基于缓冲区分析的云南省文山州森林火灾分布研究

为研究文山州森林火灾分布特征,选取2012-2019年文山州森林火灾数据,采用ArcGIS的缓冲区分析与叠加分析方法探究居民点、道路、水系、GDP与森林火灾的关系,绘制火点分布图,建立居民点缓冲区Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区,道路缓冲区Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区,水系缓冲区Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区,和4个GDP缓冲区,剖析云南省文山州森林火灾分布特征。结果表明：文山州道路缓冲区Ⅱ区、居民点缓冲区Ⅱ区、水系缓冲区Ⅲ区、GDP缓冲区Ⅰ区发生森林火灾的次数最多,火灾风险等级最高;2012-2015年和2016-2019年森林火灾次数在居民点、道路和水系缓冲区内均服从正态分布,道路、居民缓冲区Ⅱ区森林火灾次数分别占60.28%、62.30%,53.73%、59.01%,缓冲区Ⅰ、Ⅲ区均在28%以下;水系缓冲区Ⅲ区分别占37.85%、39.34%,其他区域呈阶梯式下降,2012-2015年文山州水系缓冲区林火次数Ⅱ区>Ⅳ区>Ⅰ区,2016-2019年Ⅳ区>Ⅱ区>Ⅰ区。2012-2019年平均火灾下降率排序为GDP缓冲区>水系缓冲区>居民点缓冲区>道路缓冲区。GDP缓冲区Ⅱ区、居民点缓冲区Ⅲ区、水系缓冲区Ⅰ区森林火灾数量下降率最高,分别是89.74%、83.67%、80%。因此,森林火灾防控管理优先级为道路缓冲区>居民点缓冲区>水系缓冲区>GDP缓冲区;可优先考虑道路缓冲区Ⅱ区、居民点缓冲区Ⅱ区、水系缓冲区Ⅲ区、GDP缓冲区Ⅰ区的森林火灾防控。研究可为文山州及云南省森林火灾防范提供技术支持。     

Increase in carbon emissions from forest fires after intensive reforestation and forest management programs

This paper shows an example of substantial increase in carbon emissions from forest fires after reforestation on a national scale. It is the first estimation of historical carbon emissions from forest fires in Korea during the last 40 years. Investigation was focused on the recent increase in large forest fires and its closely related factors. A simple modeling approach to estimate carbon emission was applied. The direct carbon emission from forest fires in 2000, ranging from 115 to 300 Gg C, corresponds to 1-3% of the annual carbon uptake by forests. The influence of forest fires on the carbon cycle in Korea is not so significant, but Korean forests have a large potential for generating severe local fires due to increasing forest carbon density and a high forest area ratio (forest area/total land area) of 65%. The carbon emission per area burned (Mg C ha(-1)) clearly reflects the trend toward increases in the number of severe fires. Statistical analyses and the trends of annual temperature and precipitation show that the recent large increase in carbon emissions may be the negative consequences of intensive forest regrowth that is the product of successful reforestation and forest management programs rather than the effect of climate change. These results imply a need for further studies in other countries, where large-scale plantation has been conducted, to evaluate the role of plantation and forest fires on the global carbon cycle.     

城乡火灾风险与社会性指标的关联性研究

为探究社会性因素对城乡火灾风险的影响权重,基于火灾历史数据计算GDP、常住人口和受教育程度等指标与城乡火灾风险的关联性。计算分析发现,GDP 总量与火灾数量呈现正相关关系,在省份维度GDP 总量与火灾数量呈现强相关,在城市维度GDP 总量与火灾数量呈现中等相关;各省常住人口与本省火灾数量呈现强相关关系,但经济欠发达省份的关联性较弱;居民受教育程度较低时,教育水平与火灾发生数量呈负相关,高教育阶段时,教育水平与火灾发生数量呈正相关。     

云南省森林火灾时空聚集性研究

基于云南省1990-2017 年的火灾数据和气象数据,应用SaTScan 9.4 进行林火空间聚集性分析,并通过ARMA 模型预测研究区2020-2025 年森林火灾发生次数。结论表明：时间尺度上云南省林火次数随年份增加而逐渐减少,云南省林火主要集中在1-5 月;空间尺度上云南省森林火灾主要聚集在中部、西北部、西南部地区;ARMA 预测模型得出2020-2025 年云南省森林火灾多于2017 年火灾次数,但总体呈下降趋势。通过该研究可以更好地掌握林火聚集性规律,为森林管理部门防控工作提供一定的理论支持。     

Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Black carbon (BC) is ubiquitous in terrestrial environments and its unique physical and chemical properties suggest that it may play an important role in the global carbon budget (GCB). A critical issue is whether the global production of BC results in significant amounts of carbon (C) being removed from the short-term bio-atmospheric carbon cycle and transferred to the long-term geological carbon cycle. Several dozen field and laboratory based studies of BC formation during the burning of biomass have been documented. Findings are difficult to interpret because they have been expressed in an inconsistent manner, and because different physical and chemical methods have been used to derive them. High error terms documented in many of these studies also highlight the problems associated with the quantification of the amount of biomass C consumed in fire, the amount of residue produced and the constituents of that residue. To be able to estimate the potential for BC as a carbon sink, issues regarding its definition, the methods used in its identification and measurement, and the way it is expressed in relation to other components of the carbon cycle need to be addressed. This paper presents BC data in a standard way; BC production as a percentage of the amount of C consumed by fire (BC/CC), which can be readily integrated into a larger carbon budget. Results from previous studies and new data from Australian ecosystems were recalculated in this way. As part of this process, several BC estimates derived solely from physical methods were discarded, based on their inability to accurately identify and quantify the BC component of the post-fire residue. Instead, more focus was placed on BC estimates obtained by chemical methods. This recalculated data lowered the estimate for BC formation in forest fires from 4% to 5% to <3% BC/CC. For savannah and grassland fires a value of <3% is consistent with reported data, but considerable variation among estimates remains. An updated flow-chart linking the sources, fluxes and pools of BC formed in the terrestrial environment with the aquatic and marine environments, and estimates of mean residence times for BC are also presented.     

超长海底隧道无竖井排烟及补风量优化研究

摘 要：超长海底隧道结构特殊,排烟补风成为制约超长海底隧道发展的关键因素。依托烟大海底隧道提出超长海底隧道无竖井排烟系统,并设计新型的海中无竖井排烟补风方案——采用离心式空气压缩机将火灾烟气高速加压后排到海水中,并通过压缩空气进行额外补风。采用FDS对不同排烟量和补风量下56组工况进行模拟,通过分析烟气层厚度、排烟效率和能见度,寻找最优的排烟补风方案。结果表明：排烟量在140~180,190~210 m3/s,补风量分别占排烟量的50%、70%时,系统排烟效果最优;其中,排烟量180 m3/s,补风量50%和排烟量200 m3/s,补风量70%情况下的排烟效果最优,且后者优于前者。实际工程应用中,可以考虑设计排烟量为200 m3/s,补风量为140 m3/s。     

Mercury fluxes in a natural forested Amazonian catchment (Serra do Navio, Amapá State, Brazil)

Mercury (Hg total) fluxes were calculated for rainwater, throughfall and stream water in a small catchment located in the northeastern region of the Brazilian Amazon (Serra do Navio, Amapá State), whose upper part is covered by a natural rainforest and lower part was altered due to deforestation and activities related to manganese mining. The catchment area is 200 km from the nearest gold mining (garimpo). Minimum and maximum Hg concentrations were measured monthly from October 1996 to September 1997 and were 3.5-23.4 ng l(-1) for rainwater, 16.5-82.7 ng l(-1) for throughfall (March-August 1997) and 1.2-6.1 and 4.2-18.8 ng l(-1) for stream water, in natural and disturbed areas, respectively. In the natural area, the inputs were 18.2 microg m 2 year(-1) in rainwater and 72 microg m(-2) year(-1) in throughfall. This enrichment was attributed to dry deposition. The stream output of 2.9 microg m(-2) year(-1) indicates that Hg is being recycled within the forest as other chemical species or is being retained by the soil system, as confirmed by the cumulative Hg burden in the 0-10 cm surface layer, which was 36480 microg m(-2). When the disturbed area of the catchment was included, the stream output was 9.3 microg m(-2), clearly indicating the impact of the deforestation of the lower part of the basin on the release of mercury. The Hg burden in the disturbed area was 7560 microg m(-2) for the 0-10 cm surface layer.     

江西省森林火灾发生特点及防治对策研究

基于ArcGIS、Excel 等空间分析和数学统计手段,对江西省2011-2018 年的森林火灾发生情况、起火原因、时空分布等特点进行研究,以此分析山地丘陵地区森林火灾动态特征。结果表明,江西省在此年间共发生火灾202 次,上坟烧纸、烧荒烧炭和野外吸烟是引发森林火灾的主要原因,分别占总数的29%、17%、14%;森林可燃物中主要以中熟林、幼龄林、杉木及马尾松为主要树种;森林火灾多集中在上半年,尤其1-4 月,下半年较少;每天的12-18 时为火灾高发时段,22 时至次日6 时火灾发生次数较少;上饶市、吉安市发生火灾次数最多,热点区域主要集中在上饶市117̊48′E,28̊19′N 处和萍乡市113̊46′E,27̊42′N 处。本研究可为山地丘陵地区林火管理工作提供理论支持。     

