肥料着色

该文简单介绍了肥料着色的目的与要求，推荐了一些用于肥料着色的着色剂，详细叙述了肥料着色的方法、工艺流程、着色实例。     

腐植酸与肥料

0、前言 腐植酸(简称HA)是地球上分布最广泛的天然有机物质之一,其应用范围不仅涉及畜牧、工业、医药、环保等各个领域,而且与现代生物工程、生态工程及人类生活也有千丝万缕的联系.其中,腐植酸与农业的关系最为密切,涉及的范围也最广,它包括园艺、土壤、肥料、饲料、林木、微生物、植物生理和营养、植物保护、农业生态等学科.     

腐植酸肥料

中国腐植酸协会成立,要求进一步推广农业使用的腐植酸肥料,特别是宣传介绍腐植酸肥料在农田应用的作用和效果材料,以提高各界人士的认识和重视。国外介绍腐植酸肥料的资料很多,国内也作了不少介绍,如1979年中科院山西煤化所曾翻译“腐植酸复合肥料介绍”和“腐植酸肥料及其研究”。安徽两淮引进办日语组翻译了日本腐植酸恳谈会1978年6月编写的“腐植酸肥料(解说篇)”,内容较为系统全面,既有试验研究和机理论述,又有具体应用和实践效果。根据国内对腐植酸肥料关注的方面,摘选了其中腐植酸肥料与耕地、作物养分、作物生长的关系和腐植酸肥料的用量、用法等五个方面,拟连续分期刊登,供参考并希起到一些作用。     

腐植酸肥料

从这个结果明显地看出,硝基腐植酸关系到根的吸收,它使根的呼吸更为旺盛,同时RQ(呼吸比=发生CO_2/使用O_2)大于1。这正如Clabscycle先生推测的,有机酸的代谢利用了这个现象,可以认为这个看法与前面说的有关腐植酸的看法是一致的,施用硝基腐植酸盐时植物体内的碳水化合物、脂肪,蛋白质的变化见第37表。     

国内外新型肥料的开发

本文阐述了国内外新型肥料的品种，结构，制法，功能及应用效果等，并对我国新型肥料的发展提出一些看法。     

磁性肥料

磁性肥料是一种物理性为主的肥料。是利用磁性肥料中的磁性,通过改善土壤的物理化学性质和磁生物学效应,促进农作物的生长发育,来达到农作物增产的目的。磁性肥料是利用工业生产的废渣铁尾矿,在特别研制的磁化机上,在特定的磁     

新型肥料开发进展

介绍了国内最新创制的活化磷肥、有机钾肥、氨酸螯合肥、含肽氮肥、硫磺加强型肥料、富过磷酸钙磷肥、生物有机肥、高分子聚合物增效肥料等8种新型肥料的开发进展和应用概况。     

松香基表面活性剂研究进展

松香是一类产量丰富、价格低廉的可再生林产资源,被广泛地应用于食品、农业、橡胶、油墨、涂料等领域。松香的三环二萜结构具有超强的疏水性,通过催化异构、Diels-Alder加成等手段引入亲水基团可制备高附加值、易生物降解的绿色表面活性剂。本文从阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性离子表面活性剂4个大类对松香基表面活性剂应用的文献及专利进行综述,重点分析了羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐4种阴离子型表面活性剂和季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂,多元醇型和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂,以及甜菜碱型和氧化胺型两性离子表面活性剂。剖析松香基表面活性剂产业化开发的新技术及新产品概况,提出松香基表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂的潜在应用领域。同时,对松香基表面活性剂的研究发展与产业化发展进行了评价与展望。     

生物质热解制生物油及其提质研究现状

生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分,其综合高效利用在能源替代与补充、保护生态环境等方面具有重要的战略意义。生物油是生物质通过热裂解技术获得的液体产物,具有能量密度较高、环境友好、可再生及可直接输送等优点,可替代传统化石燃料推广使用,解决日益严重的能源紧缺与环境污染等问题。生物质热解制油技术的开发与利用,已成为新世纪可持续能源研究领域的重要课题之一。总结了近年来生物质热解制油技术的主要研究进展,重点关注热解反应器、催化热解技术与生物油的提质利用方面的研究,介绍了碱金属、氧化物和分子筛3种生物质热解催化剂,以及乳化、催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化和重整制氢5种生物质提质方法,最后对生物质热解技术的现状及发展趋势进行了总结和概括。     

木质纤维生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展

木质纤维生物质资源是重要的可再生生物质资源,主要包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素。半纤维素含量仅次于纤维素,是一种丰富、可再生的植物资源,其可水解制备重要化学品以及改性制备多功能材料。本文综述了生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展,从半纤维素大分子形态及其与纤维素结合方式的分子模拟研究和半纤维素制备化学品及材料的分子模拟研究2个方面进行阐述,从模拟结果可以看出半纤维素在细胞壁中与纤维素和木质素的相互作用及其本身的大分子形态对木质纤维生物质三大素的提取利用具有显著影响。分子模拟有利于理解过程机理,对反应效率的提高具有重要理论指导意义。最后对分子模拟在半纤维素研究的发展应用进行了展望,指出目前半纤维素分子模拟的空白领域,主要包括半纤维素液化生产生物油、木糖异构化生产木酮糖、半纤维素与木质素之间的结合方式以及其他的半纤维素基材料等,这些有待进一步的探索与研究。     

