柔性衬底微晶硅薄膜太阳电池研究

采用等离子增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)技术制备了系列本征微晶硅薄膜材料和nip单结微晶硅太阳电池,研究了硅烷浓度、衬底温度和辉光功率等沉积参数与薄膜材料性能、薄膜电池性能三者之间的关系.拉曼光谱和器件测试结果表明:随硅烷浓度的增加,本征层晶化率逐渐减小,直至转变为非晶硅;沉积温度高于200℃时,电池性能严重恶化;随等离子辉光功率增加,材料晶化率保持不变,而电池开路电压逐渐增大,短波光谱响应逐渐增强.在此基础上,优化了单结微晶硅电池沉积参数,得到效率为6.48％ (AM0,25℃)的单结微晶硅薄膜太阳电池;并将其应用到非晶硅／微晶硅叠层电池中,在不锈钢柔性衬底上得到效率为9.28％( AM0,25℃)的叠层电池.     

高效薄膜硅/晶体硅异质结电池的研究

一引言用薄膜工艺在晶体硅衬底上制备非晶、纳米晶薄膜,可获得异质结电池,该类电池有以下优点:(1)材料消耗少;晶硅片厚度≤200μm,通常晶硅电池厚度为350μm;     

薄膜非晶硅/微晶硅叠层太阳电池的研究

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(RF—PECVD)技术制备非晶硅顶电池，采用甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF—PECVD)技术制备微晶硅底电池，初步优化研究了薄膜非晶硅／微晶硅叠层太阳电池顶电池与底电池的本征吸收层厚度匹配与电池电流匹配，以及氧化锌／金属复合背反射电极对电池的作用。研制出了面积为1．0cm^2效率达9．83％的薄膜非晶硅／微晶硅叠层太阳电池。     

微晶硅材料和电池特性的相关研究

主要采用甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术制备了系列微晶硅材料和电池。通过对材料电学特性、结构特性和电池间性能关系的研究,获得了高效率微晶硅薄膜太阳电池所对应材料的基本特性:暗电导在10~(-8)s/cm量级上,光敏性大于1000,晶化率约50%。进行了制备电池的开路电压和表观带隙之间关系的研究。     

晶硅异质结太阳电池nc-Si:H/nc-SiOx:H叠层窗口层研究

该研究制备高电导、高透明的磷掺杂氢化纳米晶硅氧(nc-Si O_x:H)薄膜,应用于晶硅异质结(SHJ)太阳电池的窗口层以替代传统的氢化非晶硅(a-Si:H)薄膜。与以a-Si:H薄膜为窗口层的电池相比,短路电流密度提高0.5 m A/cm²,达到38.5 m A/cm²,填充因子为82.7%,光电转换效率为23.5%。实验发现,在nc-Si O_x:H薄膜沉积前对本征非晶硅层表面进行处理,沉积1 nm纳米晶硅(nc-Si:H)种子层,可改善nc-Si O_x:H薄膜的晶化率,降低薄膜中的非晶相含量。与单层nc-Si O_x:H窗口层的电池相比,nc-Si:H/nc-Si O_x:H叠层结构提高电池填充因子,达到83.4%,光电转换效率增加了0.3%,达到23.8%。     

富硅氧化硅薄膜低温沉积和微观结构调整

采用等离子体化学气相沉积(PECVD)技术通过改变N_2O流量低温制备不同微观结构的镶嵌纳米晶硅的富硅氧化硅(nc-Si/SiO_x)薄膜,利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)透射光谱和Raman光谱技术研究薄膜中氢含量和氧含量变化及其对薄膜晶化度、纳米晶硅粒子大小、薄膜混合相比例的影响。实验表明,随着N_2O比例增加,由于逐渐增强的氧化反应阻碍了纳米晶硅的生长,导致晶硅比例减少和非晶成分增加,同时薄膜晶化度下降。混合相中晶界的比例随N_2O先增后减,当N_2O达到一定值时形成稳定界面。     

掺钨氧化铟薄膜厚度对异质结电池性能的影响

研究工业化反应等离子体沉积(RPD)设备制备的掺钨氧化铟(IWO)薄膜的厚度变化对薄膜光电性能和非晶硅/晶体硅异质结(SHJ)电池性能的影响。X200℃退火后具有良好的结晶性。通过控制IWO薄膜的沉积时间,制备IWO薄膜厚度递增的一系列8英寸SHJ电池样品。研究发现随着IWO膜平均厚度为82 nm时,SHJ电池转换效率最高达到21.87%,对异质结电池工业化生产具有指导意义。     

