A fuzzy approach for the earned value management

The earned value technique is a crucial technique in analyzing and controlling the performance of a project which allows a more accurate measurement of both the performance and the progress of a project. This paper presents a new fuzzy-based earned value model with the advantage of developing and analyzing the earned value indices, and the time and the cost estimates at completion under uncertainty. As the uncertainty is inherent in real-life activities, the developed model is very useful in evaluating the progress of a project where uncertainty arises. A small example illustrates how the new model can be implemented in reality.     

A time-dependent earned value model for software projects

This paper proposes a formal method for including time dependence into Earned Value (EV) management. The model requires three parameters, which map directly to the fundamental “triple constraint” of scope, cost, and schedule: the reject rate of activities, the cost overrun parameter, and the time to repair the rejected activities. Time dependent expressions for the planned value, earned value, and actual cost are derived, along with the cost performance index (CPI) and schedule performance index (SPI). The model is built on the well-established Putnam–Norden–Rayleigh (PNR) labor rate profile, which is a useful representation for large software projects. We apply the model to a well-known software dataset, demonstrating how to estimate the project's final cost, which converges faster to the correct answer with less variability than standard Estimate-at-Completion (EAC) calculations. The model also accurately predicts the required revised labor profile and the new schedule.     

挣值管理与风险管理集成初探

介绍了挣值法的概念、特征及其计算,分析了传统挣值管理在风险控制方面的不足,提出了挣值管理与风险管理整合的具体措施,以使风险管理与挣值管理能相互结合,从而达到更好的管理效果。     

A model to control environmental performance of project execution process based on greenhouse gas emissions using earned value management

In response to recent climate change, which is believed to be attributed to the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, many countries are placing CO2 abatement programs such as carbon tax and cap-and-trade. Projects do have a significant share in GHGs and therefore their environmental performance, like their schedule and cost performance, should be monitored and controlled. Although many large projects would pass an environmental assessment in the project evaluation phase, the issue of environmental performance monitoring during the project execution phase has not been addressed in project management methodologies. The objective of this paper is to develop a model to estimate project GHG emissions, and to measure project GHG performance using the developed metrics, which can be used at any point in time over the life of a project. A comprehensive study is conducted to collect information on GHG emission factors of various project activity data (such as material use, energy and fuel consumption, transportation, etc.), and a user form interface is developed to calculate the total GHG of an activity. Also, a breakdown structure is proposed which supports managing all the project GHG accounts. The monitoring and control model is formulated based on the logic used in earned value management (EVM) methodology. The proposed model is then implemented to a work package of a real construction project. The results present the project initial GHG plan and show that the model is able to calculate project GHG variance by the reporting date and predict project final GHG based on a project GHG performance index. The method presented in this paper is general and can be applied to any type of projects in an organization that aims to reduce its carbon footprint. The same structure can be applied to monitor and control any other environmental impact associated with project execution process.     

Impact of sensitivity information on the prediction of project's duration using earned schedule method

Recently, the prediction of project duration has been investigated in earned value management (EVM) using three earned value methods, planed value (PVM), earned duration (EDM) and earned schedule (ESM). The investigation has shown that ESM method outperforms on average the other two methods and fails in case of wrong warning coming from non-critical activities which suffer from delays and/or ahead of schedule. The objective of this paper is twofold: first, we study the impact of the activities' sensitivity information on the forecasting accuracy of the ESM method. Second, we test the claim that in normal conditions the project performance indicator provided by ESM at higher work breakdown structure is reliable. More precisely, activity based sensitivity measures are used as weighing parameters of the activities to improve the schedule performance of a project by removing or decreasing the negative effect of wrong warning of the non-critical activities. The computational results of a simulation study on a big benchmark projects reveal that the sensitivity information are capable of improving the forecasting accuracy of the ESM method.     

A new approach for project control under uncertainty. Going back to the basics

In this paper we propose a new methodology for project control under uncertainty. In particular, we integrate Earned Value Methodology (EVM) with project risk analysis. The methodology helps project managers to know whether the project deviations from planned values are within the “expected” deviations derived from activity planned variability. Although the methodology is new and innovative, we only go back to the fundamentals of project simulation to generate the “universe” of possible projects, according to the assumed variability of project activities. Then we organize and gather the information in order to make the data coherent with EVM. We explain the steps to implement the methodology and we show three case studies. The methodology makes explicit that the schedule and budget resulting from traditional methods like PERT are statistically very optimistic.     

基于关键路径的项目进度挣值分析

挣值管理是现代项目管理中的一种有效方法,在建设项目中的应用已比较普遍,指出了传统挣值分析方法在项目进度分析中存在的不足,研究了关键路径法与挣值法的集成应用,提出了基于关键路径的挣值分析方法.     

