超声波、牛血清蛋白和吐温试剂辅助玉米秸秆酶水解

研究了超声波、牛血清蛋白(BSA)、表面活性剂Tween20和Tween80作为辅助手段对玉米秸秆酶水解过程的影响。结果显示:虽然三者作用机理不同,但是均能够提高酶水解得糖率。未加辅助方法时酶解48h后的得糖率为26.2%;经30W、10min超声波辐射辅助的酶解得糖率上升为35.7%;添加0.5g/LBSA时的酶解得糖率提高到32.8%;而加入1%的Tween20和Tween80后酶解得糖率分别增加到35.2%和35.9%。     

表面活性剂水溶液池热核沸腾传热的试验研究

对表面活性剂SDS、CTAB、Triton X-114和Triton X-100水溶液物性及其池核沸腾传热进行了试验,重点探讨了表面活性剂分子结构参数和溶液物性对沸腾传热的影响。结果表明：表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热效果、表面活性剂相对分子质量对表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热的影响规律都与表面活性剂的电离特性密切相关,离子型表面活性剂SDS与CTAB溶液的沸腾传热系数比值与相对分子质量的比值成－0.22的指数关系,而非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114和Triton X-100溶液不存在指数关系。动态表面张力和热流密度相等时,SDS和CTAB溶液沸腾传热特性差异主要受相对分子质量和平衡接触角的影响,而Triton X-100和Triton X-114溶液则受质量分数、EO基团数、浊点和动力黏度的综合作用。     

表面活性剂与离子液体对β-葡萄糖苷酶的协同影响

为考察表面活性剂和离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑磷酸二乙酯盐（[EMIM]DEP）对类芽孢杆菌sp. LLZ1 β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响,在酶活测定体系中加入一定浓度的表面活性剂和[EMIM]DEP。结果表明：添加5%的[EMIM]DEP使β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性增强了12.00%,进一步添加0.1%鼠李糖脂、Span20、PEG4000和Tween80分别使酶活增强了21.85%、12.07%、8.57%和5.25%,而Triton X-100和SDS分别使酶活降低了4.59%和10.63%。动力学曲线和动力学参数表明随着表面活性剂和5%[EMIM]DEP对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的增强,米氏常数K_m随之减小。圆二色谱（CD）分析表明分别经0.1%鼠李糖脂、Span20、PEG4000和Tween80处理后,β-葡萄糖苷酶的α-螺旋分别增加1.00%、0.78%、0.72%和0.80%,添加SDS导致α-螺旋减少5.72%。荧光光谱表明同时添加表面活性剂和5%[EMIM]DEP改变了β-葡萄糖苷酶的最大发射波长。差示扫描量热法(DSC)表明0.1%鼠李糖脂和5%[EMIM]DEP提高了β-葡萄糖苷酶的中点温度和平均展开焓。使用0.1%鼠李糖脂协同5%[EMIM]DEP水解纤维二糖,转化率提高了21.93%。     

木薯酒精渣的预处理及补料同步糖化发酵制取乙醇

木薯酒精渣的处置是制约木薯燃料乙醇大规模产业化的问题之一。本文立足于探索木薯酒精渣利用途径,分析了木薯酒精渣的主要成分,对比了氨水、氢氧化钠、氨水组合稀硫酸3种预处理方式对于木薯酒精渣纤维素和木素含量及纤维素酶水解效率的影响,分析了处理前后木薯酒精渣的表面结构及纤维素结晶度,并以氨水处理后的木薯酒精渣为底物,进行了同步糖化发酵。结果表明,3种预处理方法中组合预处理能更好地增加纤维素含量和提高纤维素酶水解效率,与未处理原料相比,组合预处理后纤维素含量增加了111.26%,木素下降了35.05%,酶水解72h纤维素转化率从42.10%增加到61.71%。氨水预处理后,原料的木素含量降低,处理后木薯酒精渣的表面变得更加粗糙,纤维素结晶度有所增加,以氨水处理后的木薯酒精渣为底物进行分批补料同步糖化发酵,当初始底物浓度为100.0g/L,分别在20h、40h、60h进行补料至最终底物浓度为400.0g/L时,发酵120h乙醇浓度达到51.0g/L。     