VHF-PECVD制备微晶硅材料及电池初步研究

研究了用甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)方法制备的不同沉积气压下的微晶硅薄膜样品。随着沉积气压的逐渐增大,样品的沉积速率也逐渐增大;样品的光敏性和激活能测试结果表明：随气压的变化两者发生了规律性一致的变化;傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)测试表明制备的样品中含有一定量的氧,使得样品呈现弱n型;室温微区喇曼光谱测试分析得到样品的微晶化特征与IR的分析是一致的,用高斯函数对喇曼谱解谱分析定量得出了晶化程度;分析了H处理p／I界面对电池性能的影响;首次在国内用VHF-PECVD制备出效率达4．24％的微晶硅电池。     

低温沉积硅薄膜电池及其在塑料衬底上的应用

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)技术,保持衬底温度在125℃沉积硅薄膜材料及电池,研究了硅烷浓度、辉光功率等沉积参数对材料和电池性能的影响。在125℃的低温条件下,通过优化沉积工艺,在玻璃衬底和PET塑料衬底上分别制备出效率达到6.8%和3.9%的单结非晶硅电池。在PET衬底上,将低温沉积非晶硅电池的技术应用于的叠层电池的顶电池,制备出效率为4.6%的非晶/微晶硅叠层电池。     

CO_2/SiH_4气体流量比对氢化硅氧(SiO_x:H)薄膜微结构和光学特性的影响

采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法,以不同的二氧化碳与硅烷气体流量比(R_C=[CO_2]/[Si H_4]=0、0.5、1、2)和不同的衬底温度(200和250℃)在高气压(220 Pa)和高功率密度(1 W/cm~2)条件下制备了一系列的氢化硅氧(SiO_x∶H)薄膜。运用Raman谱、XRD和紫外-可见光透射谱(UV-VIS)对材料的微结构和光学特性进行测试与分析。实验发现,薄膜沉积速率高达0.60 nm/s;同时,随着掺入气体CO_2流量增加,薄膜由微晶+非晶两相结构逐渐转化为非晶相;在500~750 nm波长范围内,氧的掺入使薄膜折射率下降(从3.67到2.65)、光学带隙增大(从1.52~2.26 eV)。     

Microcrystalline silicon solar cells fabricated by VHF plasma CVD method

A series of systematic investigations on microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) solar cells at high deposition rates has been studied. The effect of high deposition pressure and narrow cathode-substrate (CS) distance on the deposition rate and quality of microcrystalline silicon is discussed. The microcrystalline silicon solar cell is adopted as middle cell and bottom cell in a three-stacked junction solar cell. The characteristics of large area three-stacked junction solar cells, whose area is 801.6 cm² including grid electrode areas, are studied in various deposition rates from 1 to 3 nm/s of microcrystalline silicon. An initial efficiency of 13.1% is demonstrated in the three-stacked junction solar cell with microcrystalline silicon deposited at 3 nm/s.     

微晶硅薄膜的光稳定性与微结构的关系

利用甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术,通过改变功率密度和沉积压强制备了三系列微晶硅薄膜。采用拉曼光谱、XRD与电导率分析技术,研究在光照条件下微晶硅薄膜的光学特性,光电导衰退与晶化率、沉积速率、晶粒尺寸间的关系。研究发现:随着晶化率的增加,微晶硅薄膜的光电导衰退率逐渐减小;随着沉积气压的增加,相同晶化率的薄膜的光稳定性降低。在光照50h后,薄膜的光电导衰退基本达到饱和。     

Preparation of microcrystalline single junction and amorphous–microcrystalline tandem silicon solar cells entirely by hot-wire CVD

The hot-wire chemical vapour deposition (HWCVD) has been used to prepare highly conducting p- and n-doped microcrystalline silicon thin layers as well as highly photoconducting, low defect density intrinsic microcrystalline silicon films. These films were incorporated in all-HWCVD, all-microcrystalline nip and pin solar cells, achieving conversion efficiencies of η=5.4% and 4.5%, respectively. At present, only the nip-structures are found to be stable against light-induced degradation. Furthermore, microcrystalline nip and pin structures have been successfully incorporated as bottom cells in all-hot-wire amorphous–microcrystalline nipnip- and pinpin-tandem solar cells for the first time. So far, the highest conversion efficiencies of the “micromorph” tandem structures are η=5.7% for pinpin-solar cells and 7.0% for nipnip solar cells.     

