中国人经典霍奇金淋巴瘤中人类白细胞共同抗原表达的研究

目的 既往的研究发现在高加索人中,经典霍奇金淋巴瘤肿瘤细胞人类白细胞共同抗原(HLA)的表达与EB病毒感染密切相关,研究在亚洲人中两者的相关性.方法 随机选取北京大学医学部病理学系常规外检及会诊病例中确诊为经典霍奇金淋巴瘤的145例,所有病例均有石蜡包埋组织蜡块.常规HE染色、形态学观察,根据WHO分类标准对所有病例进行重新分类.原位杂交方法检测EB病毒编码的小RNA(EBER)以提示肿瘤与EB病毒的相关性.HLA-Ⅰ类抗原的表达使用HC-10和β 2-微球蛋白抗体检测,而HLA-Ⅱ类抗原的表达使用CR3/43抗体检测.结果 145例中,40%(58例)的病例为EB病毒相关性.EB病毒阳性病例中,混合细胞型较结节硬化型更为常见(71%比16%,P＜0.001).HLA-Ⅰ类抗原在EB病毒阳性病例中的表达率明显高于EB病毒阴性的病例(79%比30%,P＜0.001).而HLA-Ⅱ类抗原的阳性率在EB病毒阳性和阴性病例中差异无统计学意义(52%比43%,P=0.277).结论 中国人经典霍奇金淋巴瘤HLA-Ⅰ类抗原的表达与EB病毒感染密切相关,与高加索人一样,但HLA-Ⅱ类抗原的表达与EB病毒感染无显著相关性.     

非霍奇金淋巴瘤中枢神经系统累及的诊断和预防

非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者中枢神经系统(CNS)累及预后不良,其中位生存期2～6个月.与NHLCNS累及相关参数是年轻、进展期、累及结外部位数、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)增高和国际预后指标(IPI)积分.最有希望的治疗为自体造血于细胞移植,可延长中数生存期10～26个月.处于CNS侵袭高危状态的某些NHL亚型患者需要早期进行CNS预防,如伯基特淋巴瘤(BL)和淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤(LBL).弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)初期治疗时是否需应用CNS预防久有争议,因为它属于CNS累及(≈5%)的低危群体.危险模式的确定有助于预示NHL的CNS复发.     

MUM1/IRF4在滤泡性淋巴瘤中的表达及其临床病理意义

目的 探讨MUM1/IRF4在滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)中的表达情况及临床病理意义.方法 对96例FL患者标本进行MUM1、CD10、bcl-2、bcl-6、Ki-67免疫组织化学染色,并与患者的临床资料和病理学特征比较.结果 MUM1在96例FL中总的阳性率为59.2%(58/96),其中1～2级组阳性率为36.2%(19/51),3级组阳性率为86.4%(39/45)(x2=24.406,P<0.001).68.9%伴有弥漫成分的FL患者MUM1阳性(x2=8.161,P=0.004).MUM1和CD10的表达呈负相关,83.3%的CD10阴性病例表达MUM1(x1=12.649,P<0.001).MUM1阳性者核分裂和Ki-67标记指数高于MUM1阴性者(t=-3.852、t=-4.610,P<0.001).结论 MUM1可作为FL分型的标志物.MUM1阳性的FL可能为类似非生发中心B细胞分化特征的高度恶性淋巴瘤.     

原发性骨淋巴瘤的影像学及临床病理特征

原发性骨淋巴瘤(PLB)为非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),是一类罕见的结外淋巴瘤,占所有NHL的1%、结外淋巴瘤的5%、原发于骨的恶性肿瘤的7%.目前公认的PLB诊断标准为:肿瘤局限于单骨,临床和影像学检查未发现有其他系统病灶;病理组织学上确诊骨病灶为淋巴瘤;就诊时只有局部浸润,或至少在原发灶出现6个月后才有远处骨骼和其他部位的转移.由于PLB表现的多样性和异质性,且发病率较低,导致诊断困难,现分析归纳其临床病理及影像学特征,以提高认识,降低误诊和漏诊率.     

