Effect of alumina on slag–metal separation during iron nugget formation from high alumina Indian iron ore fines

Abstract

Iron nuggets can be obtained from ore–coal composite pellets by high temperature reduction. Alumina in the ore plays a vital role in slag–metal separation during nugget formation, as it increases the liquidus temperature of the slag. In this study, the effect of carbon content, reduction temperature and lime addition on slag–metal separation and nugget formation of varying alumina iron ore fines were studied by means of thermodynamic modelling. The results were validated by conducting experiments using iron ore fines with alumina levels ranging from 1·85 to 6·15%. Results showed that increase in reduction temperature enhances slag metal separation, whereas increasing alumina and carbon content beyond the optimum level adversely affects separation. Carbon below the required amount decreases the metal recovery, and carbon above the required amount reduces the silica and alters the slag chemistry. Optimum conditions were established to produce iron nuggets with complete slag–metal separation using iron ore–coal composite pellets made from high alumina iron ore fines. These were reduction temperature of 1400°C, reduction time minimum of 15 min, carbon input of 80% of theoretical requirement and CaO input of 2·3, 3·0 and 4·2 wt-% for 1·85, 4·0 and 6·15 wt-% alumina ores respectively.     

不锈钢粉尘内配煤团块高温自还原过程中金属铁的聚集

用不锈钢生产中的高碱度二次粉尘制备内配煤团块,在高温下自还原获得含铬、镍的金属铁粒.研究影响铁粒聚集长大的因素.研究表明:(1)内配煤团块的渣相碱度(w( CaO)/w( SiO2))小于2.8时,还原产物冷却过程中渣相与金属铁粒才能自然分离.碱度越低,渣量越大,越不利于金属铁聚集长大;(2)提高内配碳比,渣相残碳量明显升高,渣中过量的碳阻碍金属相聚集长大;(3)提高还原温度,直接还原铁的海绵状结构解体,逐渐聚集成颗粒状金属铁.还原温度越高,越有利于金属铁的聚集长大     

高炉使用铁焦的㶲分析

 中国钢铁生产主要以高能耗和高排放的高炉-转炉长流程为主,节能减排压力较大。因此,积极研发高炉低碳炼铁技术,促进高炉工序CO₂减排尤为重要。铁焦是将含铁原料加入适宜的煤中,经焦化或炭化后成型的新型碳铁复合炉料,其高反应性可以显著降低热储备区温度、降低碳消耗,高炉使用适量的铁焦可实现一定程度的节能降碳。基于现场生产数据,采用㶲分析理论,建立高炉使用铁焦的㶲平衡模型,探索铁焦添加量对高炉物料消耗及能量利用效率的影响。结果表明,高炉使用铁焦后,炉内间接还原得到发展,碳利用率提高,炉内灰分量降低,冶炼单位生铁的碳素消耗和炉渣量均会降低,与未使用铁焦相比,高炉使用114 kg铁焦后,吨铁碳素消耗降低25.95 kg,渣量降低11.28 kg。此外,铁焦内部的金属铁仅需熔化,节省还原所需的㶲量,焦炭和鼓风带入㶲会显著降低,因此高炉冶炼吨铁消耗的总㶲量降低,同时,炉内传热也得到改善,内部㶲损失有效降低,与未使用铁焦相比,高炉使用114 kg/t铁焦后,目的㶲效率由46.14%提高至48.87%,热力学完善度由87.46%提高到88.02%。在此条件下,高炉吨铁的内部㶲损失降低192.63 MJ,实现节能6.57 kg(标煤)。     

含碳球团低温熔分过程中硫的行为

 根据低配碳比含碳球团还原低温熔分制备粒铁的技术思想,对含碳球团还原熔分过程中硫的分配及硫的行为进行了试验研究。结果表明,影响产品铁粒中硫质量分数的主要因素为碳质垫料、球团原料中硫量以及熔分后铁粒在炉内的停留时间。为了降低铁粒中硫质量分数,应尽量限制煤粉、铁矿带入的硫量。要选择硫量较低的碳质垫料,尽量缩短熔分后铁粒在炉内停留时间。垫料中混和适量的固硫剂有利于降低铁粒中硫质量分数。球团中添加CaO未见有脱硫作用,铁粒中硫质量分数反而稍有增加。球团中配碳比的增加会导致含碳球团中煤粉带入的硫量的增加,因此配碳比的增加会稍微提高铁粒中硫质量分数。     

