等离子喷涂热障涂层热震失效过程及残余应力分析

采用等离子喷涂技术在高温合金上制备了热障涂层(粘接层为NiCoCrAlY,陶瓷层为ZrO2-8%Y2O3),利用扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(RFS)等试验手段研究了热障涂层热震失效的过程及残余应力大小和分布状态。结果表明:150次热循环后,陶瓷层和热生长氧化物(TGO)生成裂纹,其中陶瓷层的裂纹已扩展至TGO;350次热循环后,出现贯通陶瓷层与金属过渡层的纵向裂纹,涂层局部出现剥离,剥离位置位于TGO与陶瓷层界面;拉曼光谱(RFS)分析结果显示TGO内应力水平分布不均,局部厚大区和凸凹处残余应力较大,是裂纹萌生、扩展的主要部位。     

热循环下梯度热障涂层热氧化物生长的应力分析

建立了一种预测多层复合梯度热障涂层热应力的理论模型,并通过有限元方法分析了梯度涂层分布指数n、热循环过程中热氧化物的生长对涂层热应力大小及分布的影响。结果表明,通过控制梯度涂层的成分分布指数可以显著降低热应力和改善应力分布。当n=1时,涂层热应力较小且变化平缓,结合性能优异。与双层非梯度涂层的热应力对比可知,功能梯度涂层能显著地缓和涂层系统的热应力和消除应力集中。另外,热循环过程中梯度热障涂层与基体界面附近生长的热氧化物急剧地提升了界面附近的热应力,复杂而又集中的热应力对梯度涂层有很大的破坏。同时采用了一种方法来抑制热氧化物的生长,结果显示该方法能较好地优化涂层的热应力和改善涂层质量。     

热障涂层TGO层的残余应力分析

用HVOF(CoNiCrAlY)+SFPB+APS(8YSZ)制备热障涂层,经1000℃高温氧化2,26,310h后,用EDS和拉曼荧光光谱对涂层进行分析。高温氧化2h,首先生成的是γ-Al2O3,此后,γ-Al2O3向α-Al2O3转化。拉曼荧光光谱检测和理论计算表明,高温氧化过程中,TGO中的微观热生长残余应力先增加后降低,310h高温氧化后微观热生长残余应力比26h高温氧化后的低0.476GPa。SFPB技术使粘结层表层区域产生扩散通道,高温氧化的瞬态阶段,大量比Al3+半径大的其它离子通过此扩散通道,抑制了γ→θ→α的相变。最终形成了以α-Al2O3为主相的TGO抗高温氧化层。     

基体预热温度对热障涂层热残余应力影响的研究

研究了用等离子喷涂工艺制备ZrO2-NiCrAl-LD-8基体的热障涂层过程中,基体预热温度对热障涂层热残余应力的影响.通过有限元计算分析,表明选择合适的基体温度,能大大降低热障涂层的热残余应力,为喷涂制备过程中基体预热温度的选择提供了参考.     

预氧化处理对热障涂层热冲击性能及残余应力的影响

采用等离子喷涂工艺在镍基高温合金基体上制备了热障涂层(底层为MCrAlY,面层为ZrO2+ 8％ Y2O3),通过控制高真空烧结炉的氧分压对涂层进行预氧化处理,分析了预氧化处理对热障涂层热冲击性能和涂层应力状态的影响.结果表明,预氧化处理提高了粘接层的致密度,涂层组织变得均质化,降低了粘结层由于凸起尖角产生复杂应力的概率;有效干预热生长氧化物(TGO)的生长过程,降低了TGO的生长速度;热障涂层残余应力随热冲击次数的增加而增大,但经过预氧化处理的涂层应力增长幅度较缓慢,经过400次热冲击后的残余应力为492.5 MPa,未经过预氧化处理涂层热冲击350次后应力值为650.1 MPa.     

热障涂层高温氧化生长应力预测

基于Clark氧化生长应变率理论和Wagner氧化模型给出了涂层高温生长应力公式,计算预测了热障涂层中氧化生长应力随时间的演化规律;利用光致发光分析技术对氧化层的应力进行了实验测试,并对两种结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明,本文给出的热障涂层高温氧化生长应力模型预测与实验结果符合     

