Analyse du comportement d’un sol argileux sous sollicitations hydriques cycliques

Expansive soils swell and shrink regularly when subjected to moisture changes. Clayey soils are available worldwide and are a continual source of concern causing substantial damage to civil engineering structures. Cyclic expansion and shrinkage of clays and associated movements of foundations may result in cracking and fatigue to structures. In France, the damage caused by this phenomenon was estimated to be more than 3.3 billion euros in 2002 (Vincent in 3^ème conférence SIRNAT-Forum des journées pour la Prévention des Risques Naturels, Orléans, janv. 2003) and the Paris region is one of the most affected. The objective of this study is to investigate the swell–shrink behaviour of a natural clayey soil considered to be responsible for a lot of damage observed on buildings in the Paris region, and thus contributing to the characterisation and understanding of expansive clayey soils. The studied soil, Argile verte de Romainville, is a lagoonal-marine deposit and is part of the Paris Basin Tertiary (Oligocene) formations (Fig. 1). It is a clayey soil sampled in the eastern region of Paris. The mineralogical and geotechnical properties of the soil are presented in Table 1. The soil contains quartz (15–20%), carbonates (12–20%) and traces of mica and feldspars. X-ray diffraction showed that carbonates are essentially dolomite and the clay minerals are dominantly illite, kaolinite and a small amount of smectite (Fig. 2). A grain size analysis shows that the clay content (<2 μm) varies between 78 and 80%. The study of its microstructure by means of the scanning electron microscope indicates that the clayey soil has structural elements oriented in the direction of bedding. The structure of the sample generally consisted of dense and continuous clay matrices with very limited visible pore spaces (Fig. 3). At its natural water content (w = 25%), the soil shows mainly a unimodal pore size distribution with an average pore radius of 0.07 μm and a very limited porosity with radii larger than 10 μm (Fig. 4). To assess the effect of suction on the simultaneous changes in void ratio and degree of saturation under zero external stresses, drying–wetting tests are performed on the natural samples. The osmotic technique (Polyethylene glycol solutions) and various salt solutions are used to control the suction values ranging from 1 to 300 MPa. Once equilibrium is reached at the given suction, the samples are weighed and their volume is measured. A synthesis of the drying–wetting paths is given on Fig. 5. The swelling potential of the soil is evaluated using both indirect (or empirical methods Tables 2 and 3) and direct methods. Swell percentage and swell pressure of the soil are measured in a conventional oedometer apparatus according to ASTM (D 4546-85). The test specimens are 70 mm in diameter and the height varies between 12 and 24 mm. The swell percentage is measured under a nominal pressure of 0.7, 2.0 and 6.3 kPa. Swelling pressure of the soil is measured by the conventional consolidation test method (free swell and load, ASTM D 4546-85 method A) and by a constant volume method (ASTM D 4546-85 method C). The test parameters and results for each specimen are given in Tables 4 and 5, and on Fig. 7. Cyclic swell–shrink tests are carried out on similar samples taken from the same monolith. A scheme that permits the study of the clayey soil behaviour at the extreme states of wetting and drying is chosen. The test begins by wetting the samples at their natural moisture content and density. When swelling is stabilized, the water is removed from around the samples and they are dried in an oven maintained at 45°C until the vertical deformation (shrinkage) is stabilised and are then rewetted and so on. Some experiments are stopped at different swelling phases for microstructural study of the soil. The test parameters of the specimens are given in Table 9 and the results are shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The evolution of the microstructure during wetting and drying cycles is investigated using scanning electron microscope and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Observations are made only on soil specimens taken at the end of the swelling phase of the selected cycles. In order to preserve the microstructure, the specimens are cut in small pieces, frozen by liquid nitrogen and finally sublimated. The results of the drying–wetting path including the water retention curve are shown on Fig. 5. The results show that on the drying path (in the void ratio versus water content plane) the soil first follows nearly the saturation line and then, as the water content decreases, the void ratio tends towards a constant value. A shrinkage limit of w = 14.5 % and a corresponding suction value of 15 MPa is deduced from this path. An air entry value of 10 MPa is obtained from degree of saturation versus suction curve. The wetting path shows that the wetting–drying path is reversible for suction values higher than 60 MPa. The different indirect methods used to assess the swelling potential of the Argile verte de Romainville show a general agreement with respect to its swelling potential ranging from high to very high (Table 3). Examination of the free swell test results shows that the Argile verte de Romainville exhibits swell percentage in the range of 15–26% and that its degree of swelling depends on the initial conditions (water content, dry density) and the applied load (Table 4). The higher the water content and the applied load, the lower the swell percentage. A specimen taken parallel to the bedding plane shows similar values of swell percentage with a steep volume change versus time curve indicating an anisotropy of permeability. The two direct methods used to assess the swelling pressure of the Argile verte de Romainville give different values (Table 5). The values obtained by the constant volume method are relatively close and are about 700 kPa. Lower values varying between 360 and 540 kPa are obtained by the conventional consolidation test (free swell-consolidation). This indicates that besides the initial conditions, the swelling pressure is strongly dependent on the stress path followed. The results obtained from the wetting–drying cycle tests show that the magnitude of the first swell cycle is controlled by the initial water content, the maximum deformation occurring on the second cycle and the stabilization of swelling deformation from the third cycle (Figs. 9, 10). Furthermore, the experimental data indicate that upon repeated wetting and drying, the swelling rate of the soil becomes faster, which is explained by an increase in permeability of the soil due to the development of preferential flow paths (micro cracks) on drying. With an increasing number of cycles, a permanent increase in the volume of the samples is observed. This suggests that the swelling–shrinkage behaviour of expansive soils is not completely reversible. Mercury intrusion porosimetry analysis and SEM observations before and after different numbers of cyclic swelling indicate that the swelling–shrinkage cycles are accompanied by a continual reconstruction of the soil structure (Figs. 11, 12). The mercury intrusion porosimetry results show that with an increasing number of wetting–drying cycles the pore volume and the average diameter of the pores increase progressively (Fig. 11). Larger modifications are observed in the pores with radius in the range of 0.1–5 μm. SEM observations also show further destruction of large aggregates and disorientation of structural elements as the number of cycles increases (Fig. 12). After the fifth cycle, the soil original structure is totally lost and a disoriented homogeneous and loose structure with more homogeneous pore spaces is observed (Fig. 12d).      