In-situ transmission measurements as process control for thin-film silicon solar cells

In this work, in-situ transmission measurements using plasma as light source are presented for the determination of growth rate and crystallinity during silicon thin-film growth. The intensity of distinct plasma emission lines was measured at the backside of the transparent substrates on which silicon films, ranging from amorphous to microcrystalline, were deposited. Using this configuration, the growth rate of thin-films was determined with high accuracy. In addition, we show that the crystallinity of the films can be monitored in the most critical range (between 40% and 80%) for microcrystalline silicon solar cells by evaluating the intensity ratio of two transmitted wavelengths in-situ. The gradual change in the absorption behaviour of the films during the phase transition is reflected by this ratio of two wavelengths as demonstrated by the good correlation with the crystallinity fraction determined by ex-situ Raman spectroscopy. This approach of in-situ transmission spectroscopy provides an easy-to-implement monitoring and control system for the industrial deposition of thin-film silicon solar cells, as critical material properties can be determined real-time during the deposition process even on rough substrates that are optimized for light trapping in solar cells.     

微晶硅电池的制备及提高其效率的优化

采用甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)技术制备了不同硅烷浓度系列的微晶硅电池。结果表明:电池的开路电压随着硅烷浓度的增大而逐渐增加,而电池的短路电流则先增加后减小,在转折点电池的效率达到最大,填充因子则变化不明显;(220)择优取向出现,I(220)/I(111)比值大,电池的短路电流密度也大,电池的效率也最高;在实验的范围内,电池的短路电流密度和厚度成正比例关系;首次在国内制备出了效率达7.3%,短路电流密度(Jsc)为21.7mA/cm2,开路电压(Voc)为0.52V,填充因子(FF)为65%的微晶硅电池。     

Amorphous solar cells, the micromorph concept and the role of VHF-GD deposition technique

During the last two decades, the Institute of Microtechnology (IMT) has contributed in two important fields to future thin-film silicon solar cell processing and design:

(1) In 1987, IMT introduced the so-called “very high frequency glow discharge (VHF-GD)” technique, a method that leads to a considerable enhancement in the deposition rate of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon layers. As a direct consequence of reduced plasma impedances at higher plasma excitation frequencies, silane dissociation is enhanced and the maximum energy of ions bombarding the growing surface is reduced. Due to softer ion bombardment on the growing surface, the VHF process also favours the formation of microcrystalline silicon. Based on these beneficial properties of VHF plasmas, for the growth of thin silicon films, plasma excitation frequencies f_exc in the range 30–300 MHz, i.e. clearly higher than the standard 13.56 MHz, are indeed scheduled to play an important role in future production equipment.

(2) In 1994, IMT pioneered a novel thin-film solar cell, the microcrystalline silicon solar cell. This new type of thin-film absorber material––a form of crystalline silicon––opens up the way for a new concept, the so-called “micromorph” tandem solar cell concept. This term stands for the combination of a microcrystalline silicon bottom cell and an amorphous silicon top cell. Thanks to the lower band gap and to the stability of microcrystalline silicon solar cells, a better use of the full solar spectrum is possible, leading, thereby, to higher efficiencies than those obtained with solar cells based solely on amorphous silicon.

Both the VHF-GD deposition technique and the “micromorph” tandem solar cell concept are considered to be essential for future thin-film PV modules, as they bear the potential for combining high-efficiency devices with low-cost manufacturing processes.     

硅太阳电池稳步走向薄膜化

考察了硅太阳电池在光伏产业中所处的地位,分析了薄膜硅太阳电池的发展趋势。指出硅太阳电池在未来15a仍将保持优势地位,并继续沿着晶硅电池和薄膜硅电池两个方向发展。在此发展过程中,两个发展方向的主流很可能会汇合到一起,共同促使低成本、高效率、高可靠薄膜晶硅电池的诞生和产业化,从而继续保持硅太阳电池的优势地位。     

Microcrystalline silicon and the impact on micromorph tandem solar cells

Intrinsic microcrystalline silicon opens up new ways for silicon thin-film multi-junction solar cells, the most promising being the “micromorph” tandem concept. The microstructure of entirely microcrystalline p–i–n solar cells is investigated by transmission electron microscopy. By applying low pressure chemical vapor deposition ZnO as front TCO in p–i–n configurated micromorph tandems, a remarkable reduction of the microcrystalline bottom cell thickness is achieved. Micromorph tandem cells with high open circuit voltages of 1.413 V could be accomplished. A stabilized efficiency of around 11% is estimated for micromorph tandems consisting of 2 μm thick bottom cells. Applying the monolithic series connection, a micromorph module (23.3 cm²) of 9.1% stabilized efficiency could be obtained.