3526可以耐受pH值为2.0、3.0、4.0的人工胃液、pH8.0的模拟肠液以及0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的胆盐环境;对金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄、枯草芽孢杆菌有显著的抑制能力。说明BD3526在人工消化液环境中具有良好的存活能力,不具有溶血作用;可引起敏感菌细胞渗漏,达到杀灭部分细菌,包括金色葡萄球菌的作用,因此,该菌具备作为益生菌应用的潜力。     

枯草芽孢杆菌MX-6的特性研究

以中国豆豉中筛选到的一株枯草芽孢杆菌MX-6为研究对象,分析其生长曲线、耐受性、抑菌特性及耐药性。枯草芽孢杆菌MX-6培养14h达到最大生物量,菌株的活性强、生长快,具有较高的温度耐受性,在100℃处理30min存活率亦可达到52.91%。枯草芽孢杆菌MX-6经人工胃液pH(1～4)处理1～4h,存活率均达到71.87%以上,结果表明菌株对胃液的耐受性较强。人工肠液和不同浓度胆盐对菌株均有一定的影响,0.1%～0.4%的胆盐对枯草芽孢杆菌MX-6的存活率影响不显著(P0.05),存活率达到74.13%以上。枯草芽孢杆菌MX-6的发酵液对青霉、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有较强的抑菌效果,而对乳酸菌无抑制作用,不具有耐药性。结果显示:该菌株的发酵速度快、耐受性强、抑菌特性明显、无耐药性,具有开发为益生菌制剂的潜能,有助于其工业化应用。     

凝结芽孢杆菌13002的益生特性

以凝结芽孢杆菌13002为研究对象,测定了该菌株对高温、胆盐、酸的耐受性以及对有害菌的抗菌活性、对抗生素的耐药性五个方面的益生特性。结果表明:该菌株于80 ℃条件作用10 min存活率达72.3%;0.3%胆盐作用12 h存活率达69.8%;pH2.0条件下作用4 h存活率达40.0%;对有害菌株(金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌)具有一定抗菌活性,其抑菌圈直径分别达13.650和14.367 mm;对青霉素、链霉素、四环素三种抗生素具有不同程度的耐药性,其MIC值分别为0.781、0.391和0.039 mg/mL。凝结芽孢杆菌13002具有良好的益生特性。     

泡菜中植物乳杆菌的筛选及益生活性研究

从民间自制泡菜中筛选乳酸菌。根据菌落形态,革兰氏染色和溶钙透明圈,分离得到17株乳酸菌菌株,用16S r DNA测序鉴定分离菌株,并测试了其耐酸和耐胆盐能力。结果表明,筛选菌株中WHLP-01、WHLP-02、WHLP-03和WHPE-02四株菌株可以在p H=2.0的环境下生存2 h;WHLP-01与WHLP-02两株菌株可以在0.3%胆盐浓度下存活;其中菌株WHLP-01属植物乳杆菌,其对常见的8株致病菌均有明显的抑制效果和降胆固醇能力,可以作为微生态制剂的候选菌株深入研究。     

产乳酸芽孢杆菌DU-106益生特性的研究

以产乳酸芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）DU-106为研究对象,对其益生特性进行研究。测定菌株DU-106发酵过程中的生长曲线、产酸曲线、高胆盐耐受性、模拟胃肠液耐受性、酸性pH耐受性和抗生素敏感性。结果表明,菌株DU-106在发酵36 h后达到稳定的生长期和较高的产酸量,产酸约1.7 g/L;经过0.3%和0.6%浓度的胆盐处理4 h后,存活率分别为91.8%和73.9%;经过4 h模拟胃液和24 h模拟肠液处理后存活率分别为66.5%和71.7%;在pH值为2的环境中经过1 h和3 h培养后存活率分别为58.8%和83.3%;对庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素、克林霉素、万古霉素、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、加替沙星、磷霉素、亚胺培南等11种常用的抗生素敏感。菌株DU-106具有良好的体外益生性能,可作为益生菌进一步开发。     

鲈鱼肠道来源降胆固醇乳酸菌分离筛选及其益生功能评价

该研究探讨了从健康鲈鱼肠道中筛选分离出高效降胆固醇的乳酸菌,通过菌株鉴定、耐酸、耐胆盐、疏水性、自凝聚力和代谢物抑菌性评价的测定,评价并考察其体外益生作用。采用胆盐水解酶测定和体外降胆固醇试验,筛选分离得到一株高效降胆固醇的菌株ZG2YLu05,其胆盐水解酶（BSH）粗酶活和胆固醇去除率分别为0.82 µmol/(h?mL)和50.09%;在pH 3.0的培养条件下培养8 h,菌株的耐酸存活率为83.33%;在胆盐浓度0.3%的培养条件下培养8 h,菌株的耐胆盐存活率高达89.31%;在二甲苯中菌株的疏水性为46.82%,静置24 h后菌株的自凝聚力为92.93%,说明菌株具有良好的黏附潜力;菌株代谢物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌都有明显的抑制作用;经形态学观察和16S rDNA鉴定为戊糖乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus pentosus）。该菌株能够作为潜在降胆固醇乳酸菌用于开发辅助降脂益生菌制剂的生产。     

泡菜源乳酸菌的分离筛选及其对小鼠氧化应激水平的改善作用

为筛选具有较好体外抗性以及体内抗氧化效果的乳酸菌,本研究从重庆农家自然发酵泡菜中分离得到12株菌株,经16S rDNA种属分析表明,其中植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum） 4株,发酵乳杆菌（Lactobacillus fermentum） 7株,短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis） 1株。采用pH 3.0人工胃液和0.3%胆盐对乳酸菌进行体外抗性筛选,发现12株乳酸杆菌具有较好的体外抗性,其中10株乳酸杆菌在pH 3.0人工胃液中处理3 h后的存活率超过80%;2株乳酸杆菌在0.3%胆盐中的存活率超过60%。选取体外抗性好且为食品可用菌种的Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC-11（L. fermentum CQPC-11）为实验菌株,评价其对活性炭冰水诱导氧化应激损伤小鼠的改善作用,结果表明H-LF CQPC11组小鼠血清中总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的酶活力分别为67.73 U/mL、2742.35酶活力单位、136.59 U/mL,显著高于模型组（p<0.05）,而丙二醛（MDA）的含量为1.99 nmol/L,显著低于模型组（p<0.05）。综上所述,L. fermentum CQPC-11不仅具备良好的耐胃酸和耐胆盐能力,还能降低氧化应激模型小鼠的氧化应激反应,可通过后续进一步的实验探讨该菌株抗氧化作用的具体机理,为新型微生态制剂以及功能性乳酸菌食品的开发提供理论依据和可用菌株。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.