单圈非重复性主轴回转精度评价

与工件圆度的误差评价相比,实现对不具有单圈重复性的主轴回转精度的评价较为困难.在分析主轴轴线定义及理想轴心可观测性的基础上,建立单圈非重复性主轴回转精度评价的数学模型,针对该数学模型,进行主轴回转误差的集合转换,使得转换后的集合能够适应于计算机处理的误差评价方法.然后利用极差极小化的原理,建立最小区域法的误差评定统一准则和作用表面的统一判别准则.利用这两个评判准则,可以顺利实现对主轴回转误差的最小区域法评价、最小外切圆法评价和最大内接圆法评价,从而提高单圈非重复性主轴回转误差的评价精度,同时也提高误差评价的效率.     

高速电磁主轴回转精度的分析

运用复数型频率分析的数学工具,建立了磁悬浮主轴系统回转运动数学模型,推导了主轴回转误差运动轨迹方程,定义了回转精度,给出了电磁主轴系统回转精度的测试方法,定量分析了影响主轴回转精度的主要因素。     

液体静压主轴的回转精度规律及其极限预测

液体静压主轴是精密、超精密机床的核心功能部件,对机床的加工效率、加工精度和加工表面质量具有直接而重要的影响.回转精度是液体静压主轴的关键性能,目前学术界和工程界对回转精度的各种评价指标之间的内在联系尚缺乏统一认识,对回转精度的机理和形成规律尚缺乏深入研究.系统分析了回转精度各种评价指标和测试方法之间的内在联系,明确了不同误差成分的来源和成因;针对现有回转精度评价方法的局限性,提出了"最小峰峰值+同步误差+异步误差"的综合评价方法.系统比较了不同节流方式对液体静压轴承刚度的影响规律,提出了采用可控节流实现高回转精度的方法.建立了可控节流液体静压主轴的流固热耦合模型,实现了轴心运动轨迹形成过渡过程的精确定量仿真,揭示了供油压力、供油压力波动、动不平衡量和轴颈圆度误差对回转精度的影响规律.最后对液体静压主轴可能达到的回转精度极限进行了预测.     

主轴回转运动精度的计算机视觉测量系统

基于计算机视觉测量技术,建立了机床主轴回转运动精度测量系统。系统主要由CCD 摄像机、计算机和相应的图像处理软件组成。利用图像传感器记录靶标特征点运动轨迹,经过图像处理软件的数据处理,可直接测得主轴的回转运动。由于靶标特征点的提取直接影响系统的测量精度,因此提出了以圆形标记作为靶标图案,采用面积矩方法提取圆心来提高系统测量精度。在MATLAB 环境下编程实现图像处理和数据计算,采用最小区域圆法计算主轴回转误差。最后采用该系统对车床主轴进行了测量,试验证明,系统可以实现主轴回转运动精度的精确、快速测量,且精度达到微米级。     

回转误差测试中主轴旋转方向与传感器相互位置关系的判定研究

将曲线的单调性理论和算法应用于主轴旋转方向与位移传感器相互位置关系的判定研究,在对主轴回转误差基本误差模型分析的基础上,建立了主轴旋转方向与位移传感器测试数据单调区间的相互关系的数学模型,提出了一种根据测试结果自动分析主轴回转方向的判定准则,并通过试验进行验证,试验结果与数学模型保持一致。     

数控车床主轴热变形检测及回转精度评定

针对主轴回转热误差包含的多种误差分量,采用双向正交法测量了不同转速温度场下数控车床主轴热变形所引起的回转误差。以复向量描述主轴回转精度理论为基础,利用FFT误差分离方法,从传感器测得的信号中分离并去除检棒的安装偏心及热变形导致的回转中心的偏移量,从而得到精确的主轴回转热误差信息,进而评定数控机床主轴热变形对加工精度的影响。     

减少机械加工精度误差的措施

1．机械加工产生误差的主要原因（1）主轴回转误差主轴回转误差是指主轴各瞬间的实际回转轴线相对其平均回转轴线的变动量。产生主轴径向回转误差的主要原因有：主轴几段轴颈的同轴度误差、轴承本身的各种误差、轴承之间的同轴度误差和主轴挠度等。适当提高主轴及箱体的制造精度,选用高精度的轴承,提高主轴部件的装配精度,对高速主轴部件进行平衡,对滚动轴承进行预紧等,均可提高机床主轴的回转精度。     