氧化铝对铁矿石烧结质量和生产率的影响(英文)

烧结矿是现代高炉生产的主要含铁原料。合理控制入炉烧结矿的理化性能与冶金性能对高炉生产和稳定操作是很必要的。铁矿粉是烧结矿的主要原料,其化学成分和烧结料层内的热量条件在烧结过程中起着重要的作用。化学成分等参数也决定着烧结矿矿相结构和质量。由于含氧化铝原料的低反应性及其液相的高粘性,因此在人们的预料中高铝矿石对烧结矿结构组成的影响并不好。烧结混合料中的氧化铝在同化过程中需要消耗大量热量,延迟烧结过程。在确保高炉渣的流动性方面,氧化铝也需要消耗较大热量。不论是烧结还是高炉的生产实绩均表明,氧化铝是有害的。一般而言,高含铁量与低脉石的印度矿与其他矿石的不同特点就是氧化铝含量高。由于高品味铁矿石的消耗殆尽,使用可利用的烧结原料成为生产必需。因此,必须要掌握氧化铝的作用及其对烧结矿质量和生产过程的影响。实验室完成了不同氧化铝含量水平(2.00%～5.46%)的实验,可从中了解氧化铝在烧结矿矿物学、生产率、物理性能和冶金性能方面的影响。随着烧结矿中氧化铝含量的增加,残存赤铁矿、复合铁酸钙(SFCA)和孔隙率增加,而磁铁矿和硅酸盐比例下降。烧结生产率和烧结矿转鼓强度(TI)随着氧化铝含量上升而下降,反映烧结矿冶金性能的诸如低温还原粉化率(RDI)和还原率(RI)提高。     

Application of carbon composite iron ore hot briquette to innovative ironmaking process

As a new type of ironmaking raw materials,carbon composite iron ore hot briquette(CCB) is the product of fine iron ore and fine coal by hot briquetting process.On basis of experimental research on the manufacturing and metallurgical properties of CCB,this study focused on the application of CCB to blast furnace ironmaking and newly-developed shaft furnace smelting reduction processes.Firstly,the metallurgical properties of CCB are experimentally tested and compared with the common iron-bearing burdens.Th...     

铁焦制备与高炉应用的研究进展

 钢铁工业长期面临着资源短缺和环境污染的的发展现状,实现节能减排和绿色冶金是钢铁工业实现可持续发展的重点。而高炉炼铁是钢铁工业节能减排的关键,急需研发低碳高炉炼铁新技术。复合铁焦是实现低碳高炉炼铁的一种新型碳铁复合炉料。高炉使用铁焦后可降低热储备区温度,提高冶炼效率,降低焦比,从而实现CO₂减排。综述了国内外铁焦制备与应用的研究进展,主要包括铁焦的制备工艺和高炉应用。归纳了各种铁焦制备工艺的特点。同时提出并研究了矿煤压块-竖炉炭化-高炉应用的冷压型铁焦制备与应用新技术。重点进行了冷压型铁焦的制备及冶金性能优化、高炉应用冷压型铁焦等试验研究。冷压型铁焦制备适宜的工艺条件为,质量分数为30%铁矿粉、45%烟煤1、10%烟煤2、10%烟煤3、5%无烟煤、5%沥青类黏结剂B混合加热至60 ℃,并进行冷压成型;成型压块再经竖炉1 000 ℃炭化4 h;获得抗压强度3 977 N、I型转鼓强度77.7%、反应性69.7%、反应后强(固定气化溶损量20%)42%的优质铁焦。高炉综合炉料中添加质量分数20%~30%冷压型铁焦,综合炉料熔滴性能明显改善。以上研究为铁焦实现工业化生产与低碳高炉炼铁应用提供了参考。     

Kinetics of Reaction between Iron Ore Fines and Coal or Char Fines

Iron ore fines and coal fines can be made to react to produce direct reduced iron (DRI) fines. There are three ways to achieve the reactions, namely, (a) using homogeneous mixtures, (b) arranging the ore and coal fines in separate but adjacent layers and (c) by fluidizing a mixture of iron ore fines and coal fines by air. This paper mainly discusses the work done by the author and his coworkers on the kinetic aspects of reactions in such systems.     