Investigation of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted expansive clay

The hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted expansive Romainville clay was investigated. The soil was air-dried, crushed, and passed through a 2 mm sieve before being statically compacted to a dry density of 1.35 Mg/m³. The mechanical behaviour was investigated by tests in oedometer with controlled suction using the vapor equilibrium technique (suction s = 0, 9, 39, and 110 MPa). The vertical stress was applied in the range of 0–800 kPa. The experimental results are shown as follows: 1) wetting-induced swelling was higher at lower vertical stresses; 2) the vertical stress under which no swelling occurred during water flooding was estimated at 60 kPa, which can be considered as the swelling pressure of the soil tested; 3) the soil compressibility (changes of volume upon stress increases) was strongly influenced by the soil suction: the lower the suction, the higher the compressibility. The hydraulic behaviour was investigated using a large-scale infiltration chamber (800 mm × 1000 mm in section and 1000 mm high). The large size of the soil column allowed burying the volumetric water content sensors (ThetaProbe) without significantly affecting the water transfer and the soil swelling during infiltration. The soil suction was monitored along the soil height (every 100 mm) using various relative humidity sensors and psychrometers. In the infiltration test, water was kept on the soil surface and changes in suction and volumetric water content were monitored for 338 d. The wetting front has reached the bottom of the soil column at the end of the test. The data from the simultaneous monitoring of suction and water content were used to determine the water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using the instantaneous profile method. It has been observed that the soil water retention curve depends on the soil depth; that is to be related to the soil depth-dependent swelling. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was found to be quite low, comprised between 3 × 10⁻¹¹ m/s (at saturated state) and 10⁻¹⁴ m/s (at about 100 MPa suction).     

Hysteretic soil water characteristics and cyclic swell–shrink paths of compacted expansive soils

The investigation of the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated expansive soil depends on the determination of hysteretic soil water characteristic curves (HSWCCs). This research investigates the HSWCCs of two natural expansive soils initially compacted at optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) and then saturated to their maximum expansion state to ensure identical capillary history. Filter paper, pressure plate and chilled mirror hygrometer suction measurement techniques were utilized, and corresponding measurements of three-dimensional volume change made. The cyclic swell–shrink paths were deduced in terms of volumetric strain versus either water content or suction. The cyclic three-dimensional volumetric measurements showed a much higher amount of swelling and shrinkage than those determined from one-dimensional measurements. Hydraulic hysteresis rapidly decreased with the swell–shrink cycles as a result of macro-structural stabilization. Under the no/low confining conditions, the swell–shrink cycles generally caused a decrease of global expansion and an increase of global shrinkage. Moreover, a special phenomenon showing a reduction of global shrinkage on significant drying was discovered in the less plastic soil sample.     