Temporal trends in gaseous mercury evasion from the Mediterranean seawaters

Mercury evasion from seawaters is considered to be one of the main natural sources of mercury released to the atmosphere. The temporal evolution of this mechanism is related to biotic and abiotic processes that produce mercury in its elemental form and as DGM. The efficiency of these processes depends upon the intensity of the solar radiation, the ambient temperature of the air parcel above the seawater, and the water temperature. In the Mediterranean region, the magnitude of these mechanisms are particularly significant, due to favorable climate conditions and to the presence of large cinnabar deposits that cross the whole region; all these synergic factors yield significant evasional fluxes of mercury from the surface water during most of the annual period. In this work, mercury fluxes were measured by using a floating flux chamber connected to an atomic absorption analyzer. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and UV components of the solar radiation were measured using the same system adopted in the EC 'ELDONet project'. The measurements of the mercury evasional fluxes were carried out at three sites of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea during 1998. Two sites were located at unpolluted and polluted coastal areas, and the third was an offshore site. The evasional flux showed a typical daily trend, highest at midday when the ambient temperature and solar radiation were at the maximum, and lowest, near to zero, during the night. Besides the day-night behavior, a seasonal trend was also observed, with minimum values during the winter period (0.7-2.0 ng/m2 h) and maximum values during the summer (10-13 ng/m2 h).     

基于PLUS-InVEST模型的碳储量时空演变 与预测模拟

城市化的快速推进导致生态空间萎缩、景观破碎化等 问题,极大降低了城市生态系统的碳存储能力。在此背景下, 探究城市碳储量的时空演变特征、未来变化趋势及与景观格局 的空间关联性意义重大。以深圳市为研究对象,基于2000— 2020年土地利用数据,耦合PLUS-InVEST模型对土地利用和 碳储量的时空演变进行分析。设定多种情景发展模式,对不同 模式下土地利用和碳储量的变化进行预测模拟。最后,结合双 变量空间自相关分析碳储量与景观格局的关联性及空间集聚特 征。结果表明：1)2000—2020年深圳市碳储量呈下降趋势, 耕地、林地等生态用地向建设用地的转换是区域碳储量下降的 根源;2)未来3种情景下的碳储量和生态用地面积均明显下降, 其中生态优先情景下碳储量下降最少;3)在高度城市化区域, 碳储量与生态面积、景观破碎度均呈正相关关系,三者综合指 数的空间布局特征与人类活动的开发程度息息相关。研究结果 为土地紧缺的城市实现低碳高质量发展提供依据和参考。     

Mercury distribution in two Sierran forest and one desert sagebrush steppe ecosystems and the effects of fire

Mercury (Hg) concentration, reservoir mass, and Hg reservoir size were determined for vegetation components, litter, and mineral soil for two Sierran forest sites and one desert sagebrush steppe site. Mercury was found to be held primarily in the mineral soil (maximum depth of 60 to 100 cm), which contained more than 90% of the total ecosystem reservoir. However, Hg in foliage, bark, and litter plays a more dominant role in Hg cycling than the mineral soil. Mercury partitioning into ecosystem components at the Sierran forest sites was similar to that observed for other US forest sites. Vegetation and litter Hg reservoirs were significantly smaller in the sagebrush steppe system because of lower biomass. Data collected from these ecosystems after wildfire and prescribed burns showed a significant decrease in the Hg pool from certain reservoirs. No loss from mineral soil was observed for the study areas but data from fire severity points suggested that Hg in the upper few millimeters of surface soil may be volatilized due to exposure to elevated temperatures. Comparison of data from burned and unburned plots suggested that the only significant source of atmospheric Hg from the prescribed burn was combustion of litter. Differences in unburned versus burned Hg reservoirs at the forest wildfire site demonstrated that drastic reduction in the litter and above ground live biomass Hg reservoirs after burning had occurred. Sagebrush and litter were absent in the burned plots after a wildfire suggesting that both reservoirs were released during the fire. Mercury emissions due to fire from the forest prescribed burn, forest wildfire, and sagebrush steppe wildfire sites were roughly estimated at 2.0 to 5.1, 2.2 to 4.9, and 0.36+/-0.13 g ha(-1), respectively, with litter and vegetation being the most important sources.     

Effects of forest fire on the level and distribution of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil

Forest fires are believed to produce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs); however, there is no firm evidence supporting this conjecture. To address this issue, we investigated whether PCDD/Fs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed by forest fires. The present work takes the indirect approach of measuring the levels of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil and ash samples 1, 5 and 9 months after forest fires. To determine if PCDD/Fs or PAHs were formed during forest fires, the levels of PCDD/Fs and PAHs measured in the burnt soil samples were compared with those in the corresponding unburnt soil samples. One month after forest fires, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in burnt soils were higher than in the corresponding unburnt soils. In addition, the homologue profiles differed between the burnt and unburnt soils. Five months after forest fires, however, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in the burnt soils were similar to those in unburnt soils. The data presented here strongly suggest that PCDD/Fs and PAHs form during forest fires and are then introduced into the soil. The results further suggest that the ash resulting from the combustion of wood and other organic matter is the main agent influencing the concentration of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in the soil.     