还原剂对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧铁磷分离的影响

研究还原剂种类及用量对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧铁磷分离的影响.添加脱磷剂Na₂CO₃,在提铁降磷的同时能降低还原铁的硫含量;还原剂用量的增加都能促进铁还原,但使用灰分和固定碳含量较高或挥发分含量较低的还原剂时,不利于降磷.焙烧产物的X射线衍射分析表明:添加脱磷剂Na₂CO₃时,随着还原剂用量的增加,焙烧产物中金属铁含量增加,浮氏体和石英含量降低;使用灰分含量较高的还原剂时,随其用量的增加,灰分会消耗Na₂CO₃,从而减弱其对于铁还原的促进作用;还原剂用量相同时,石煤、烟煤、焦炭和褐煤所得焙烧产物中金属铁含量逐渐增加,浮氏体含量逐渐降低.总体来看,褐煤作为还原剂时铁磷分离效果最好,其次为烟煤,焦炭和石煤.      

利用非焦煤低碳炼铁新技术的初步研究

通过对非焦煤与铁矿粉“干馏”特征的实验调查分析,提出了“非炼焦煤与铁矿粉”共处理的低碳炼铁预处理技术路线。研究表明：干馏温度800℃,铁矿粉金属化率可达到约85%以上,其中金属铁约60%为氢元素所还原,铁氧化物还原过程约减少CO₂排放量可达0.67 t,经济和环境效益显著。     

Mobilization of iron from coal fly ash was dependent upon the particle size and the source of coal

Particulate air pollution, including coal fly ash, contains iron, and some of the pathological effects after inhalation may be due to reactive oxygen species produced by iron-catalyzed reactions. The objective of this study was to determine whether iron, present in coal fly ash, was mobilized, leading to ferritin induction in human airway epithelial cells, and whether the size of the particles affected the amount of iron mobilized. Three types of coal were used to generate the three size fractions of fly ash collected. The Utah coal fly ash was generated from a bituminous b coal, the Illinois coal fly ash from a bituminous c coal, and the North Dakota coal fly ash from a lignite a coal. Three size fractions were studied to compare the amount of iron mobilized in human airway epithelial (A549) cells and by citrate in cell-free suspensions. The size fractions selected were fine (<2.5 microm) and coarse (2.5-10 microm) components of PM10, airborne particulate matter <10 microm in diameter, and the fraction greater than 10 microm. Coal fly ash samples were incubated with 1 mM citrate to determine if iron associated with coal fly ash could be mobilized. Iron was mobilized by citrate from all three size fractions of all three coal types to levels as high as 56.7 nmol of Fe/mg of coal fly ash after 24 h. With all three coal types, more iron was mobilized by citrate from the <2.5 microm fraction than from the >2.5 microm fractions. Further, the mobilized iron was in the Fe(III) form. To determine if iron associated with the coal fly ash could be mobilized by A549 cells, cells were treated with coal fly ash, and the amount of the iron storage protein ferritin was determined after 24 h. Ferritin levels were increased by as much as 11.9-fold in cells treated with coal fly ash. With two of the three types of coal studied, more ferritin was induced in cells treated with the <2.5 microm fraction than with the >2.5 microm fractions. Further, inhibition of the endocytosis of the coal fly ash by the cells resulted in ferritin levels that were near that of the untreated cells, suggesting that iron was mobilized intracellularly, not in the culture medium. The results of this study suggest that differences in particle size and speciation of iron may affect the release of iron in human airway epithelial cells.     

高炉使用含碳复合炉料的原理

 高炉炼铁正朝着高产、低污染、低能耗的方向发展,为了实现这一目标,包括高炉使用含碳复合炉料等一些革新的炼铁技术已经被提出或实际应用。铁焦、热压含碳球团是将铁矿粉和煤粉按一定比例混合后制成的新型含碳复合炉料。研究结果指出,含碳复合炉料相比于传统的高炉炉料（烧结矿和球团矿）具有高温强度高、还原性能好以及原料适应性强等优势。阐明了高炉使用含碳复合炉料的基本原理,介绍了铁焦制备的工艺流程及应用情况,重点进行了热压含碳球团制备工艺流程、冷态冶金性能、高温冶金性能、高炉使用热压含碳球团等试验研究,最后利用多流体高炉数学模型对高炉使用热压含碳球团操作进行了模拟研究。研究表明,高炉使用一定量的含碳复合炉料可以降低热空区温度,增加产量,降低焦比,高炉热利用效率明显提高,操作性能得到有效改善。     