The effect of soil mineralogy and pore fluid chemistry on the suction and swelling behavior of soils

Soil suction is one of the most important parameters for describing the moisture condition and engineering behavior of unsaturated soils. Therefore, changes in suction behavior of soils in the presence of saline waters are important for engineered barriers. The aim of this study was to determine the change in suction and swelling behavior of soils, which were exposed to salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl₂, natural seawater) with respect to distilled water. The three soil samples were gathered with different mineralogy and plasticity characteristics and tested for determining matric and total suction values and for obtaining free swelling characteristics in the presence of salt solutions. The bentonitic soil sample had the highest total suction value in the presence of seawater. Kaolinitic and zeolitic soil samples had the highest total suction values in the presence of NaCl solution. The highest modified free swell index value of the samples was obtained in the presence of NaCl solution for all the soil samples. No relationship was found between the total suction, matric suction and the modified free swell index value of the tested soils.     

The effect of different types of water on the swelling behaviour of expansive clays

In the design of foundations of structures, especially light buildings, on clayey soils, the main soil behaviours to be considered are swelling properties and surface heave. Therefore, determination of swelling properties by means of swell percent and maximum swell pressure as well as estimation of the surface is very important in the investigation of such soils and light structures on them. In order to obtain the swelling parameters of clayey soils, experimental laboratory tests were carried out and standardised. Distilled water is generally used during these experimental tests; however, the soil in situ interacts with different types of water having different water chemistries. Therefore, the swelling behaviour of expansive soils tested with distilled water would naturally be different from the behaviour of expansive soils tested with different water types and chemistries. For this reason, it was anticipated that determination of the realistic swell behaviour in laboratory experiments requires the use of the same water as in the in situ condition. In this article, the effect of the water type and chemistry on the swelling behaviour of the clays was investigated by testing the clay samples with eight different types of water collected from the sea, river, lake and different rock formations. The main result of this research was that the anticipated clay swell percentages and pressures for different types of water were lower than for the distilled water routinely used in testing.     

膨胀土路基石灰改良试验研究

膨胀土是一种特殊性质的土,不同的掺灰率对膨胀土性质的改变也不同。文章对膨胀土进行掺石灰试验研究,探讨掺石灰对膨胀土的胀缩性与强度的影响规律,对比分析了膨胀土改良后的最佳含水量、最大干密度、无侧限抗压强度、CBR等指标与不同掺灰率之间的关系,确定了膨胀土的最佳掺灰率,试验结果对同类工程具有参考意义。     

非饱和膨胀土抗剪强度的试验研究

膨胀土是一种特殊的非饱和土，经典的土力学理论在膨胀土问题中己显得无能为力。因此，用非饱和土力学理论来研究膨胀土问题在理论和实际两方面都具有重大意义。在非饱和土抗剪强度理论中，吸力的量测在工程实际中仍没有一种简单易行的方法。基于这种实际情况，试图通过其他间接的途径来代替吸力的量测，以确定非饱和土的吸附强度。对于膨胀土这种典型的非饱和土，膨胀力是其很重要的性质之一，它的大小受含水量的影响很大；另一方面，膨胀土的抗剪强度也随含水量的变化而不断地变化。进行了大量的膨胀力试验和抗剪强度试验，以确定膨胀土的膨胀力与吸附强度是否有一定的关系。通过对黑山土和梅山土的重塑试样试验得到的试验数据分析发现：膨胀力和含水量之间存在良好指数关系；粘聚力的对数和内摩擦角均随含水量的增大线性减小；非饱和膨胀土的吸附强度与膨胀力之间存在较好的线性关系，并在此基础上优化了非饱和膨胀土抗剪强度公式。     