原发性扁桃体滤泡性淋巴瘤的临床病理特征

目的:按照WHO 2008年淋巴造血组织肿瘤的最新分类,对原发性扁桃体滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)的临床特征、形态学和免疫表型进行观察分析,探讨其与淋巴结原发性FL的异同,以利于诊断和鉴别诊断.方法:复习37例原发于扁桃体FL患者的临床资料及诊断切片,免疫组织化学染色后观察LCA、CD20、CD79a、CD45RO、CD3、CD10、Bcl-6和Bcl-2的表达情况.结果:37例原发性扁桃体FL患者中,活检前临床诊断扁桃体肿物28例,扁桃体癌6例,淋巴瘤3例.组织形态与淋巴结内FL类似,滤泡型4例,滤泡和弥漫型1例,少滤泡型32例,无弥漫型.低级别(1-2级)17例,高级别(3级)20例.免疫组织化学染色均表达LCA及B细胞标记物CD20和CD79a,不表达CK及T细胞的标记物CD45RO和CD3.CD10阳性率43.24%,Bcl-6阳性率86.48%,CD10和Bcl-6共表达率为37.83%;22例表达Bcl-2,阳性率59.46%;CD10、Bcl-6、Bcl-2在低级别FL和高级别FL中的表达率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).2例发生在儿童的扁桃体FL其形态及免疫表型均与WHO新分类的儿童FL相同.结论:扁桃体FL组织形态与淋巴结FL相似,本组活检标本中以少滤泡型为主,高级别占多数.B细胞和生发中心标记物的表达情况与淋巴结FL基本一致,而Bcl-2表达低.     

系统性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤骨髓累及的临床病理学研究

目的 探讨系统性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(S-ALCL)骨髓累及的临床病理学特点、免疫学表型及临床生物学行为.方法 回顾性分析34例S-ALCL病例资料,进行骨髓活检(19例)或涂片(15例).其中ALK(+)24例,ALK(-)10例.HE染色、免疫组织化学染色观察病理形态及免疫表型,原位杂交法检测EB病毒.结果 6例(17.6%)S-ALCL存在骨髓累及,均经骨髓活检标本确定,15例患者骨髓涂片中均未见肿瘤累及.ALK(+)ALCL和ALK(-)ALCL骨髓累及的发生率分别为16.7%(4/24)和20.0%(2/10),差异无统计学意义(P=0.3555).与无骨髓累及病例比较,骨髓累及病例的年龄、性别分布差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.8089和0.3085).骨髓累及者肿瘤细胞以间质性分布为主[83.3%(5/6)].生存分析统计提示伴有骨髓累及的患者预后明显差于无骨髓累及者(P=0.0407).结论 S-ALCL骨髓累及发生率低,与患者的发病年龄、性别及ALK蛋白的表达无相关性.伴有骨髓累及的S-ALCL患者临床预后差,骨髓活检在判断S-ALCL预后中有重要意义.     

Choi和Hans分型在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤预后评价中的意义

目的 探讨Choi和Hans分型在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)预后评价中的意义.方法 收集山西省肿瘤医院病理科有详细随访资料的DLBCL 99例,用免疫组织化学EnVision法检测bcl-2、bel-6、CD10、FOXP1、GCET1、MUM-1的表达情况.根据Choi和Hans两种分类法分别将所有病例分型.其中35例应用荧光原位杂交技术检测bcl-6基因重排情况.结果 按Hans分类法生发中心B细胞(GCB)型21例,非GCB(nonGCB)型78例;按Choi分类法GCB型23例,nonGCB型76例.GCB型生存率明显优于nonGCB型,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).FOXP1蛋白阳性表达与预后呈负相关(P=0.011),GCET1阳性表达则与预后呈正相关(P=0.027).在35例DLBCL患者中.bcl-6基因重排阳性高发于nonGCB型患者,bcl-6基因重排与bcl-6蛋白的表达没有明显相关性.结论 Choi和Hans两种分类法免疫分型GCB型预后都优于nonGCB型.bcl-6、FOXP1、GCET1的表达与预后有相关性.Choi及Hans分类法对DLBCL的免疫分型、临床预后估计均有应用价值.     

当前非霍奇金淋巴瘤的争议与共识:2010年第52届美国血液病学年会亮点解析

第52届美国血液病学(ASH)年会于2010年12月4日至7日在奥兰多市举行.与会专家报道了非霍奇金淋巴瘤研究方面的最新进展,尤其是几个大型多中心随机对照临床试验结果的公布,为非霍奇金淋巴瘤的诊断和治疗增添了新的循证医学证据,达成了一些共识,但是仍然存在诸多争议.     

CAG预激方案联合左旋门冬酰胺酶和泼尼松诱导治疗复发难治性前体淋巴细胞白血病/淋巴瘤

目的 寻找复发难治性前体淋巴细胞白血病/淋巴瘤诱导缓解的有效方法.方法 以CAG预激方案联合左旋门冬酰胺酶(L-Asp)和泼尼松(PDN)诱导治疗6例复发难治性前体淋巴细胞白血病/淋巴瘤和1例急性杂合细胞白血病.结果 6例患者完全缓解(CR),1例部分缓解(PR),总有效率100%(7/7),CR率85.7%(6/7).患者不良反应轻,均可耐受.结论 CAG联合L-Asp和PDN是复发难治性前体淋巴细胞白血病/淋巴瘤值得尝试的诱导化疗方案.     

