超纯11%铬铁素体不锈钢水口结瘤的机理

通过对超纯11%铬铁素体不锈钢连铸水口结瘤物不同部位的金相观察、能谱分析以及其冶炼过程钛氧化物和铝氧化物形成的热力学分析,结合实际生产数据研究了超纯11%铬不锈钢连铸过程水口结瘤的机理。结果表明：超纯11%铬铁素体不锈钢水口结瘤主要是钢水中钛的氧化物质量分数较高,在浇铸过程中钛的氧化物和水口中的Al2O3反应生成复合氧化物黏附在水口壁,并不断地富集和黏附其他夹杂物和钢水增厚所致。通过钢液中O、Al、Ti等成分的控制、冶炼过程深脱氧、增加精炼弱吹时间、增加浇铸前镇静时间、防止钢水二次氧化和适当地提高浇铸过热度等可有效地防止超纯11%铬铁素体不锈钢水口结瘤产生。     

稀土钢连铸喂丝工艺存在的问题及对策

稀土钢连铸中间包和结晶器喂丝，生成的稀土氧化物使中间包覆盖剂、结晶器保护渣的使用性能发生变化，稀土夹杂物容易导致水口堵塞、结瘤。针对这些问题，建议研究开发稀土钢连铸专用中间包覆盖剂和结晶器保护渣，同时采取适当的措施防止水口结瘤的产生。     

Distribution of macro-inclusions in low carbon aluminium-killed steel slabs

Macro-inclusions in low carbon, aluminium-killed steel slabs were characterised by step-machining within a 10?mm zone from the slab surface using an ASPEX automatic inclusion analyzer. Dendritic structures within the cross-section of slabs were examined. The results show that alumina clusters and alumina associated with bubbles are the dominant macro-inclusions. Along the slab width direction, macro-inclusions were mostly found at the slab centre because of the deeper hooks and freezing meniscus surrounding the submerged entry nozzle. In terms of slab thickness, inclusions were mainly concentrated within the zone 3.5–6?mm from the top of the slab surface, where the columnar dendrites showed a relatively small inclination angle, indicating small cross-flow velocities at the solidification front. The number density of macro-inclusions were strongly dependent on the washing effect produced by the flow velocity. High speed casting promotes this behaviour and improves the surface quality of the slabs.     

2205双相不锈钢连铸过程中夹杂物的形成机制

摘要：为了研究2205双相不锈钢连铸过程中夹杂物的特征及形成机制，从2205双相不锈钢连铸中间包和板坯上分别取试样，利用扫描电镜分析夹杂物的类型及形貌特征，并结合热力学计算探讨夹杂物的演变规律及其形成原因。结果表明，2205双相不锈钢中间包中存在大于10μm的夹杂物，中间包中夹杂物类型主要为CaO Al2O3和CaO Al2O3 MgO球形夹杂物，板坯中夹杂物尺寸都小于10μm，板坯中CaO Al2O3和CaO Al2O3 MgO球形夹杂物外面包裹了一层TiN。错配度和热力学计算表明凝固过程中CaO Al2O3和CaO Al2O3 MgO球形夹杂物为TiN的析出提供了形核质点。     

防止含钛焊丝钢GF50-G水口结瘤的生产实践

含钛焊丝钢GF50-G（/%:0.08C,0.83Si,1.55Mn,0.014P,0.012S,0.19Ti）生产流程为80 t顶底复吹转炉-LF-160 mm×160mm方坯连铸,在浇注过程中经常出现水口结瘤现象。扫描电镜和能谱仪对水口结瘤物的分析得出,结瘤物主要物相为TiO₂。水口结瘤的热力学计算表明,为避免钛脱氧产物被[Al]还原形成铝钛系夹杂物,应控制[Als]在0.008%以下。根据生产实践,将中间包钢水温度从1542℃提高至1 550℃控制[Alt]≤0.010%、加钛铁前使[O]≤15×10^-6、减少钢水的二次氧化能够防止水口结瘤、连浇炉次从3～4炉提高到8～10炉。     

Inclusion behaviour in aluminium-killed steel during continuous casting

The inclusion behaviour during continuous casting were investigated in ultra low carbon (ULC) and high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels. From tundish to cast slabs, the total oxygen (T.O) content decreased from 19 to 12?ppm, 12 to 11?ppm in ULC steel and HSLA steel, respectively. The number density of inclusions in ULC decreased by about 40%, while it kept almost constant in HSLA steel during casting. A simple calculation on the T.O removal agreed well with the measured value, which showed that T.O removal was much larger through mould flux absorption than nozzle attachment. The T.O removal in ULC steel is substantially higher than that of HSLA steel due to the fact that alumina particles in ULC steel tend to agglomerate easier than calcium aluminates in HSLA steel, which facilitates inclusion removal to the mould powder.     