膨胀土胀缩机理及其在控制隧道沉降中的应用

因黄土的膨胀特性导致的隧道地表沉降和变形坍塌事故屡见不鲜。为探究浅埋段膨胀土隧道地表沉降和变形控制技术,结合在建太兴铁路TXXS-2小河沟段膨胀土隧道施工,采用现场监测、理论分析和现场试验研究相结合的方法,对膨胀土的特性、胀缩机理及其影响因素进行研究,结合监控量测数据结果,提出地表沉降控制技术。通过对膨胀土微结构特征进行研究,引用了膨胀土的判别函数式,对膨胀土的膨胀潜势进行了分类,根据膨胀潜势情况指导施工;研究了膨胀土强度特性,建立了强度与含水量、干密度、饱和度的关系,并对有效蒙脱石含量对强度的影响进行研究,理论上分析了晶体胀缩的根本机理;根据对膨胀土胀缩特性进行研究,分析了隧道的膨胀潜势等级和隧道特殊地质特征,通过现场土工试验,确定了小河沟隧道胀缩影响因素及其曲线关系;通过对现场施工进行监控量测,结合关系曲线和现场情况,提出了控制地表沉降的处治措施,指导现场工程施工。     

膨胀粘土填筑条件的控制

本文介绍了我国中南地区常见的一种以含伊利石为主的、具有中等偏高膨胀性的粘土的基本特性和用这种土在室内制备不同压实含水量和容重的试样置于固结仪中进行试验,以测定其受荷膨胀和膨胀压力的成果。经研究认为:为了控制压实的膨胀粘土的膨胀势,必须兼顾填筑容重和填筑含水量,即前者要比按标准击实方法求得的容重低一些,而后者则要较高于标准最优值,以保证不致发生较大的膨胀。文中还讨论了压实的膨胀粘土结构对膨胀性的影响。     

Swelling behaviour of expansive soils with recycled geofoam granules column inclusion

Structures founded on expansive soils experience large uplift pressure due to the high swelling nature of these soils. In this investigation, an effort is taken to reuse the waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads to form geofoam granules column (GGC) and quantify the swelling behaviour of expansive soil with and without GGC inclusion. Several swell tests were carried out in statically compacted soil specimen with uniform thickness of 100?mm placed in a large scale one dimensional consolidation apparatus which can accommodate the California bearing ratio (CBR) mould. Attempts were made to ascertain the performance of GGC inclusion in expansive soil by varying diameters of GGC (25?mm, 40?mm, 50?mm and 75?mm), density of formed GGC (15?kg/m³ and 20?kg/m³) and two placement conditions of soil samples (by varying moisture content). Tests results were analysed which showed that the percentage of swell, swelling pressure and the time rate of swell decreases upon inclusion of GGC and significant reduction is noticed for lesser GGC density. Further, the mechanism of GGCs influence in control swelling of expansive soil is explained with the help of soil-GGC interaction.     

Soil-water interaction in unsaturated expansive soil slopes

The intensive soil-water interaction in unsaturated expansive soil is one of the major reasons for slope failures. In this paper, the soil-water interaction is investigated with the full-scale field inspection of rainwater infiltration and comprehensive experiments, including wetting-induced softening tests, swelling, and shrinkage tests. It is demonstrated that the soil-water interaction induced by seasonal wetting-drying cycles is very complex, and it involves coupled effects among the changes in water content, suction, stress, deformation and shear strength. In addition, the abundant cracks in the expansive soil play an important role in the soil-water interaction. The cracks disintegrate the soil mass, and more importantly, provide easy pathways for rainfall infiltration. Infiltration of rainwater not only results in wetting-induced softening of the shallow unsaturated soil layers, but also leads to the increase of horizontal stress. The increase of horizontal stress may lead to a local passive failure. The seasonal wetting-drying cycles tend to result in a down-slope creeping of the shallow soil layer, which leads to progressive slope failure. Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science), 2006, 40(3): 494–500 [译自: 浙江大学学报 (工学版)]     

离子土固化剂改良膨胀土的机理研究

以河南安阳典型弱膨胀土为研究对象,分别对素土及离子土固化剂（Ionic Soil Stabilizer,简称ISS）改良土进行一系列的理化试验研究,通过标准吸湿含水率试验分析土体吸湿持水能力的变化;通过X射线衍射、傅立叶红外光谱测试、阳离子交换量及可交换阳离子成分测定、Zeta电位、比表面积,扫描电镜试验分析土体矿物组分、晶体结构、电化学性质及表面属性等反映土体胀缩本质因素的变化规律。试验结果表明：膨胀土经离子土固化剂处理后,吸湿持水能力下降,膨胀能力变弱,土样矿物成分未发生明显变化,但蒙脱石类矿物d₀₀₁晶层间距变小,层间水合度降低;通过离子交换,ISS置换出膨胀土体颗粒表面亲水性阳离子,促使土体阳离子交换量减小,可交换阳离子主要成分为Ca²⁺;改良土体ξ电位降低,土颗粒间连接力增强,比表面积减少。ISS改良机理可解释为通过离子交换,吸附,包裹等一系列复杂的表面物化反应,降低黏土矿物晶层间“水敏性”,改变土颗粒表面的双电层结构,促使结合水膜厚度减薄,从而降低了土体的膨胀性,水稳定性。     

