球磨时间对热压烧结制备TiC-CoCrFeNi复合材料微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用机械合金化-热压烧结法,制备TiC-CoCrFeNi复合材料,研究球磨时间对材料微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:Co,Cr,Fe和Ni粉体在球磨10h后形成fcc结构的单相固溶体。经1200℃/1h热压烧结后,烧结体中生成TiC和Cr7C3结构的碳化物,并弥散分布于CoCrFeNi固溶体中。球磨时间显著改变了烧结体中碳化物的数量和尺寸,进而影响材料的力学性能。在球磨10h时,烧结体中纳米级TiC相急剧增多,此时复合材料的硬度(671HV)和屈服强度(1440MPa)达到最大值。     

粉末冶金制备工艺对TiC增强高铬铸铁基复合材料性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用高能球磨和真空烧结的方法制备TiC增强高铬铸铁(HCCI)基复合材料。利用SEM,DSC等方法对不同球磨时间的粉末进行分析,研究不同烧结温度对高铬铸铁基复合材料的显微组织、硬度及密度的影响,比较相同工艺下复合材料与高铬铸铁材料的耐磨性。结果表明:球磨12 h后的粉末颗粒大小趋于稳定,粉末活性提高,烧结性能改善,烧结试样中TiC均匀地分布在基体中。随着烧结温度的升高,复合材料内部晶粒逐渐长大,密度和硬度逐渐提高。在1280℃超固相线液相烧结的条件下烧结2 h后,致密度达94.17%,硬度和抗弯强度分别为49.2HRC和980 MPa。在销盘磨损实验中复合材料的耐磨性为单一高铬铸铁材料的1.52倍,磨损机制为磨粒磨损+轻微氧化磨损。     

放电等离子烧结Ti-Al系金属间化合物

用机械合金化法(MA)制备了Ti-45% Al纳米晶合金粉末,并对其进行放电等离子烧结(SPS),烧结时间仅为5min.用D-maxIIA型X射线衍射仪、JEM-2000EX型透射电子显微镜对粉末和烧结块体的微观组织及机械性能进行了研究.研究表明:Ti和Al的粉末随着球磨时间的延长,粉末有明显的细化趋势,球磨5h即有非晶产生,球磨20h后得到接近完全非晶相;采用SPS烧结技术,在1200℃下能够制备出较高硬度的TiAl金属间化合物块体材料.     

Al_2O_3-ZrO_2/W/Cr/Ni/Co金属陶瓷的断裂韧性

以Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉末、W、Cr、Ni、Co粉末为原料,采用热压烧结工艺制备了性能优良的Al2O3-ZrO2/W/Cr/Ni/Co金属陶瓷复合材料。通过SEM,EDS,XRD等手段分析其微观组织,单边梁开口法(SENB)测量其断裂韧性。实验结果表明在1320℃,20MPa条件下热压烧结制备的Al2O3-ZrO2/W/Cr/Ni/Co金属陶瓷的断裂韧性为7.16±0.4MPa.m1/2,硬度为83.3HRA,横向断裂强度为540MPa,相对致密度为97.4%;对维氏压痕下裂纹扩展进行了分析,其增韧机理为延性金属对裂纹的桥梁作用和氧化锆相变增韧,在裂纹通过时硬质相以沿晶断裂为主。     

无压熔渗制备TiC/Ni_3Al复合材料的微观组织与断裂韧性研究(英文)

以化学纯镍粉、钛粉、铝粉、石墨粉为原料,采用燃烧合成方法制备了TiC/Ni3Al含孔预制件,用无压熔渗法制备了TiC/Ni3Al复合材料。对TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的微观组织、硬度和断裂韧性进行了研究并采用XRD和SEM分析了复合材料的相组成、微观结构、断口形貌。采用压痕法计算了TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的断裂韧性。试验结果表明:无压熔渗法是制备致密的TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的有效方法。在完成渗透获得致密组织的前提下,渗透温度和渗透时间对TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的硬度及断裂韧性无显著影响。渗透后复合材料的组成相主要为Ni3Al和TiC两相,Ni3Al相和TiC颗粒结合良好。本文制备的Ni3Al/TiC复合材料的维氏硬度随TiC体积分数的增加而增加,TiC含量分别为70%和80%时,复合材料的维氏硬度平均值分别为569.6(Hv)和610.8(Hv)。复合材料的断裂韧性最高达到了10.5MPa.m1/2,TiC颗粒和Ni3Al界面的分离是复合材料断裂过程中存在的主要失效形式。断裂过程中Ni3Al可以有效地吸收裂纹扩展能量,阻止了裂纹的直线扩展,使裂纹扩展方向发生偏转,大大增加了材料的断裂韧性。     