Influence of Alumina on Iron Ore Sinter Properties and Productivity in the Conventional and Selective Granulation Sintering Process

Iron ore sinter constitutes a major proportion of blast furnace burden. Hence, its quality and consistency have a significant impact on blast furnace performance. Iron ore fines are the main source for sinter, and the chemical composition of the iron ore fines, together with the thermal conditions that blends are subjected to, plays an important role in forming the primary melt during the sintering process and accordingly determines the sinter structure and quality. Therefore, considerable importance has been placed on the chemical composition and consistency of iron ore fines, particularly in terms of alumina content. Due to depletion of high grade iron ore resources, alumina content in the iron ore fines is expected to increase gradually. Ore with higher alumina content is usually expected to be detrimental in forming the sinter matrix, if sintered alone, due to the low reactivity of alumina bearing minerals and the high viscosity of primary melts. The selective granulation process is a new sintering process for high alumina iron ore fines, and can eliminate the adverse effects of ‘hard to sinter’ or ‘unsuitable – for ironmaking’ ores. In the present work laboratory sintering experiments have been carried out with iron ore fines of different alumina level (2.00 to 5.46 mass‐%) to know the influence of alumina on mineralogy, productivity, physical and metallurgical properties of sinter prepared by the conventional and the selective granulation process. With increasing alumina content in sinter of both the conventional and selective granulation process, the fractions of hematite and of silico‐ferrites of calcium and alumina (SFCA) as well as the pore phase increased whereas the magnetite and silicate phases decreased. With increase in alumina content sinter productivity and tumbler index (T.I.) decreased, and metallurgical properties like sinter RDI and reducibility improved. However, sinter of the selective granulation process showed better results compared to the conventional process.     

MnO reduction in high carbon ferromanganese production: practice and theory

The SAF (submerged arc furnace) process is most widely used for industrial production of high carbon ferromanganese. Most plants use ore feed in the form of lump ore (?75 mm +6 mm), but long term supply is limited, and large quantities of ore fines are generated in ore mineral processing. Therefore development of alternative processes using ore fines (?10 mm) is important. The AlloyStream process is one such process developed to use a feed material mixture of fine ore, coal and flux. This process development provided a unique opportunity to correlate MnO reduction process theory to pilot plant production practice represented in minerlogical observations from furnace heap samples.     

不同反应性炭的气化差异及对铁矿还原的影响

纯氧高炉和煤气化耦合联产是降低炼铁和煤气化工艺能耗和碳排放的重要手段,而研究不同反应性炭的气化差异及其对铁矿石还原影响是实现煤气调质与降低焦比的关键.在模拟纯氧高炉与煤气化耦合联产工艺条件下进行了木炭、兰炭、焦炭的气化和烧结矿、球团矿的还原试验研究.研究结果表明,3种炭与CO2和水蒸气的反应性由强到弱的顺序为木炭＞兰炭...     

Influence of Coating Granulation Process on Iron Ore Sinter Quality and Productivity

For better blast furnace performance, there has always been a need for better quality raw materials like sinter, lump ore, and pellets. Among these raw materials the usage of sinter in blast furnace is at higher side compared to other iron bearing materials. As the quality of sinter product improves, its usage in blast furnaces also increases. Iron ore fines are the main source for sinter making. To improve the sinter properties it is necessary to provide good quality of iron ore fines. Due to depletion of high grade iron ore resources, goethite and limonitic ore content in iron ore fines is expected to increase gradually. Usually limonitic and goethite ore are associated with higher alumina and LOI. The conventional sintering process is one of the well established processes for high quality hematite ore. It does not fully respond to the low grade iron ore associated with goethite and limonite. This has led to deterioration in sinter properties and productivity. In recent years the improvement in the quasi‐particle structure with the granulation process is an effective method for improving sinter quality and productivity. To improve the sinter quality and productivity for low grade iron ore fines, different granulation processes like the conventional one, and other two advanced granulation processes like coke breeze, and flux & coke breeze coating granulation were studied in detail by conducting laboratory pot grate sintering experiments. From the test results it was found that sinter productivity, physical and metallurgical properties of the sinter improved with flux & coke breeze coating granulation process compared to conventional and coke breeze coating granulation process. Proper selection of the granulation time is very important to achieve the desired sinter properties. In the present work detailed laboratory experiments have been carried out by varying the coating time from 30s to 110s to study the influence of flux & coke breeze coating granulation time on mineralogy, productivity, physical, and metallurgical properties of sinter. With a coating granulation time of 50s, higher productivity, higher yield, and stronger sinter (higher T.I) with lower RDI and ‐5mm size sinter were achieved.     