P3软件赢得值技术的应用

对P3软件的概念及主要特点进行了阐述 ,并对P3中赢得值进行分析理解 ,通过具体实践 ,指出有必要引进P3软件的赢得值技术并制定相应的标准 ,以促进项目管理者的管理水平向国际化发展     

赢得值与关键路径法在项目上的有效应用探析

介绍了工程项目进度量化管理方法,并对赢得值与关键路径法在工程项目上有效应用的问题进行了研究,提出了赢得值与关键路径法相结合对项目实施量化控制的方法和注意事项,以更好的控制项目进度。     

基子挣值法的市政工程项目三要素集成管理的应用研究

项目集成管理是整个近代项目管理中最为系统的集成管理内容。考虑工程质量因素,运用层次分析法,构建模糊综合质量评价体系,基于挣值法,对市政工程项目进行工期、成本、质量三个核心要素进行集成管理,最后通过某工程实例对三要素集成管理进行探讨。     

ABC分析法和挣值法在责任成本管理中的应用

结合责任成本管理相关理论,分别介绍了ABC分析法和挣值法的概念、作用,并结合具体实例,阐述了两种方法在责任成本管理中的应用,以期指导实践,科学有效地进行成本管理。     

EDM: Earned Duration Management,a new approach to schedule performance management and measurement

The concept of schedule monitoring and control as one of the most important functions of project and program management has not been fully exploited. One possible explanation could be the dominance of the Earned Value Management System (EVMS, also known as EVM). EVM was originally developed as a cost management and control tool which was extended to track the schedule as well. EVM and its derivatives (e.g. Earned Schedule) use cost as a proxy to measure schedule performance to control the duration of the project. While there is a correlation between schedule, cost, quality, and scope of a project, using cost to control duration has proven to be misleading. In contrast to Earned Value and Earned Schedule, the authors have developed the Earned Duration Management (EDM) in which they have decoupled schedule and cost performance measures and developed a number of indices to measure progress and performance of schedule and cost, as well as the efficacy and efficiency of the plan at any level of the project. These new indices are easy to understand, have wider applications, and can be used by contractors, clients and the scheduling offices to assess and measure schedule performance. The newly developed duration performance measures are all schedule-based and can be used for forecasting the finish date of the project.     

挣值法在高速公路项目施工成本监控中的应用

在分析挣值法的基本原理及特点的基础上,结合某高速公路施工项目,对运用挣值法进行项目施工成本监控作了阐述,并针对施工成本存在的偏差提出纠偏措施,以使施工成本控制在预期范围内,从而控制工程总造价。     

改进挣值法理论在工程项目建设中的应用研究

通过对挣值法原理的理论研究,提出了引入质量变量的改进挣值法,分析了改进挣值法管理的四个基本参数,并对质量成本进行了介绍,同时分析了参数间的内在关系和改进挣值法的工作流程,构建了成本、进度、质量综合控制的系统分析方法。     

A new approach for project scheduling using fuzzy dependency structure matrix

As an alternative solution, the Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) is a useful tool in project scheduling when approaching information dependency issues between activities. However, the current DSM approach faces the dilemma that the overlap of activities cannot be precisely estimated in the planning stage of a project, and the solution calls for a robust methodology for managing schedules within uncertain conditions of information dependency. The aim of our research is to propose an approach that utilizes fuzzy set theory to solve the problem within an uncertain environment. As an extension of traditional DSM-based scheduling, we describe the overlap and duration of activities as fuzzy numbers and put forth a systematic algorithm to calculate the time variables of activities and project duration thereof. An example is also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.     

挣值法在高速公路施工项目进度监控中的应用

介绍了运用挣值法进行项目进度监控的理论和基础,通过理论论证与实例分析,研究了挣值法在高速公路施工项目进度监控的应用方法,提出了由底层进度情况到项目整体进度情况的汇总方法。     

An extension of the EVM analysis for project monitoring: The Cost Control Index and the Schedule Control Index

In this paper we propose two new metrics that combine Earned Value Management (EVM) and Project Risk Management for project controlling and monitoring. We compare EVM cost and schedule variances with the deviation the project should have under the risk analysis expected conditions.These two indexes allow project managers to analyse whether the project over-runs are within expected variability or there are structural and systemic changes over the project life cycle. The new monitoring indexes we present are the Cost Control Index and the Schedule Control Index.     

论挣值法在项目进度管理中的应用

项目的进度管理是项目管理的三大目标之一,进度、投资、质量三者互相约束,相辅相成。挣值法是一种先进的进度测量技术,其目的就是比较项目实际与计划的差异,关注的是计划中的各个项目任务,在内容、时间、质量、成本等方面与计划的差异情况,然后根据这些差异,可以对项目中剩余的任务进行预测和调整。本文结合项目管理的实际经验讨论挣值法在项目管理中的应用。     

挣值理论在P3e／c软件中的应用探讨

对挣值理论的基本原理进行了分析,并结合道路工程项目,对项目挣值理论进行了分析与应用探讨,指出了挣值管理方法是一种很有实际意义的方法,但也有不足,最后,提出应该将挣值理论和关键路径法结合起来,并在原方法中引入质量成本变量,将三者结合起来对挣值理论进行改进,形成基于费用、进度及质量的综合控制分析方法。     

基于工期奖罚制度的挣值法的改进及应用

通过对挣值法原理的理论研究,提出了基于工期奖罚成本的改进挣值法,分析了改进挣值法管理的四个基本参数,并介绍了参数间的内在关系和改进挣值法的应用,构建了基于工期奖罚制度的工期—成本综合控制的系统分析方法,最后通过实例论证了该方法的可行性。