车床主轴回转精度数字式单向测量法北大核心

车床主轴回转精度的测量是一项重要的测试课题。针对传统的测量方法需要使用基圆发生器,数据处理困难,测试结果难以在各车床间进行比较等问题,提出了利用数字式单向测量法对车床主轴回转误差进行动态测量。从分析回转误差的测试原理和误差性质出发,建立起回转误差的数学模型,利用信号分析的手段分离出基准球安装偏心误差,并通过计算机仿真对该数学模型及分离方法进行验证和分析。实验结果表明,采用本文的方法对C616主轴回转精度进行测量,其测量结果与DJ-HZ-1型机床回转精度测量分析仪的测量结果基本吻合。     

精密离心机结构安装误差对主轴回转精度的影响

针对精密离心机的精度控制,建立了精密离心机结构安装误差对静压气体轴承主轴回转精度影响的定量计算模型,运用该模型开展了多方面结构安装误差参量对主轴回转精度影响规律的研究。研究表明主轴回转误差随转盘与静压气体轴承轴线间偏心量、静压气体轴承轴线铅垂度安装误差和转盘与静压气体轴承轴线安装垂直度误差的增加而增大,其中偏心量和垂直度误差对主轴回转误差的影响较大,铅垂度误差对主轴回转误差的影响较小。研究可为精密离心机的设计提供帮助。     

SL50型数控车床主轴回转精度的可靠度研究

通过以SL50型数控车床的主轴组件为例,深入分析了产生主轴回转误差运动的原因,提出该数控车床主轴轴承的预紧力界定范围。对该数控车床主轴轴承磨损情况做了可靠性统计分析,建立了主轴回转精度寿命的可靠度模型,主轴轴承磨损量与其工作小时数几乎成线性关系。在该数控车床工作15000小时和20000小时后,分别检测了主轴径向跳动的误差、主轴轴向窜动误差和卡盘端面跳动误差,对主轴回转精度的下降情况做了统计分析,并进行了回转精度可靠度计算。     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Roundness Error Prediction with a Volumetric Error Model Including Spindle Error Motions of a Machine Tool</Emphasis>

This paper proposes a modified volumetric error model that includes spindle error motions as well as geometric errors. The model is constructed using rigid-body kinematics and homogeneous transformation matrices and an additional error matrix describing spindle error motions is included. The suggested model predicts the positioning errors at a given axis position as a function of both the axis position and the engaged spindle rotation angle. Two circular interpolation tests (inner and outer circle of the same radius) are simulated and the machined part profiles are predicted. To verify the simulation results, machining tests are performed according to the ISO 10791-7 standard. The error model with spindle errors shows a better agreement, between the simulated and measured roundness errors, than the simple geometric model. It can be seen that the geometric errors determine the basic part profiles and the spindle errors change the basic profiles according to the magnitude of the errors and the spindle rotation angle.     

金属切削机床主轴运动误差影响的数学分析

在研究金属切削机床加工误差的基础上,针对机床主轴回转运动误差中的径向跳动误差、角度摆动误差和轴向窜动误差,以车床和镗床主轴为例,建立了主轴回转运动误差数学分析模型,从数学几何角度分别对上述主轴回运动城的加工精度影响结果进行了定量分析,并推导出了由此产生的各类加工几何误差不同的数学表达式。通过这些数学表达式可以定量地计算出机床主轴由于回转运动误差产生的加工几何误差数值。     

Evaluation method to determine radial accuracy of high-precision rotating spindle units

In this paper, the authors present a new technique, called the vector indication method, which computes and illustrates the radial error motion of a rotating spindle as the instantaneous vectors on a plane normal to a spindle axis. The radial error motion is measured by two sensors located perpendicularly to each other. A new algorithm is developed to obtain the instantaneous vectors of spindle axis displacement by digital processing. It is revealed that the behavior of displacement of spindle axis can be more precisely known by the vector indication method than by “the Lissajous' figure,” which is one of the conventional methods.     