高能球磨法制备Ag-Cr触头合金

采用机械合金化方法制备Ag-Cr合金,研究不同球磨时间对粉末晶体结构、晶粒尺寸、微观应变和表面形貌的影响,不同转速、相同球磨时间对粉末结构的影响以及合金密度、硬度随烧结温度的变化。结果表明:当机械球磨给予合金粉末足够的能量,就能够让铬固溶在银中形成过饱和固溶体;随着高能球磨时间的延长,晶粒逐渐细化、微观应变量逐渐变大,球磨65h时,平均晶粒尺寸为18.40nm,微观应变量为0.14%。烧结温度为850℃时,合金维氏硬度值约达99,密度达9.35g/cm3。     

W-35%Cu粉末形变强化复合材料组织及性能研究

为了提高W-Cu复合材料的致密度,采用机械球磨-冷压制坯-液相烧结-热静液挤压-热处理工艺,制备出微观组织弥散分布、性能优异的W-35%Cu复合材料.采用扫描电镜、电子探针等测试手段分别对烧结及挤压后材料的组织及性能进行了分析.实验结果表明,采用机械球磨技术制备的W-35%Cu复合粉,经液相活化烧结后,再经热静液挤压进一步形变和致密,材料的硬度以及导电性能都有较大提高.在800℃真空热处理2 h后,获得了硬度高于200HB,电导率高于40m/Ω·mm2的W-35%Cu形变复合材料.     

烧结温度对Fe/FeAl_2O_4金属陶瓷材料的性能影响

以Fe/FeAl_2O_4为原料利用等离子放电热压烧结制备金属陶瓷,研究不同烧结温度对制备出的金属陶瓷致密性、微观组织与性能的影响。结果表明:在1300℃~1500℃范围内,随着烧结温度提高,致密性和弯曲强度先升高后略微下降,金属陶瓷的硬度提高,在烧结温度为1450℃时金属陶瓷相对密度达到97.23%,弯曲强度为313.5MPa,硬度为3250.55MPa。     

自发熔渗法制备TiC/NiAl复合材料和其微观组织特征

用自发熔化渗透法制备高TiC含量 (~75vol%) 的TiC/NiAl复合材料,研究了渗透温度和渗透时间对TiC/NiAl复合材料微观组织形成、硬度及断裂性能的影响。采用XRD 和TEM/EDS分析了复合材料的相组成、微观结构和NiAl相与TiC颗粒在高温渗透过程中的互溶情况。结果表明:自发熔渗法是制备致密的TiC/NiAl复合材料的有效方法,适当提高渗透温度,可大大缩短渗透时间。在完成渗透获得致密组织的前提下,渗透温度和渗透时间对TiC/NiAl复合材料的硬度及断裂韧性无显著影响。NiAl相和TiC颗粒结合良好,是渗透后复合物的仅有组成相。TiC少量地溶于NiAl,溶解度随渗透时间增长而增大,且在TiC颗粒外层,发现有少量的Al和微量的Ni。      

TiC_(0.7)N_(0.3)增强ZrO_2基复合材料的微观结构及力学性能

为提高ZrO2基复合材料硬度,采用热压烧结法制备了TiC0.7N0.3/ZrO2复合材料,并研究了TiC0.7N0.3颗粒增强相对复合材料的物相组成、微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:TiC0.7N0.3的添加具有稳定四方相ZrO2(t-ZrO2)的作用,能增加TiC0.7N0.3/ZrO2复合材料中t-ZrO2的含量,提高断裂韧性。随着热压烧结温度的升高和TiC0.7N0.3含量的增加,复合材料的硬度升高。1 400℃下热压烧结时,TiC0.7N0.3发生部分分解,分解的N与被还原的ZrO2反应生成ZrN,提高了复合材料的硬度。1 400℃下热压烧结后的35wt%TiC0.7N0.3/ZrO2复合材料的相对密度达99.9%,维氏硬度达17 GPa。而1 300℃下热压烧结后,复合材料断裂韧性较高,为6.48 MPa·m1/2。研究结果为TiC0.7N0.3/ZrO2复合材料的组织控制及性能改进提供了参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from