北极地区山火对我国高寒地区林火管理的启示

北极地区主要包括北冰洋和周围一圈无树木的冻土地带,植被以生长接近地面的低矮灌木、类禾本植物、草本植物、苔藓和地衣为主,气候终年寒冷,火源以干雷暴为主.受全球变暖和高温热浪影响,北极地区山火的数量和强度不断增加,严重威胁生态安全,并引发一系列次生灾害.本文在总结2019年和2020年北极地区山火案例的基础上,分析北极地区...     

熄灭森林阴燃火的细水雾喷头设计与仿真

森林大火后的残余地表余火及地下阴燃火是引起二次森林火灾的主要原因,为防止发生二次森林火灾,清理森林余火和阴燃火是必要的.细水雾作为哈龙灭火剂的最佳替代品,被广泛应用在消防领域.本文设计一种适合熄灭森林余火和阴燃火的撞击分流高压细水雾喷头,采用Fluent进行喷头流域的仿真,分析喷孔孔径、喷孔长度和喷孔喷雾锥角对喷出细水...     

Forest governance and REDD+ in Central Africa: towards a participatory model to increase stakeholder involvement in carbon markets

Forests play a significant role in the global carbon budget, and can help to mitigate climate change impacts. Tropical forests which experience high rates of deforestation and forest degradation are particularly important, as they are the most active in winter. Based on academic research into global environmental policies in Central Africa, this study finds that REDD+ policies can succeed when there is a carbon market mechanism that increases participation by developing countries, with better integration of forest management and community forestry. Incentives should be based on an appropriate baseline, accurate carbon stocks and fluxes estimation, a suitable silvicultural system and regular monitoring.     

基于博弈论组合赋权的森林火灾风险评估

为了对森林火灾进行深入研究,本文以常州市森林为研究区域,提出适应森林火灾的风险评估指标体系.通过GIS软件对基础地理数据进行分析处理,采用基于博弈论的思想进行组合赋权得到综合权重指数,建立森林火灾风险值模型,最后求得组合赋权方法的风险值等级.结果表明:在本评估模型下,溧阳市的森林火灾风险等级为高,金坛区为中等,新北区、...     

Numerical simulation of surface forest fire in Brazilian Amazon

This paper investigates fire spread through surface fuels of the Brazilian Amazon by using a three-dimensional, fully transient, physics-based computer simulation approach. Computer simulations are obtained through the solution to governing equations of fluid dynamics, combustion, heat transfer and thermal degradation of the vegetative fuel. Surface fuel fires composed mostly of dead leaves and twigs were numerically simulated and the calculated rate of spread was compared to findings from field observations. The importance of air humidity, vegetation temperature, moisture content, surface to volume ratio and bulk density was evaluated through the variation of each one individually in numerical simulation runs. Conclusions show that in the range of parameter variation considered, the most important parameters are the vegetation moisture, surface area to volume ratio, and bulk density. The vegetation initial temperature and air humidity, in the range of variation studied, did not influence the fire rate of spread. The numerical simulations also showed that the radiation process is very important and directly affects the fire rate of spread. Convection is less important because of the absence of external wind. The model is able to capture the main effects of a surface forest fire typical of the Amazon, and can be used as a numerical tool for studying such fires.     

Forest fires in Portugal: how they happen and why they happen

Forest fires are recurrent phenomena in Southern European countries, due to the nature of Mediterranean forest and climatic characteristics. In Portugal, however, in the recent years, forest fires have become a public calamity and are now endangering the sustainability of the forest itself, as well as several derived economic activities. This paper reviews the past and current situation of forest fires in Portugal, analyses its main causes and consequences and derives recommendations to overcome this problem.     

加拿大森林防火技术

在加拿大990多万平方公里面积中，约有45.3万平方公里森林，是世界最大的木材输出国。全国有17家超大型伐木和木材加工企业，300多家直接或间接依靠林业为生的大公司，并有多个私营和国营林业消防科研机构，每年光付给林业职工的工资就多达80亿加元。     

Determination of Flame Emissivity in Hydrocarbon Pool Fires Using Infrared Thermography

A methodology is proposed for the determination of flame emissivity in hydrocarbon pool fires using infrared thermography. Experiments on gasoline and diesel oil pool fires with diameters of 0.13, 0.18 and 0.5 m were carried out, determining the flame emissivity for these types of fires in transition regime and turbulent regime. Also analysed was the evolution of the flame emissivity depending on the pool diameter, and a new correlation for the estimation of the emissivity depending on the above mentioned diameter was obtained.