广西宁明膨胀土胀缩活动带特征及滑坡破坏模式研究

通过对南(宁)友(谊关)高速公路宁明下第三系湖相风化泥岩及其残积土路堑边坡的系统地质调查、现场监测,对比研究了膨胀土自然边坡和路堑边坡胀缩活动带的含水率、地温、收缩系数及50 kPa下膨胀量随深度的变化特征,结合对边坡胀缩裂隙与滑坡体形态要素的相关性分析,提出了胀缩活动带滑坡的半定量破坏模式,为有效进行工程处治提供了依据。     

Behavior and characteristics of compacted expansive unsaturated bentonite-sand mixture

Limited studies dealt with the expansive unsaturated soils in the case of large-scale model close to the field conditions and therefore,there is much more room for improvement.In this study,expansive(bentonite-sand(B-S) mixture) and non-expansive(kaolin) soils were tested in different water contents and dry unit weights chosen from the compaction curve to examine the effect of water content change on soil properties(swelling pressure,expansion indices,shear strength(soil cohesion) and soil suction)for the small soil samples.Large-scale model was also used to show the effect of water content change on different relations(swelling and suction with elapsed time).The study reveals that the initial soil conditions(water content and dry unit weight) affect the soil cohesion,suction and swelling,where all these parameters slightly decrease with the increase in soil water content especially on the wet side of optimum water content.The settlement of each soil at failure increases with the increase in soil degrees of saturation since the matric suction reduces the soil ability to deform.The settlement observed in B-S mixture is higher than that in kaolin due to the effect of higher swelling observed in B-S mixture and the huge amount of water absorbed which transformed the soil to highly compressible soil.The matric suction seems to decrease with elapsed time from top to bottom of tensiometers due to the effect of water flowing from top of the specimen.The tensiometer reading at first of the saturation process is lower than that at later period of saturation(for soil sample B-S3,the tensiometer #1 took 3 d to drop from 93 kPa to 80 kPa at early stage,while the same tensiometer took 2 d to drop from 60 kPa to 20 kPa).     

Swelling characteristics of soils subjected to acid contamination

The ever-increasing number of failures of industrial structures due to the heaving of acid-contaminated foundation soils has necessitated a better understanding of soil behavior under changing and extreme environmental conditions. Thus, this paper attempts to micro-mechanistically explain the swelling characteristics of soils contaminated with inorganic acids. Three soils with widely varying physical and chemical properties, namely, natural black cotton soil and commercially available bentonite and kaolin clay, were selected for the investigation. Special Teflon-made oedometer cells, which are entirely non-reactive to acid, were used to assess the swelling behavior. The soils were inundated with two concentrations of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and allowed to swell. The results indicate that, in montmorillonitic soils, the type of cation in the exchangeable complex plays a dominant role in governing the swelling behavior of clays during acid contamination. The mineralogical changes due to cation exchange reactions, along with the partial mineral dissolution, resulted in the acid-induced swelling in montmorillonitic soils. In the kaolin clay, the face-to-edge association of the particles due to the adsorption of H⁺ by broken edges led to an increase in swelling along with mineralogical changes.     

击实膨胀土的循环膨胀特性研究

主要研究了干湿循环对击实膨胀土胀缩特性的影响。研究结果表明,击实膨胀土的胀缩变形并不是完全可逆的,随干湿循环的发展,膨胀土的膨胀速率加快,绝对膨胀率总是增大而相对膨胀率则降低。这种变化在第Ⅱ、Ⅲ级循环时最明显,第Ⅲ级循环后便趋于稳定。这些变化特性主要是粘粒集聚、微结构改变的结果。     

Investigation of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted expansive clay

The hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted expansive Romainville clay was investigated. The soil was air-dried, crushed, and passed through a 2 mm sieve before being statically compacted to a dry density of 1.35 Mg/m³. The mechanical behaviour was investigated by tests in oedometer with controlled suction using the vapor equilibrium technique (suction s = 0, 9, 39, and 110 MPa). The vertical stress was applied in the range of 0–800 kPa. The experimental results are shown as follows: 1) wetting-induced swelling was higher at lower vertical stresses; 2) the vertical stress under which no swelling occurred during water flooding was estimated at 60 kPa, which can be considered as the swelling pressure of the soil tested; 3) the soil compressibility (changes of volume upon stress increases) was strongly influenced by the soil suction: the lower the suction, the higher the compressibility. The hydraulic behaviour was investigated using a large-scale inltration chamber (800 mm × 1000 mm in section and 1000 mm high). The large size of the soil column allowed burying the volumetric water content sensors (ThetaProbe) without signicantly affecting the water transfer and the soil swelling during inltration. The soil suction was monitored along the soil height (every 100 mm) using various relative humidity sensors and psychrometers. In the inltration test, water was kept on the soil surface and changes in suction and volumetric water content were monitored for 338 d. The wetting front has reached the bottom of the soil column at the end of the test. The data from the simultaneous monitoring of suction and water content were used to determine the water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using the instantaneous prole method. It has been observed that the soil water retention curve depends on the soil depth; that is to be related to the soil depth-dependent swelling. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was found to be quite low, comprised between 3 × 10⁻¹¹ m/s (at saturated state) and 10⁻¹⁴ m/s (at about 100 MPa suction).     

膨胀土的自由膨胀比试验研究

自由膨胀率是膨胀土判别与分类的一项重要指标,由于自由膨胀率的测试人为干扰因素较多,自由膨胀率的科学性和可靠性被广泛质疑,因此,寻求一种人为干扰因素少,又能反映膨胀土本质的合理而适用的指标具有重要意义。为此,引进了一种新的试验方法即自由膨胀比试验,膨胀比是10g烘干土样分别在盛有蒸馏水和煤油(或CCl4)的标准量筒(通常为50mL)中沉积稳定时的体积之比。阐述该指标的意义和试验方法,系统开展自由膨胀比试验和膨胀土物理力学指标试验,试验表明:相对自由膨胀率而言,自由膨胀比与阳离子交换量、比表面积、蒙脱石含量具有更好的相关性,能较好反映膨胀土的胀缩特性;将自由膨胀比与公路规范中常用的指标液限、塑性指数、标准吸湿含水量进行对比分析,发现自由膨胀比作为膨胀土判别与分类指标具有更高的可信度,同时自由膨胀比与这些指标相关关系也较好,可将其结合起来用于膨胀土的判别分类中。     

非饱和膨胀土变形和强度特性的三轴试验研究

为了研究吸力变化对非饱和膨胀土变形和抗剪强度特性的影响,利用三套新研制的双压力室非饱和土三轴仪,进行一系列吸湿试验、等吸力压缩固结试验和等吸力剪切试验。试验土样取自鄂西北的中膨胀性土,采用静力压实方法制备试样。试验成果表明:该非饱和膨胀土在低围压吸湿过程中的体变性状呈明显的屈服特性,因此验证了Barcelona膨胀土本构模型中SD屈服包线的存在。在等向压缩固结过程中,该非饱和膨胀土的屈服应力随吸力增加而增大,而屈服后的压缩系数随吸力增大而减少,表明吸力对土体具有硬化作用。该非饱和膨胀土的有效内摩擦角不随吸力变化而变化,吸力对抗剪强度的贡献(似凝聚力)随吸力呈非线性增加,吸力对该膨胀土抗剪强度的贡献明显高于压实高岭土和砂性土。     

南阳膨胀土变形与强度特性的三轴试验研究

对南阳膨胀土做了4种应力路径的三轴试验，即控制吸力的各向同性压缩试验、控制净平均应力的收缩试验、控制净平均应力的膨胀试验、同时控制净室压力和吸力的排水剪切试验，结果表明：膨胀土各向同性压缩屈服特性仍可用一般非饱和土的LC屈服线描述；不同围压下的收缩路径的屈服吸力随围压增大而减小，且屈服后的收缩指数接近各向同性压缩屈服后的压缩指数；非饱和状态下的内摩擦角近似等于饱和状态下的有效内摩擦角，总粘聚力随吸力增加而线性增大；在各向同性压缩试验和三轴剪切试验过程中，土样含水量随净平均应力的变化都近似为线性关系。