一种直角坐标系下圆度误差最小区域评价实现方法

针对直角坐标系下圆周截面形状误差评价,介绍了一种圆柱体截面圆度误差的测量与评定方法.建立了基于直角坐标系下的最小区域圆度误差三维评测模型,得到利用弦线截交关系快速评价圆度误差的方法.通过多次截交产生的虚拟中心定位,可以准确确定评价点的位置,达到了快速、精确利用最小外接球法评价球度误差的目的.通过分析表明,该方法计算效率...     

机床主轴纯径向跳动的轴心轨迹分析

首先指出机床主轴产生纯径向跳动的原因是轴承以及主轴颈存在形状误差，然后建立了当机床采用滑动轴承时主轴纯径向跳动的轴心轨迹数学模型，并对这一模型进行理论分析，得到以下结论：轴心轨迹为类椭圆，其长轴是短轴的两倍，旋转频率是主轴旋转频率的两倍。     

Modeling and error analysis for assessing spindle radial error motions

The rotating accuracy of a machine tool spindle directly affects the roundness of machined parts. Commonly, a precision arbor and one or two probes are used to inspect the spindle axis error motion. When the spindle error motion is in the same order of magnitude as the accuracy of the reference arbor, it is desirable to separate the roundness error of the reference arbor from the spindle error. One of the methods used is the three-probe method. This paper presents an exact geometric model and error analysis for the conventional three-probe method. The exact model is used to show that there is an approximation error in the commonly used governing equations of the three-probe method. To reduce inaccuracy in the converted axis motion and arbor contour, the reference arbor accuracy should be at least ten times better than that of the axis motion. It is also shown that the mounting error of the probes should be less than one-fiftieth of the size of the axis motion and the arbor size. The exact geometric model developed in this paper can also be extended to analyze the accuracy of other spindle inspection or roundness measurement methods.     

基于改进遗传算法的机床主轴径向回转误差分离技术研究

以提高精密机床主轴回转误差的测量精度为研究目标,基于四点法矩阵算法,采用多圈重合式方法对主轴回转误差测量中的传感器输出数据进行处理。为提高传统遗传算法的收敛速度,降低优化结果对初始值的依赖性,对交叉和变异概率因子列式进行更新,并使用改进遗传算法对传感器安装角度和输出权值系数进行优化。使用改进遗传算法,收敛速率较传统遗传算法提高50%左右。利用多功能斜轨数控车床进行主轴径向回转误差测量及分离实验,分离后的标准芯棒形状误差值与标定值相比,误差在5%以内,且误差重复性低于5%。结果表明分离的结果精度较高,从而验证提出的算法的正确性和可行性。     

Experimental Study of a Precision, Hydrodynamic Wheel Spindle for Submicron Cylindrical Grinding

Hydrodynamic journal bearings have been widely used in various types of rotating machinery, ranging from heavy duty, high-impact applications, such as the crank shaft of an internal combustion engine and turbine rotor, to high-precision, light load applications, such as precision spindles in cylindrical grinding machines. Although extensive theoretical and experimental results have been presented for hydrodynamic bearings, the available literature seems to be limited for precision hydrodynamic bearing spindles. In this study, practical methods have been developed to quantify the performance of a hydrodynamic wheel spindle operating in the horizontal mode to produce precision parts with submicron roundness tolerance and very fine surface finish. These methods can easily and cost effectively be implemented on various machines in an actual production environment for effective predictive maintenance. The main experimental results show that the long-term drift of the spindle at steady state is less than 1 μm vertically and 0.2 μm horizontally, and the radial error motion of the spindle based on unfiltered data is less than 1.6 μm for all the speeds tested. It is also found that the shaft center position (vertical lift and horizontal shift) at the cold condition is substantially different from that in the steady-state warm condition. From the results, an optimal spindle speed is recommended.     

精密数控机床主轴热伸长补偿技术研究

针对目前精密数控机床热误差补偿问题,在基于主轴热误差测量系统的基础上,提出一种基于FCM聚类、多元线性回归的热误差补偿模型。通过对某卧式加工中心主轴恒定转速和变速工况下进行温敏点测量,建立关键温敏点与机床主轴热伸长的几何关系,通过补偿结果和切削试验表明该方法可以有效地降低主轴热伸长误差,提升零件的加工精度。