离子及表面活性剂对甜高粱秆渣酶解的影响

为了提高纤维素酶水解经高温液态水处理后的甜高粱秆渣的效率,探讨了多种阴离子、阳离子以及吐温80(Tween 80)对纤维素酶活力的影响,并初步探讨了Tween 80影响甜高粱秆渣酶解的机制。酶激活试验表明,Br^-、I^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Co²⁺对纤维素酶有激活作用,但对甜高粱秆渣的水解效率提高不明显。添加Tween 80发现,随着浓度的增加,它对纤维素酶的抑制作用增强,而Tween 80添加量为0.175 ml·(g甜高粱秆渣)^-1时,甜高粱秆渣的酶解效率由16.6%提高到37.9%。吸附试验表明,甜高粱秆渣对纤维素酶和Tween 80的吸附达到一定限度后不再上升,Tween 80能显著降低甜高粱秆渣对纤维素酶的吸附。红外光谱分析发现,木质素对Tween 80的吸附要强于它对纤维素酶的吸附。     

木薯渣超低酸预处理后的酶水解及乙醇发酵

为提高木薯渣的酶解糖化效率,降低原料处理成本,采用超低酸(ULA)对木薯渣进行预处理,并对预处理后的木薯残渣(CR_(ULA))进行纤维素酶酶解糖化,同时探究木薯残渣附着酶的再利用以及回用过程抑制物的累积对发酵产乙醇的影响。结果表明,CR_(ULA)采用70 FPU/g_(底物)纤维素酶水解12 h后,获得47.22 g/L葡萄糖和60.61 g/L总糖。附着于CR_(ULA)上的纤维素酶循环利用5次,纤维素酶添加量从70 FPU/g_(底物)(RUN 1)下降到42 FPU/g_(底物)(RUN 5),节省了40%的新鲜酶,RUN 5的葡萄糖和总糖浓度分别为48.00 g/L和60.92 g/L。RUN 1和RUN 5的酶解液分别用于乙醇发酵,得到乙醇浓度和得率分别为21.67 g/L和0.46 g/g_(葡萄糖)、21.52 g/L和0.45 g/g_(葡萄糖),与葡萄糖培养基所得结果接近。附着酶再利用过程中抑制物乙酸、5-HMF和糠醛浓度有累积增加,而甲酸无明显的变化。由物料衡算可知,木薯渣经ULA预处理及酶水解后,葡萄糖得率为80.64%,乙醇产率为13.84%。     

表面活性剂对球形纤维素珠体得率的影响

在成球过程中,分散剂种类及用量对珠体得率及粒径均有很大的影响。以N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)和程序降温法制得的球形纤维素珠体为实验原料,以Span85、Tween80、Tween85、Span80和油酸钠等表面活性剂为分散剂,系统地研究了单种表面活性剂及表面活性剂混合对珠体制备的影响。实验结果表明,以Tween85为分散剂,用量为1.0%时,珠体得率最高,可达98.5%。以Tween85与十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)的混合物(用量为4.0%)、Span85与Tween80的混合物(用量为1.5%)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与SDS的混合物(用量为1.5%)为分散剂,所得球形纤维素珠体得率分别达到96.6%、95.8%、80.0%。     

纤维素酶高效水解麦秆的工艺研究

以纤维素酶水解蒸汽爆破麦秆的过程为研究对象,考察了底物浓度、纤维素酶用量、β-葡萄糖苷酶装载量以及化学激活剂对麦秆水解的影响。结果表明,高底物浓度下的最佳酶解工艺条件为底物(麦秆)浓度20%,酶装载量(U/g纤维素):滤纸酶活45、β-葡萄糖苷酶25、木聚糖酶800,0.1 mmol/L Mg2+、0.1 mmol/L Co2+、10 mmol/L Fe3+,1 g/L PEG2000、1 g/L Tween80和1 g/L山梨醇,搅拌速度120~150 r/min,分批补料,p H4.8,50℃,水解时间144 h。在此条件下,还原糖浓度达115.43 g/L,葡萄糖浓度达88.39 g/L,转化率也分别达到78.04%和88.73%。     