低碳铝镇静钢中间包浇注过程夹杂物的行为

 通过对BOF-Ar站-CC炼钢流程生产低碳铝镇静钢的中间包不同浇注时间取样及正常坯的取样,采用氧氮化学分析、光学显微镜以及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM+EDS)等多种方法研究了中间包浇注过程夹杂物特征的变化。结果表明：每炉钢包开浇时与浇注末期,钢中T[O]含量均高于浇注中期的T[O]含量,这是由于换包过程中钢水被二次氧化;中间包钢水及正常坯中的夹杂物,按照其形貌与成分可以分为以下3类：Al2O3基夹杂物,MnS基夹杂物,来自中间包覆盖剂或者钢包下渣所卷入的外来夹杂物。中间包及铸坯中的夹杂物主要以1~4 μm的Al2O3为主,同时在铸坯中发现了大量的MnS夹杂物,使铸坯中夹杂物的数量密度升高。当钢液中硫含量较高时,铸坯中气泡+Al2O3类型的夹杂物增加。在当前的工艺条件下,交换钢包之后的开浇阶段与浇注末期,钢水的二次氧化对铸坯的洁净度产生重要影响,同时应合理控制钢中的硫含量,减少铸坯中气泡+Al2O3类型的夹杂物,避免钢液在凝固过程中析出大量的MnS夹杂物。     

A Morphological Comparison between Inclusions in Aluminium Killed Steels and Deposits in Submerged Entry Nozzle

A study was carried out to compare the inclusions present in low carbon aluminium killed (LCAK) steel with oxide particles in a clogging deposit formed during casting of LCAK steel. Steel pin samples were taken in the ladle and in the tundish. It was observed that oxide particles in the clogging deposit are mainly coral‐shaped clusters, dendritic clusters and irregular plates. From the comparison with inclusions in LCAK steel, it is concluded that the particles in the clogging deposits are formed during reoxidation of the steel, at least after the ladle metallurgy process and most probably in the submerged entry nozzle. They are not the result of sintering of small preexisting inclusions.     

IF钢开浇阶段铸坯洁净度分析

由于IF钢生产过程中对开浇阶段铸坯质量判定不明确,因此在利用时容易导致产品质量问题而增加生产成本。通过对头坯不同位置进行取样,研究IF钢开浇阶段铸坯沿拉坯方向的洁净度变化。实验结果表明,IF钢开浇阶段铸坯中大型夹杂物主要来源于结晶器卷渣和中间包中来不及上浮的脱氧或二次氧化产物;从距离头坯头部2.5m位置开始,由结晶器卷渣所引入的大型夹杂物含量接近正常坯水平;距离头坯头部7.5m位置处开始N含量与正常坯含量基本持平,簇状Al_2O_3夹杂物数量及尺寸接近正常坯水平;距离头坯头部8.5m位置处开始全氧质量分数保持在20×10~(-6)左右。     

Simulation of coagulation of non-metallic inclusions in tundish and their trapping into solidified shell in continuous casting mould

Abstract

A mathematical model simulating the coagulation and flotation of non-metallic inclusions in the tundish and continuous casting mould was developed based on turbulence coagulation and Stokes coagulation. From the simulation in the tundish, it was found that Stokes coagulation is dominant in the tundish. In the mould, the simulation result was that argon bubbles become the desirable sites where alumina inclusions are gathered and form large alumina clusters. The influence of the liquid steel flow in the mould applied by an in-mould electromagnetic stirring technique on the trapping rate of non-metallic inclusions into the solidified shell was examined. The horizontal flow in front of the shell was found to be effective for disturbing the trapping and decreasing the population of large non-metallic inclusions in the shallow surface layer of cast slabs. This effect was interpreted by the lift force applied to non-metallic inclusions in the velocity boundary layer formulated.     

210 t BOF-RH-CC炼钢过程无取向硅钢XG800WR洁净度的试验研究

两炉次无取向硅钢XG800WR(/%:0.003～0.004C、0.71～0.75Si、0.32～0.33Mn、0.004～0.007S、0.016P)的炼钢流程为铁水预处理(KR)-210 t顶底复吹转炉-钢包吹氩-RH脱碳精炼-230 mm×1220 mm板坯连铸。53 t中间包钢水过热度为25～30℃,钢包到中间包采用长水口全程吹氩保护浇铸,中间包至结晶器采用浸入式水口浇铸。结果表明,在RH、中间包、结晶器过程中钢中总氧以及夹杂物数量和尺寸均明显降低;但在钢包到中间包过程T[O]、[N]和钢中夹杂物数量增加,说明长水口浇铸过程存在二次氧化。连铸坯中T[O]、[N]平均他分别为11×10^-6和30×10^-6,显微夹杂物数量平均为4个/mm~2。铸坯中的显微夹杂物主要为3～5 μm的AIN,同时存在少量的MnS、Al₂O₃·AIN和Al₂O₃·MgO·MnS。     

含Ti铝镇静超低碳钢连铸过程水口堵塞控制实践

分析水口堵塞物组成及其堵塞发生的机理得出,含Ti铝镇静超低碳钢连铸过程水口堵塞物呈分层结构,由反应层和粘结层组成,其中反应层为耐材酸性物质与钢水中Al反应以及钢水因与堵塞壁面接触温度降低、夹杂物析出反应所致,粘结层由夹杂物伴随冷钢堆积所致,且粘结层中Al含量由内至外呈增加的趋势,Ti含量则呈减少的趋势。通过顶渣改质将(FeO+MnO)控制在8%以下、RH脱碳终点[O]控制在0.030%以内,以及采用开浇前中间包充氩置换工艺等优化措施,含Ti铝镇静超低碳钢连浇炉数由原来的3炉提升至5炉,水口堵塞率由原来的80%降低至30%。     

含钛焊丝钢小方坯连铸水口的结瘤机制

 利用扫描电镜对含钛焊丝钢中夹杂物性质及连铸水口结瘤物的物相组成进行了分析,并结合热力学计算研究了水口结瘤的形成机制。结果表明,LF 精炼出站钢液中存在大量Al2O3、TiO2夹杂物,并不断附着沉积在水口内壁形成氧化铝型、氧化钛型或两者结合的结瘤物,连浇炉数仅为4次。通过优化钢中［Al］-［Ti］-［O］关系,控制铝质量分数在钛-铝竞争氧化平衡线之上,即w(［Ti］)/w(［Al］)4/3>84.49 且w(［Ti］)/w(［Al］)>7.46,当钢液中w(［Al］)<0.0068%时,能够降低Al2O3夹杂比例,有效减轻水口结瘤,连浇炉数提升至6炉次。     

Mechanism of alumina buildup in tundish nozzles during continuous casting of aluminum-killed steels

During continuous casting of aluminum-killed steels, the pouring rate through the tundish nozzle often diminishes, posing serious operating problems. This happens because a buildup of microscopic alumina particles at the nozzle orifice effectively decreases the nozzle orifice diameter and causes constriction of the liquid-steel pouring stream. There are two major aspects of the constriction problem: (1) the source of the depositing particles, and (2) the mechanism by which the particles deposit at the nozzle orifice. Detailed microscopic examination of the buildup of alumina particles in nozzles from various casting trials and petrographic examination of the nozzle refractory indicated that the particles depositing at the nozzle orifice were already present in the melt because of deoxidation and reoxidation processes. A model proposed herein explains why and how the alumina particles deposit and stay at the nozzle orifice. The model considers a microscopically thin boundary layer at the nozzle bore where the velocity of the liquid steel approaches zero. Particles passing close to the refractory surface and in the slow-moving boundary layer attach to the wall and to each other. The presence of eddy currents in and close to the turbulent boundary layer increase the particle to particle collision. Such collisions of the particles thrown from outer region of boundary layers with the already attached particles keep on dumping the particles toward the refractory surface. The high interfacial energy of alumina inclusions in steel is a driving force for particles to attach to the refractory wall and to each other, and high-température sintering then occurs to form a network of alumina particles.     

含Ti不锈钢冶金工艺进展

围绕含Ti不锈钢冶金工艺的研究进展,从冶金物理化学基础、氧化物和TiN夹杂的形成与控制、凝固过程TiN复合核心和Ti元素对不锈钢铸件力学性能的影响等方面进行了总结和讨论。主要的研究进展为:含Ti不锈钢在冶炼过程生成的Al₂O₃、镁铝尖晶石、(MgO?Al₂O₃)_rich?CaO?TiO_x等高熔点氧化物夹杂是导致含钛不锈钢连铸水口堵塞的主要原因;优化的Al、Ca、Ti的添加方式和炉渣控制工艺是夹杂物减少和低熔点化的重要手段;TiN夹杂的析出、扩散长大和碰撞聚合的基本规律是关注的热点,钢液中大尺寸氧化物夹杂会促进TiN团簇的形成;通过严格控制凝固过程TiN或氧化物-TiN复合核心能够促进δ-Fe异质形核,提高连铸坯等轴晶率;固溶Ti元素能提高奥氏体或双相不锈钢中铁素体含量,提升不锈钢铸件的拉伸性能。      

转炉—RH—连铸工艺生产高压气瓶用钢洁净度的研究

对转炉— RH精炼—连铸工艺生产高压气瓶用钢 T[O]变化及非金属夹杂物进行研究的结果表明 ,在转炉出钢过程由于炉渣与脱氧产物作用生成的粗大球状夹杂物及铝脱氧生成的大尺寸 Al2 O3簇群状夹杂物绝大多数可由钢液排除 ,铸坯中存在的夹杂物主要是较小的块状和簇群状 Al2 O3及少量由于结晶器保护渣卷入造成的球状夹杂物。 RH精炼后钢液 T[O]在 (2 8～ 34 )× 10 - 6 之间 ,中间包钢水 T[O]在 (2 4～ 2 6 )× 10 - 6之间 ,铸坯 T[O]在 (12～ 19)× 10 - 6 之间 ,该工艺生产的气瓶用钢具有很高的洁净度。     

中间包喂稀土消除连铸坯内弧侧卷渣缺陷原因研究

通过硫印试验、金相观察及冲击试验,比较了未喂稀土、结晶器喂稀土及中间包加稀土连铸坯内弧侧四分之一处夹杂物形态及分布及连铸坯横断面上的冲击韧性,发现结晶器喂稀土的连铸坯内弧侧卷渣缺陷形态及分布与未喂稀土的相近,冲击韧性变化也相同,而中间包加稀土基本消除了内弧侧四分之一处的卷渣缺陷,冲击韧性明显提高;并分析了中间包加稀土消除内弧侧卷渣原因.     

高品质冷轧薄板钢中非金属夹杂物控制技术

 能够造成冷轧薄板表面缺陷的钢中夹杂物主要是簇群状Al2O3、“Ar气泡+Al2O3”和结晶器保护渣卷入形成的大型夹杂物。在正常稳定连铸条件下,目前已能够做到对结晶器保护渣卷渣形成夹杂物加以有效控制。在各类非稳浇铸铸坯中,浇次开浇头坯的品质降低最严重,浇次尾坯中保护渣卷渣形成的夹杂物数量明显多于正常坯,炉-炉间交接坯和快换浸入式水口期间浇铸铸坯中,来源于保护渣卷入形成的夹杂物数量也多于正常坯试样。首钢京唐公司生产冷轧薄板钢类,在1.0～2.0m/min拉速范围,大型夹杂物随拉速增加呈减少趋势,对此应加以关注。研究发现,尺寸100μm以上的有害夹杂物主要存在于铸坯2mm表层内,生产“无表面缺陷”要求的汽车外板,应该采用铸坯表面清理。     

超低碳钢中Al?Ti?O夹杂物的形貌演变和生成机理

对超低碳IF钢钛合金化后的非金属夹杂物进行了分析,研究发现钛合金化后的夹杂物主要为Al₂O₃和Al?Ti?O夹杂物,没有发现纯TiO_x夹杂物。钢中生成的Al?Ti?O复合夹杂物从形貌上均可分为七种类型,四种具有Al₂O₃外层,另外三种无Al₂O₃外层。钛合金化后,钢中瞬态生成了大量无Al₂O₃外层的Al?Ti?O夹杂物,随后夹杂物表面生成Al₂O₃外层,导致有Al₂O₃外层的Al?Ti?O夹杂物数量比例逐渐增加至78.0%。热力学计算结果表明,随着钢中钛含量的增加,夹杂物的转变顺序为固态Al₂O₃→液态Al?Ti?O→固态Ti₂O₃。确定了Al?Ti?O夹杂物的生成机理过程分为两步:精炼过程钛合金化后,当钢液局部区域的钛的质量分数高于0.42%时,[Ti]与钢液反应瞬态生成Al₂O₃?TiO_x或TiO_x;随着精炼过程中钛元素的混匀,含TiO_x夹杂物被钢中[Al]还原,Al₂O₃?TiO_x和TiO_x夹杂物逐渐转变,在夹杂物表面生成Al₂O₃。      

交换钢包过程对IF钢连铸板坯表层洁净度的影响

采用ASPEX扫描电镜中的自动特征分析功能研究了交换钢包过程（取样浇次第4、5炉）对IF钢连铸板坯表层的洁净度的影响,且对比研究了交换钢包过程浇铸铸坯（交接坯）与正常浇铸铸坯（正常坯）的表层洁净度.结果表明:正常坯与交接坯中尺寸大于20μm的表层夹杂物可分为三类:（1）簇群状Al₂O₃（包括气泡+簇群状Al₂O₃）;（2）簇群状TiO_x-Al₂O₃夹杂物;（3）保护渣夹杂物.正常坯表层的大型夹杂物主要为簇群状Al₂O₃,没有检测到保护渣夹杂物.换包开浇后铸坯总氧质量分数从14×10-6增至17×10-6,交接坯表层检测到较多的第2夹杂物,说明钢包开浇后钢水被轻微氧化.此外,钢包开浇后剧烈的液面波动也导致了保护渣的卷入.在当前工艺下,换包对IF钢铸坯表层洁净度的影响长度约为11m.