非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者血清胆碱酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶及β2-微球蛋白的检测及其意义

目的 探讨非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)表达水平与患者临床特征及血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)表达的相关性.方法 分别采用速率法、免疫法检测74例NHL患者血清CHE、LDH、β2-MG值,根据血清CHE均值5750 U/L分成低CHE水平组38例与高CHE水平组36例,比较两组患者的临床特征及LDH、β2-MG水平.结果 低CHE水平组与高CHE水平组血清CHE、LDH、β2-MG表达水平差异有统计学意义[(3714.2±1207.1)U/L、(435.7±36.4.4)U/L、(4.3±2.9)mg/L;(7898.2±1550.5)U/L、(247.4±134.8)U/L、(2.7±1.2)mg/L](t=10.510,P=0.000;t=2.969,P=0.005;t=3.043,P=0.004);两组年龄、病理类型、WBC、Plt差异无统计学意义(t=0.166,P=0.868;x2=0.751,P=0.386;t=1.626,P=0.111;t=1.987,P=0.056);两组性别、Ann Arbor分期有明显不同,低CHE水平组以男性(x2=5.432,P=0.020)、Ann Arbor Ⅲ～Ⅳ期(x2=9.394,P=0.024)患者为主.低CHE水平组血红蛋白含量[(97.6±25.8)g/L胝于高CHE水平组[(113.4±15.2)g/L],差异有统计学意义(t=3.230,P=0.002).结论 NHL患者CHE低活性与年龄、病理类型、WBC、Plt无关,与男性、Ann ArborⅢ/Ⅳ期、贫血、LDH、β2-MG高表达相关.     

Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in reactive and neoplastic lymphoid cells

We have studied the expression of gelatinase A, gelatinase B, interstitial collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 in reactive lymphoid cells, as well as in a series of cell lines derived from neoplasms of B- and T-cell lineage. Using both Northern blot analysis and zymography, gelatinase B activity was detected by zymography in two Burkitt cell lines and in a tonsillar cell suspension, while gelatinase A and interstitial collagenase activities were not detected by either method. TIMP-1 expression was demonstrated by Northern blot analysis in the multipotential neoplastic K-562 cell line, the high grade Burkitt's B-cell lymphoma lines, isolated tonsillar B cells and at low levels in peripheral blood T cells, but was not expressed in any of the neoplastic T-cell lines or isolated peripheral blood B cells. In contrast, TIMP-2 expression was restricted to tissues containing cells of T-cell lineage with high levels being observed in the neoplastic T-cell lines and lower levels in normal peripheral blood T cells and hyperplastic tonsil. Expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was confirmed at the protein level by reverse zymography and immunofluorescence assays using antihuman TIMP polyclonal antibodies. Expression of gelatinase B by the high grade B-cell Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines is consistent with previous findings in large cell immunoblastic lymphomas and indicates that this enzyme may play an important role in high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. TIMP expression correlated with cell lineage in that TIMP-1 was primarily observed in B cells and TIMP-2 was restricted to T cells.     

Isolation of viable Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells from Hodgkin disease tissues

Hodgkin disease (HD) is characterized by a small number of malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells among a major population of nonmalignant cells. The analysis of H/RS cells has been hampered by their low frequency and fragility. Here, we describe the isolation of viable H/RS cells from HD affected tissues by high gradient magnetic cell sorting (MACS) according to expression of CD30. The cells were enriched to a purity of up to 50%. H/RS cells were distinguished from other CD30(+) cells by the expression of CD15, their size and granularity. No CD30/CD15 double-positive cells could be enriched from a lymph node affected by the lymphocyte predominant subtype of HD, activated lymph nodes or peripheral blood of healthy donors. For two cases of HD individual MACS-purified H/RS cells and H/RS cells micromanipulated from tissue sections of the same lymphoma specimens were analyzed for Ig gene rearrangements. In both cases, identical V gene rearrangements were amplified from both sources of H/RS cells, showing that H/RS cells were successfully enriched. Moreover, the finding that in both cases no additional Ig gene rearrangements other than the ones identified in the H/RS cells micromanipulated from tissue sections were amplified from the MACS-purified H/RS cells further supports the monoclonality of these cells throughout the affected lymph nodes. The isolation of viable H/RS cells ex vivo is prerequisite for a direct study of gene expression by those cells and of their interaction with cells in their vicinity.     

Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin disease represent clonal populations of germinal center-derived tumor B cells

Among the four subtypes of Hodgkin disease (HD), lymphocyte-predominant (LP) HD is now generally considered as a separate entity. The B cell nature of the typical Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells and their variants (L and H, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells) in LP HD has long been suspected, but the question of whether these cells represent a true tumor clone is unclear. We previously demonstrated clonal Ig gene rearrangements in one case of LP HD. In the present study, five cases of LP HD were analyzed by micromanipulation of single HRS cells from frozen tissue sections and DNA amplification of rearranged Ig heavy chain genes from those cells. Clonal V gene rearrangements harboring somatic mutations were detected in each case. In three cases ongoing somatic mutation was evident. This shows that HRS cells in LP HD are a clonal tumor population derived from germinal center B cells. The pattern of somatic mutation indicates that HRS cells in LP HD are selected for antibody expression. This, and the presence of ongoing mutation discriminates LP from classical HD.     

Malignant lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the larynx

A 36-year-old woman was referred to the department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, because of complaints of hoarseness. A submucosal swelling of the right ventricular fold was found that was subsequently biopsied. Histopathological examination showed a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Treatment consisted of local radiotherapy (to 2800 cGy). During the 2-year follow-up to date there has been no evidence of recurrent disease. To our knowledge, only four cases of MALT lymphomas in the larynx have been reported. The clinical behavior of MALT lymphoma is clearly quite distinct and requires proper recognition to prevent inadvertent misdiagnosis of overtreatment.     

Biased VH family usage in primary gastric B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type and the selected V beta expression of T cells infiltrating into the lymphoma cells

Seven cases of primary gastric low-grade B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type, two cases of high-grade B cell lymphoma with a low-grade component and three cases of pure high-grade lymphoma were selected for the current study. The Ig VH gene use of lymphoma cells and the V beta repertoires of infiltrating T cells were investigated. The VH gene analysis showed multiple VH family usage in 12 cases, but the MALT-type lymphoma cell usage was found to be biased for the families that have a low number of VH genes (VHIV and V). Another analysis of lymphoma-infiltrating T cells showed restricted expressions of the V beta repertoire in all seven low-grade cases and three high-grade cases. In those 10 cases, a considerable number of CD4-positive T cells infiltrated into lymphoma cells and RAG-1 was also prominently expressed. Based on these findings, it was thus assumed that the normal counterpart of gastric B cell lymphoma of MALT type is different from the conventional B cell lymphoma, and the restricted expression of V beta repertoires is therefore considered to be a characteristic finding in low-grade B cell lymphomas of MALT type as well as in a proportion of high-grade lymphomas (the so called 'high-grade lymphoma of MALT type').     

Classical Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells demonstrate a non-clonal immature B lymphoid lineage: evidence from a single cell assay and in situ hybridization

Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H & RS) cells are generally considered to be the neoplastic cells of Hodgkin's disease (HD), however such cells are only found in a minority of the lesions. Recently in a few studies on HD, the clonality of H & RS cells was examined, using a single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination. To clarify the lineage and clonality of H & RS cells, we performed single cell PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH), and nine cases of classical HD were thus studied. By ISH, the immunoglobulin J chain, and the kappa and lambda light chain were rarely expressed in the H & RS cells, however, no T-cell markers could be detected. The expression of the recombination activating genes (RAG-1, 2) could be determined in the H & RS cells. We isolated CD30+ H & RS cells, CD3 + T cells and CD20 + B cells from suspended materials using a mechanical sorter. We performed single cell PCR in a sorted individual cell, to amplify the complementarity determining region of the Ig heavy chain (IgH) gene and T-cell receptor gamma chain (TCR gamma) gene. In all cases, TCR gamma could be frequently amplified in the T cells, but was only rarely amplified in the H & RS and B cells. In contrast, the IgH was frequently amplified in the H & RS and B cells, but not in the T cells. In addition, the PCR production of the H & RS cells all showed different lengths. The results therefore support the polyclonal nature and immature B lymphoid cell origin of H & RS cells.     

Membrane anomalies of neoplastic cells

Neoplastic cells exhibit numerous membrane anomalies. Those involving the plasma membrane have attracted the greatest attention, although ample evidence indicates that the membranes of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes are also profoundly implicated. The information on these topics is briefly reviewed and it is concluded that of the multiple membrane anomalies observed, those responsible for high aerobic lactate production, abnormal plasma membrane transport and release of hydrolytic enzymes may figure prominently in malignant behaviour, i.e. invasiveness and metastasis. It is proposed that the membrane polymorphism of neoplastic cells can be explained in terms of the Changeux membrane lattice hypothesis. In particular it is suggested that the concerted behaviour of tumor cell membranes might deviate from normal due to one or more of the following processes: (a) insertion of a new protein (or lipid); (b) alteration of existing proteins (or lipids); (c) change in the proportion of phospholipid; (d) change in the proportion of glycolipid; (e) change in the proportion of cholesterol; (f) change in the steady-state of membrane ligands. The validity of this proposal is evaluated in terms of recent advances in membrane molecular biology.