稀碱-Fenton试剂预处理对云南苦竹酶水解得率的影响

利用响应面法对稀碱-Fenton反应预处理竹粉的条件进行优化,确定最佳的Fenton预处理条件为:1 g 稀碱预处理后竹粉底物加入质量分数30 %的 H₂O₂ 溶液3.4 mL,Fe²⁺浓度15.8 mmol/L,反应时间12 h,获得的 72 h 酶水解得率为49.98%。与原料和经2%NaOH 预处理后的样品相比,经2%NaOH-Fenton 预处理后的样品中纤维素含量升高,半纤维素和木质素含量降低,72 h酶水解得率为48.24%,分别提高了47.79和37.44个百分点。当纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的用量分别为32 FPIU/g和16 IU/g(以纤维素质量计)时,72 h 酶水解得率为76.64%,比单独使用纤维素酶时的酶水解得率提高了22.80%。     

表面活性剂对面包酵母细胞催化2-辛酮不对称还原反应的影响

实验研究了表面活性剂(SDS,CTAB,Emulsifier OP-6)对面包酵母细胞催化2-辛酮不对称还原反应的影响.结果表明,当底物浓度为10mmol/L时,在不含表面活性剂的体系中,副反应和逆反应使反应96h后的得率和产物(S)-2-辛醇对映体过量率(Enantiomeric Excess,e.e.)仅为77.4%和78.8%.一定浓度的表面活性剂可提高正反应速率、降低逆反应和副反应速率,在含0.4mmol/L Emulsifier OP-6或0.04mmol/L CTAB的体系中反应96h,得率分别达到88.4%和91.1%,产物e.e.值为97.0%和94.5%.反应得率和产物e.e.值提高与表面活性剂对细胞生长、细胞膜透性的改变有关.EmulsifierOP-6的作用效果优于其他2种表面活性剂.     

Tween80对稻草水解及同步糖化与发酵产乳酸的影响

在生物转化纤维原料产乳酸的过程中,酶解纤维原料产还原糖是限速步骤。为了获得较高的产物产率,需较高的酶用量,这使大规模酶解废弃纤维原料的成本很高。对吐温80在酶解稻草纤维素产糖,以及耐高温乳酸菌同步糖化发酵稻草产乳酸过程中的作用进行了考察。初步结果表明,吐温80加入可使保持同等程度的水解率所需的酶用量降低,添加0.2 g/g底物的吐温80到酶用量10 FPU/g体系,水解120 h的糖产率为292.2 mg/g,比不加表面活性剂体系的糖产率增加了11%;添加0.7 g/L的吐温80进行同步糖化与发酵72 h,能使乳酸产量提高24.2%。     

Effect of surfactants on phenol removal by the method of polymerization and precipitation catalysed by Coprinus cinereus peroxidase

The removal of phenol by peroxidase‐catalysed polymerization was examined using Coprinus cinereus peroxidase in the presence of surfactants. The non‐ionic surfactants with poly(oxyethene) residues, Triton X‐100, Triton X‐405 and Tween 20, enhanced the phenol removal efficiency at a level similar to high relative molecular mass poly(ethylene glycol) (relative molecular mass 3000). Although the improvement in the removal efficiency was less than that of Triton X‐100, Span 20, sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and lauryl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) also enhanced the removal efficiency. The requirement of the enzyme for almost 100% removal of 100 mg dm^?3 phenol decreased to one‐fourth by the addition of 30 mg dm^?3 Triton X‐100. Triton X‐100, Triton X‐405, Tween 20 and DTAB could reactivate the enzyme precipitated with the phenol polymer, leading to the restarting of the phenol removal reaction. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Spectroscopic and conductometric studies on the interactions of thionine with anionic and nonionic surfactants