Melatonin and Microglia

Melatonin interacts in multiple ways with microglia, both directly and, via routes of crosstalk with astrocytes and neurons, indirectly. These effects of melatonin are of relevance in terms of antioxidative protection, not only concerning free-radical detoxification, but also in prevention of processes that cause, promote, or propagate oxidative stress and neurodegeneration, such as overexcitation, toxicological insults, viral and bacterial infections, and sterile inflammation of different grades. The immunological interplay in the CNS, with microglia playing a central role, is of high complexity and includes signaling toward endothelial cells and other leukocytes by cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, and eikosanoids. Melatonin interferes with these processes in multiple signaling routes and steps. In addition to canonical signal transduction by MT₁ and MT₂ melatonin receptors, secondary and tertiary signaling is of relevance and has to be considered, e.g., via the upregulation of sirtuins and the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory microRNAs. Many details concerning the modulation of macrophage functionality by melatonin are obviously also applicable to microglial cells. Of particular interest is the polarization toward M2 subtypes instead of M1, i.e., in favor of being anti-inflammatory at the expense of proinflammatory activities, which is well-documented in macrophages but also applies to microglia.     

Trace element affinities in two high-Ge coals from China

The Lincang (Yunnan Province, Southwest China) and Wulantuga (Inner Mongolia, Northeast China) coal deposits are known because of the high-Ge content. These coals have also a high concentration of a number of other elements. To determine the mode of occurrence of the enriched elements in both coals, six density fractions from <1.43 to >2.8 g/cm³ were obtained from two representative samples using heavy-liquids. A number of peculiar geochemical patterns characterize these high-Ge coals. Thus, the results of the chemical analysis of these density fractions showed that both coals (very distant and of a different geological age) are highly enriched (compared with the usual worldwide coal concentration ranges) in Ge, As, Sb, W, Be, and Tl. This may be due to similar geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids influencing the Earth Crust in these regions of China. Moreover, Wulantuga coal (Early Cretaceous subbituminous coal) is also enriched in Ca, Mg, and Na, and Lincang coal (Neogene subbituminous coal) in K, Rb, Nb, Mo, Sn, Cs, and U. A group of elements consisting of Ge, W, B, Nb, and Sb mostly occur with an organic affinity in both coals. Additionally, Be, U, and Mo (and partially Mn and Zn) in Lincang, and Na and Mg in Wulantuga occur also with a major organic affinity. Both coals have sulfide-arsenide mineral assemblages (Fe, S, As, Sn, and Pb, and in addition to Tl, Ta, and Cs in the Lincang coal). The occurrence of Al, P, Li, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Zr in both coals, and Ba in Lincang, are associated with the mineral assemblage of silico-aluminates and minor heavy minerals. Furthermore, P, Na, Li, Sc, Ti, Ga, Rb, Zr, Cr, Ba, Th, and LREE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Gd) in Lincang are associated with mineral assemblages of phosphates and minor heavy minerals. The two later mineral assemblages are derived from the occurrence of detrital minerals. Finally, the two coal samples have also the sulfate mineral assemblage (Ca and Sr) that probably occur as a consequence of a diagenetic oxidation and alteration of the coal seams. The enrichment of Ge in coal occurred when the organic matter was still reactive to trap Ge, but several features indicate that the enrichment was diagenetic.     

废加氢催化剂的回收现状与研究进展

废加氢催化剂因含难降解有机物和Mo、W、Ni、Co、V等战略金属,是危险废弃物和重要的二次资源,资源化利用具有显著的经济、社会和环境效益。本文介绍了加氢催化剂概况,综述了废加氢催化剂的回收现状,包括酸浸出、碱浸出、焙烧-浸出、火法富集。文章指出,回收前需采用溶剂洗涤法、机械法或焙烧法进行有机物脱除。酸法浸出酸浓度较高,对设备腐蚀性大;碱法浸出对Ni和Co的回收率低,采用碱法、酸法两步浸出可实现多金属高效回收;但湿法回收存在废水量大、污染严重等问题。焙烧-浸出是目前主流回收方法,已产业化应用,但存在回收流程长、后续浸出废水量大等问题。针对现有技术废水量大、污染严重等问题,本文提出了碳热还原富集回收有价金属、尾渣用于绿色建材的方法。     

我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂的进出口情况

介绍近年来我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂进出口情况。2013年,我国防老剂和促进剂进口量分别为19046.61 t和14984.44 t,同比分别增长16.12%和11.64%;进口金额分别为6202.02万美元和7391.97万美元,同比分别增长14.76%和1.39%;出口量分别为29070.40 t和89942.59 t,同比分别增长62.68%和45.72%;出口金额分别为6794.43万美元和27885.34万美元,同比分别增长60.45%和50.17%。我国进口防老剂主要来自中国大陆(以国货复进口形式进口)、美国、韩国以及中国台湾省等,进口促进剂主要来自中国台湾省、美国、韩国、日本以及德国等,防老剂主要出口日本、泰国、印度尼西亚和韩国等,促进剂主要出口美国、韩国、巴西、泰国和日本等。     

Selected Quality Attributes of Dried Foods

Major quality parameters associated with dried food products are the color, visual appeal, shape of product, flavor, microbial load, retention of nutrients, porosity bulk density, texture, rehydration properties, water activity and chemical stability, preservatives, and freedom from pests, insects and other contaminants, as well as freedom from taints and off-odors. These parameters need to comply with the specifications of customers and regulations of different importing countries and often can adversely affect the acceptability of dried products. Therefore, quality of dried food products depends on many factors, such as raw materials, processing environment, packaging, microbial stability, use of additives, and temperature of storage. This review highlights selected quality attributes of dried food products and discusses ways of optimizing them.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.