Kinetics of Reduction of Iron Oxide in Mixtures of Oxide and Carbon: A Critical Appraisal

In the area of alternative ironmaking, processes using mixtures of fines of iron ore with fines of carbonaceous material (coal/char/coke) have become popular and are growing. For about three decades the present author and his co-workers carried out several investigations on kinetics of various aspects of reduction of iron oxide and gasification of carbon, including reduction in mixtures and in composite pellets of fines of iron oxide/ore and graphite/char/coal. The present paper is a brief and critical review, primarily on the basis of the above studies. It is contended that the issues focused here are relevant even now.     

COREX用焦在铁水中的渗碳特性

 钢铁工业是支撑国民经济发展的基础产业,同时也属于资源和能源密集型行业,随着国家严格的环保政策的逐渐实施,其面临的资源和环保要求日益增加。传统高炉炼铁生产工艺由于存在能耗高、污染物排放多的弊端,发展受到了限制,因此非高炉炼铁工艺的研究和应用日益受到钢铁行业的重视。系统研究了COREX熔融还原非高炉炼铁工艺使用的顶装焦、捣固焦和气煤焦在铁水中渗碳特性,并分析了3种不同样品在铁水中的渗碳动力学行为。研究结果表明,高温铁水与碳原子接触时发生渗碳反应的吉布斯自由能远小于Fe₃C生成反应的吉布斯自由能,焦炭与高温铁水接触被消耗的过程以渗碳反应为主。顶装焦、捣固焦和气煤焦3种焦炭样品与高温液态铁水接触后迅速发生渗碳反应,铁水中碳含量快速增加,但铁水中碳含量增加的幅度随着铁水中碳含量的升高而快速降低,在渗碳反应时间超过120 min后铁水中的碳含量基本保持恒定。3种焦炭在铁水中的渗碳速率由高到低分别为气煤焦、顶装焦和捣固焦,铁水温度对渗碳过程具有明显的影响,随着温度的升高,渗碳速率和最终铁水中的碳含量增加。动力学分析表明,捣固焦在铁水中的渗碳活化能最高,顶装焦次之,气煤焦最小。     

某钢厂常用4种铁矿粉烧结基础特性

以提高某钢厂烧结矿质量为目标,对烧结矿质量影响较大的铁矿粉高温特性进行了研究。利用FactSage 7.1热力学软件计算出铁矿粉在1 280 ℃、碱度为3.0时产生的液相量和液相黏度指数,并以热力学计算为基础采用TSJ-2型红外线快速高温烧结炉进行4种铁矿粉基础特性测定试验。试验结果表明,A、D 两种铁矿粉同化温度较高,同化性较差;C 种铁矿粉同化性较好,B种铁矿粉同化性最好。当试验温度为1 280 ℃、碱度为3.0时,A 和D两种铁矿粉的液相流动指数较低;C种铁矿粉的液相流动指数较好,B 种铁矿粉的液相流动指数最好。由FactSage 7.1热力学软件计算得出,A铁矿粉液相量为51.46%、黏度为0.031 Pa·s,B铁矿粉液相量为77.8%、黏度为0.032 Pa·s,C铁矿粉液相量为66.64%、黏度为0.035 Pa·s,D铁矿粉液相量为70.66%、黏度为0.044 Pa·s,根据流动性指数公式得出结果与试验结果相一致。     

Cold bonded ore–coal composite pellets for sponge ironmaking Part 1 Laboratory scale development

Abstract

There is a need for the development of efficient industrial processes to use iron ore fines of high grade. Attention is particularly drawn to rotary kiln sponge ironmaking technology using lump iron ore, where productivity is low and energy consumption high compared with gas based processes. Fundamental studies carried out elsewhere indicate that the reduction of lump iron is accelerated if a limited amount of carbonaceous material is incorporated in the agglomerate of iron ore fines. Based on these considerations, cold bonded ore–coal composite pellets have been developed for sponge ironmaking in a rotary kiln. These composite pellets were tested in the laboratory and found to reduce very quickly, compared with lump iron ore. Composite pellets were also tested in an 8 t/day rotary kiln sponge iron plant giving enhanced productivity and lower coal consumption, and these results will be presented in Part 2 of this paper (next issue).