In this study, the interaction of thionine, a cationic dye, with anionic [sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), lithium dodecyl sulphate (LiDS), and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS)], nonionic (Tween 20 and Triton X‐100), and binary mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants was studied by conductometric and spectrophotometric measurements. The degree of ionisation, the counterion binding parameters, and the equilibrium constants in the premicellar region were obtained from conductivity data. Binding constants of thionine to anionic, nonionic, and mixtures of anionic and nonionic micelles were determined by spectrophotometric measurements. The binding tendency of thionine to anionic micelles followed the order SDBS > SDS > LiDS. The presence of nonionic surfactants increased significantly the binding affinity of thionine to anionic micelles, and the highest binding constant was calculated in the presence of Tween 20. The results obtained from conductometric studies correlated with those obtained from spectroscopic studies. Data concerning dye–surfactant interaction are important for a fundamental understanding of the performance of single and mixed surfactants and for their industrial application.     

Effect of surfactants on the soil desorption of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and their anaerobic biodegradation

The extensive utilization of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) such as pesticides generates high environmental pollution levels. Due to their hydrophobicity, this type of compound tends to accumulate in soil organic matter and, thus, soil desorption limits their availability for microbial degradation. The use of surfactants may increase the pollutant's desorption from the soil. One of the pesticides with strong sorption characteristics is hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), a mixture of isomers: α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐HCH. In this work, we evaluated the use of three surfactants, Triton X100, Tween 80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the HCH desorption from a sandy loam soil. The effects of the addition of these surfactants on anaerobic biodegradation were studied. To attain this purpose, different assays were performed to evaluate both effects. Triton X100 exerted the best desorption of HCH isomers, followed by Tween 80, whereas SDS caused no significant desorption of the isomers. Triton had a strong inhibitory effect on the HCH biodegradation, while Tween 80 did not decrease the degradation rates of the different isomers. Moreover, the degradation rates of β‐ and δ‐HCH were significantly enhanced (around 10%). On the other hand, detrimental effects on the biodegradation rates and yields were due to the ageing of the soil, depending on the period of exposure of the soil to the pollutant. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

假交替单胞菌JMUZ2重组κ-卡拉胶酶的异源表达和酶学性质

将假交替单胞菌JMUZ2的κ-卡拉胶酶基因在大肠杆菌中异源表达,利用亲和层析对重组κ-卡拉胶酶进行分离纯化,表征重组酶的酶学性质,利用质谱分析κ-卡拉胶的酶解产物,并进行产物的抗氧化活性分析。结果表明,假交替单胞菌JMUZ2的κ-卡拉胶酶属于GH16家族,能专一性降解κ-卡拉胶,重组κ-卡拉胶酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为50℃和8.0,在40℃条件下处理1 h,保持约80%残余活力。重组酶对去垢剂Tween 20、Tween 80和Triton X-100有良好的耐受性。LC-MS分析显示,重组酶水解κ-卡拉胶的终产物为二糖和四糖。酶解产物对·OH自由基、DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基具有一定清除作用,还具有良好的还原能力。重组κ-卡拉胶酶的酶学性质及酶解产物的分析为该酶用于κ-卡拉胶寡糖绿色制备的应用奠定理论基础。     

An approach to optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse based on organosolv pretreatment

BACKGROUND: The organosolv pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material and subsequent fermentation of the hydrolysate produced, was the strategy used for ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. The effect of different operational variables affecting the pretreatment (the catalyst type and its concentration, and the pretreatment time) and enzymatic hydrolysis stage (substrate concentration, cellulase loading, addition of xylanase and Tween 20, and the cellulase/β‐glucosidase ratio), were investigated. RESULTS: The best values of glucose concentration (28.8 g L^?1) and yield (25.1 g per 100 g dry matter) were obtained when the material was pretreated with 1.25% (w/w) H₂SO₄ for 60 min, and subsequently hydrolyzed using 10% (w/v) substrate concentration in a reaction medium supplemented with xylanase (300 UI g^?1) and Tween 20 (2.5% w/w). Fermentation of the broth obtained under these optimum conditions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in an ethanol yield of 92.8% based on the theoretical yield, after 24 h. CONCLUSION: Organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse under soft conditions, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material with a cellulolytic system supplemented with xylanase and Tween 20, is a suitable procedure to obtain a glucose rich hydrolysate efficiently fermentable to ethanol by Sacharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry