Planning in Metropolitan Sub–Regions: an Adelaide Comment

Abstract

This article suggests that the role and function of regional organizations, each covering a part of the metropolitan area, are changing over time and that significant contributions could be made by them in the areas of economic and urban development. In particular it is argued that in Adelaide, the evolution of the institutional and political framework or regional organizations provides an ideal vehicle for such a bottom-up approach. After a brief review of all the metropolitan regional organizations of councils, this article exemplifies this argument through the Northern sub-region. It provides an accompaniment to the paper concerned with the economic analysis of Northern Adelaide.     

Reforming New Community Planning

In search of financial feasibility, American new community developers have tended to privatize planning and goverance and to postpone citizenship for their residents until economic success is in sight. A more balanced national policy of new community development would expand the concept of public-private development partnerships to include open planning and full-scale citizen participation. This will require converting profit-oriented economic models to public cost-benefit models and changing “end-state” master plans to more flexible land-use guidance systems.     

上海世博公园规划设计国际征集方案评析

上海世博公园因世博会高容量与公园性质的冲突、防洪与亲水的矛盾、工业遗产保留与人性空间尺度的差异等问题,使其方案设计具有挑战性,由19家单位组合构成的8家国内外知名设计机构组合参与了上海世博公园设计方案国际征集。各家征集方案在功能布局、游憩组织和生态技术等方面都做了有益的探索,展示了设计师们的聪慧睿智和巧妙构思。选取5家具有不同特点的规划设计方案进行对比评析,以期为类似项目方案规划设计提供一些有益的启示。     

溃坝应急预案有效性评价

水库大坝突发事件应急预案是水库大坝风险管理的重要组成部分,近年来水库管理机构相继开展了突发事件应急预案的编制。但所编制的应急预案是否能够实现预定的风险管理目标,亟需建立切实可行的方法加以检验。基于地理信息系统技术,通过模拟研究区受灾居民点最佳撤离路径和撤离时间,提出了定量评价水库大坝突发事件应急预案有效性的方法,并通过实例应用,为今后进一步开展应急预案的有效性评价研究提供了基础和参考。     

Netherlands housing in the 1990s: A civilized matter?

Conclusion The viewpoint of the cities is very different from that of the Secretary of State for Housing. This can be clearly seen in how these two parties develop a housing policy. And their differences translate into highly divergent consequences for the level of rent. Clearly, it will prove no easy matter to marry these opposing parties. The suggestions put forward by the Secretary of State have also been criticized by other voices, and alternative proposals have been made. Various Dutch political parties have presented their ideas on the question of housing, and bodies such as the Dutch Trades Unions, the Association of Dutch Local Councils, housing associations and tenants' associations have written recommendations and held public enquiries on the topic. Let us hope that despite the enormous differences in attitude, there will be a gradual drawing together. The housing branch covers a large areait needs to increase by at least one million dwellings, and to improve existing dwellings by the expenditure of at least 30 thousand million and at most 60 billion guilders. A joint effort from the bodies involved in housing is now urgently needed. The cities have made their ideas abundantly clear and the research carried out by the University of Delft, has shown that these plans are financially viable.     

REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS AND METROPOLITAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Regional partnerships have grown popular as mechanisms to address public goods that transcend local boundaries, but we know little about their effectiveness. For example, what impact do regional economic development partnerships (REDPs), cooperative organizations of local governments, nonprofits and business organizations have on the economies of metropolitan areas? This article employs survival analysis and multilevel growth curve models to examine how the emergence of regional partnership arrangements influences patterns of economic development in U.S. metropolitan areas. The results suggest that, whereas these organizations do not make a great difference in some metro areas, in densely populated and politically fragmented metropolitan areas personal incomes, business firms, and employment grew significantly with the emergence of REDPs. Furthermore, state level factors, such as intergovernmental grant funding, are found to have positive influences. In conclusion, we discuss regional partnerships as solutions to institutional collective action problems in economic development and other policy arenas.     

城市文化与城市精神:规划中的辩证统一

城市文化是城市的气质,是一种具有独特性、空间性和综合性的文化形式;城市精神是城市文化主流意识的凝炼。随着城市社会经济的不断发展和全球化进程的不断深化,城市文化价值日益成为引导城市发展的主动力,具有地方特质、以传统的历史文化为核心的城市文化与城市精神是一个城市发展和参与竞争的关键,在进行城市规划时应首先进行基于城市文化的城市精神概念规划,两者是相互联系的辩证统一体。     

跨界协调规划:区域治理的新探索——基于江苏的实证

当前城市群已经成为我国城镇化的主体形态,随着人口、资本的快速流动,城市群地区跨界协调已经成为区域治理的现实话题。由行政分割带来的交通设施、生态环境、邻避设施等的跨界矛盾日益凸显,阻碍着区域整体发展,因而寻求行之有效的区域协调路径势在必行。本文基于江苏省若干跨界协调规划案例,在总结区域治理的相关理论研究和实践的基础上,提出了以跨界协调规划作为政府主导型的区域治理新路径,规划具有行动性、过程性、政策性以及有限目标等特征,重点通过规划项目化运作来搭建横向对话平台,促进跨界项目的协调对接,实现区域的一体化发展。     

珠三角城市群地区的区域规划与区域治理——基于《珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要》的思考

<珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要>是我国近年来推出的重要区域规划之一,其内容丰富、涉及面广,但关注的核心问题是经济发展的转型和区域协调发展.珠三角地区应以该规划纲要为指导,在城乡规划编制中体现公共政策性和法律约束性,建立以城乡规划为核心的统一空间规划体系,积极推进区域治理和区域整合,构建多中心的城市区域结构,努力建成资...     

Evolutionary economics and regional policy

Our principal objective is to formulate some possible links between evolutionary economics and regional policy, a topic that has not (yet) been covered by the literature. To begin with, we outline what we take to be the essential arguments and components of evolutionary economics. More in particular, we focus attention on the economic foundation of technology policy from an evolutionary perspective, and how this deviates from the so-called `equilibrium' rationale. Then, we examine in what way evolutionary insights may be helpful for regional policy matters. Our emphasis is to investigate the degrees of freedom policy makers may have to determine the future development of regions. This is done by distinguishing between two ideal-types of regional development based on evolutionary principles.  When evolutionary mechanisms like `chance' and `increasing returns' are involved in the spatial formation of new economic activities, there are several, quite contradictory, options for policy makers. On the one hand, the importance of `chance events' implies that multiple potential outcomes of location are quite thinkable. This is a principal problem for regional policy because new development paths can not be planned or even foreseen. On the other hand, policy makers may have a considerable role to play. Since space exercises only a minor influence on the location of new economic activities, there is room for policy makers to act and to build-up a favourable local environment. In this respect, `urbanisation economies' may offer advantages of flexibility secured by a diversity of activities that may prevent a process of `negative lock-in'.  When evolutionary mechanisms like `selection' and `path dependency' largely determine the geography of innovation, the options for policy makers to change fundamentally the course of regional development are expected to be rather limited. Regional policy is likely to fail when local strategies deviate considerably from the local context. In such circumstances, policy makers have to account for the fact that adaptation to change is largely constrained by the boundaries of the spatial system laid down in the past. However, this also implies that the potential impact of regional policy may be quite large when the policy objectives are strongly embedded in the surrounding environment. Received: September 1998/Accepted: January 2000     

The path to successful urban renewal: Current policy debates in the Netherlands

In Dutch urban renewal, we observe an implementation gap between dreaming and doing. Dutch national government recently proposed to focus urban renewal on more than 50 priority areas in the cities and to reduce urban renewal subsidies. It is not very likely that this policy will accelerate urban renewal. This contribution suggests a different approach: the formulation of an urban district vision shared by the sustainable stakeholders in those districts. If they can come to an agreement, they deserve housing association finance and public urban renewal support. By targeting the plans primarily on the social climbers in the urban districts involved, the city can keep their buying power within the city. Combining physical, social, economic and safety agendas and adopting a multi-functional orientation would seem to be a successful strategy.     

山东省寿光市空间发展新模式:从中心全能到全域协作

新的发展形势下,区域经济成为寿光市发展的主题,空间引导思路随即产生变化,由单一的依托中心城区向区域联动转换。《寿光市城市总体规划(2011—2030)》分析了区域发展态势和县域经济转型下的空间需求,提出了"海陆联动"的发展战略,在市域层面谋划支撑城市未来可持续发展的"一城一区"空间结构。寿光市的全域空间规划思路对处在大都市区内部的县级单元规划建设具有借鉴意义。     

Regimes and Regional Governance: The Case of Chicago

Regime theory has been used extensively in community governance studies. An analysis of the urban regime theory literature and the regional governance literature reveals that urban regime theory can also be useful in the study of regional governance. Both literatures indicate the critical importance of the nongovernmental sector for effective governance. Indeed, because of the usually weak regional political constituency, the private sector often takes the lead in regional governance initiatives. However, private sector efforts are only successful to the extent that coalitions can be developed with political leaders. The author conducted a study of regionalism in the Chicago metropolitan area where leaders from both sectors have recently formed organizations to address regional issues. He analyzed the two organizations and whether a regional regime can develop given the region’s political culture of local government autonomy and the history of antagonism between the central city and the suburbs.     

Cost-benefit analysis of seismic-isolated structures with viscous damper based on loss estimation

This paper presents a methodology to utilise performance-based seismic design procedure for evaluating isolated structures with or without viscous dampers (VD) considering cost-benefit analysis. A non-linear four-story archetype of conventional steel structure, a lead-rubber-bearing isolated structure and a natural rubber-bearing isolated structure with the linear VD are compared with each other under far-field (FF) and near-field (NF) ground motions. Also, loss parameters, such as expected annualised loss, expected annualised repair time, expected annualised fatalities and expected annualised injuries based on loss estimation process, are utilised for evaluating the structures. Sensitivity analysis is used to study the effect of modelling uncertainty variations in the loss estimation process. It has been found that the effectivity of supplemental damping for low damping isolated structures increases in the NF comparing with the FF ground motions. Finally, the cost-benefit analysis is done to calculate payback period of investment for additional cost of the isolation system with or without the supplemental damping. The advantage of loss estimation is an improved method to evaluate the effectiveness of the isolation system in terms of loss parameters that are useful in the cost-benefit studies and for determining rational insurance premiums.     

Metropolitan Transportation Planning: Lessons From the Past,Institutions for the Future

Problem, research strategy, and findings: There are more than 400 U.S. metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) overseeing multiple transportation projects totaling billions of dollars, yet these crucial organizations and their history and current role are generally unknown or confusing to many planning practitioners and scholars. MPOs face major challenges in developing meaningful long-range regional transportation plans, challenges rooted in their history that planners should understand as they grapple with metropolitan planning efforts. MPOs may approve projects and their funding, but disparate agencies and often competitive local governments control budgets and actually build projects. MPOs, moreover, do not fully represent all regional interests and have no control over the local land use decisions that would support less autocentric communities and human-powered modes. I provide a metareview of the history of regional transportation planning and the MPOs responsible for it, describing U.S. metropolitan transportation planning from the early 20th century. Federal legislation in the 1960s first suggested a regional forum for conversations about metropolitan transportation. Federal legislation in subsequent decades made incremental if incomplete progress toward creating a meaningful regional forum, adapting institutions and practices to increase stakeholder involvement as well as the scope of transport planning, yet MPOs have multiple limitations that planners can address.

Takeaway for practice: History suggests that MPOs can be a force for regional change. Planners and policymakers could anchor future reforms to MPOs’ existing legal and administrative frameworks. Planners should revisit the membership and voting structures of MPO boards to ensure better stakeholder representation and permit some MPOs to generate and direct transportation funds at the local level.     

谈变电所电气主接线的确定

通过对原始资料的分析及主变压器容量和台数的选择，拟定出四种主接线方案，并从可靠性、灵活性及经济性等方面对四种方案进行比较，从而确定出适合实际工程的最佳方案。     

Local Response to the Global Challenge: Comparing Local Economic Development Policies in a Regional Context

This article reports on a study that examined and compared the responses of six Greater Toronto Area (GTA) municipalities (two central, four suburban) to the challenges of global economic change. The study was carried out in a context characterized by the transfer to municipal governments of both administrative and financial responsibilities for local services by the government of the Province of Ontario. It found a strong tendency for the municipalities to compete with each other for economic advantage, despite efforts to convince them of the need for a cooperative region‐wide approach. Suburban governments relied principally on strategies to draw businesses away from the core, and this type of activity seemed likely to increase because of the municipalities' increased dependence on local property taxes. Nonetheless, study findings suggested several ways in which regional organizations or senior governments might help to strengthen regional economies without expecting municipal governments to surrender control over economic development policy.     

Economics of fire technology

In this article, we explain cost-benefit terms and how they apply to fire safety, then summarize the findings of several social fire safety cost-benefit analyses we have done in Sweden. We have found that smoke detectors and portable fire extinguishers are useful in the average single-family home, but sprinklers are not. Sprinkler systems are very helpful in the average manufacturing industry but too expensive. In most chemical plants, however, they are profitable. Sprinklers in the average hotel have higher costs than expected benefits and therefore are not profitable. In health-care facilities, particularly psychiatric wards, they are profitable. Our research also shows that chimney sweeping is carried out too frequently in Sweden and that in new residential areas, water from tanker vehicles is more effective against fires than water from hydrants.     

Utilising Mixed Methods Research to Inform Low-carbon Social Housing Performance Policy

There is an over reliance on cost-benefit analysis in the policy development and evaluation of sustainable housing outcomes. This paper presents both qualitative and quantitative analyses from a multi-year mixed methods evaluation of four new low-carbon social houses in regional Victoria, Australia. Through a cost-benefit lens the housing was not financially viable. Householder interviews highlighted positive social outcomes such as improved health. A narrow focus by housing performance policy makers on cost-benefit analysis results in important understandings about housing and householders being overlooked or undervalued; inclusion of multiple evaluation methods can help to reflect a more realistic sustainable housing future.     

Containing the growth of Moscow: Comparisons with London

The relative dominance of large cities in the USSR is striking given the traditional Soviet ideological bias against such cities. This bias has been translated into policies designed to divert growth away from major urban centres to satellite cities in the metropolitan region, a strategy quite similar to UK urban and regional economic plans. This article examines urban growth in the Moscow metropolitan region to determine the extent to which satellite city policies have helped regulate the growth of Moscow itself. Throughout the analysis the Moscow experience is compared to and contrasted with the UK regional development experience around London.