粘结层表面处理对热障涂层残余应力及热冲击寿命的影响

采用真空电弧离子镀技术在二代单晶高温合金DD32表面制备NiCoCrAlYHf（HY5）金属粘结层,通过振动光饰、吹砂及振动光饰和吹砂3种不同的表面处理方法改变粘结层表面状态,利用电子束物理气相沉积（EB-PVD）技术制备氧化钇部分稳定氧化锆（7~8YSZ）陶瓷层。借助扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、电子探针（EPMA）、光激发荧光压电光谱（PLPS）等分析手段,研究1100 ℃热冲击过程中热障涂层界面结构、成分及残余应力的演变。结果表明:表面处理能够改善粘结层表面形貌,其对TGO层残余应力大小及热冲击寿命存在影响;未处理试样应力水平高于经过表面处理的热障涂层试样,并且随着热冲击次数的增加未处理试样残余应力涨幅更大;经过表面处理后试样热冲击寿命提高,其中经过振动光饰处理的试样提升最为显著;粘结层表面吹砂处理会造成砂粒进入粘结层表层某些部位,TGO层局部过度生长,造成应力集中,从而涂层寿命低于振动光饰处理试样。     

热障涂层界面形貌尺寸与残余应力的关系

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对热障涂层中的残余应力进行了模拟分析，得出了界面形貌尺寸与残余应力之间的关系。模拟结果表明，热障涂层中的残余应力是界面形貌尺寸的函数。这些结论为提高涂层界面结合强度的热障涂层界面造形提供了理论支持，也为热障涂层界面的优化提供了指导意见。     

TGO界面特征对热障涂层残余应力的影响

采用非线性有限元方法模拟计算了热障涂层中陶瓷层(TCC)及粘结层(BC)与热生长氧化物(TGO)层界面的残余应力的分布,计算过程中,考虑到了材料物性的非线性特征及界面形貌特征的影响.结果表明,形貌单元尺寸及分布密度对TGO界面应力有明显的影响,TCC/TGO界面的应力大于BC/TGO界面的应力.在锥形坑形貌中心尖点处存在应力集中现象,且呈现最大应力值,是涂层失效的危险点,并且残余应力值随着界面形貌分布密度的增加而减小.     

热障涂层系统的热梯度机械疲劳应力分析

基于IN738高温合金基体上涂覆的热障涂层系统(Thermal barrier coating system,TBCs),分析热循环和热梯度机械疲劳加载条件下涂层的应力分布及演变。通过有限元分析研究了热生长氧化层(Thermally growth oxidation,TGO)的应力分布,以预测不同载荷作用下TBCs的失效行为。结果可知,在热循环的基础上施加应变载荷会造成TGO应力性质及大小的改变。只施加温度载荷,在加热过程中TGO/粘结层(Bond coat,BC)界面波峰位置会承受轴向较大的拉伸应力,裂纹多会在此处萌生,且以层间开裂的方式失效。而在温度与机械载荷的共同作用下,冷却过程中会承受较大的拉伸应力,显著增大的轴向应力与径向应力共同作用,使垂直于TGO/BC界面的裂纹沿着界面方向扩展,从而造成陶瓷层(Top coat,TC)剥落。进一步对比分析了同相和反相加载时的应力分布,结果表明反相加载时一次循环周期内会产生拉伸平均应力,更易发生TBCs的失效。     

热不匹配应力对热障涂层表面裂纹扩展的影响

本文采用扩展有限元方（XFEM）法研究了高温下热失配应力对热障涂层表面裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明在热失配应力的影响下,表面裂纹的位置、倾斜角度和长度对裂纹扩展的长度、能量释放率和裂尖的应力水平有着显著的影响;对于初始长度相同的裂纹,界面波谷处裂纹扩展长度最长,能量释放率最大;倾斜角度越大,裂纹扩张长度越短,应变能越大;裂纹初始长度越大,裂纹的扩展长度越长且扩展速率越快,能量释放率越大。存在多条表面裂纹的情况下其裂纹扩展相互影响。     

热喷涂涂层残余应力的测试与分析

利用改进的Ａｌｍｅｎ试验方法对多种热喷涂涂层的残余应力进行了测试与分析。首次提出了热喷涂涂层应变滞后于温度或外加应力这种现象的物理模型,并提出了因热喷涂涂层本身的多孔特性而引起的“气塞”作用是造成这一现象的主要原因。试验证明了热喷涂涂层的残余应力与涂层的厚度是线性关系,并且无论涂层的残余应力是压应力还是拉应力,它们都随涂层厚度的增加而增大。本文还证实了热喷涂工艺方法对涂层残余应力有着重大的影响,其     

LaMgAl11O19热障涂层退火过程残余热应力分布及涂层热稳定性的数值模拟

目的 研究退火过程中La Mg Al₁₁O₁₉热障涂层内部残余热应力的分布情况及其对热障涂层热稳定性的影响机理。方法 基于等离子喷涂制备的La Mg Al₁₁O₁₉/YSZ双热障涂层物理模型,采用Abaqus建立数值仿真模型,通过温度位移耦合计算,系统分析不同退火温度下LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉热障涂层内部残余热应力的分布情况。通过扫描电镜,观察退火前后涂层表面及断面的微观组织形貌。根据数值模拟结果及涂层SEM图像,分析残余热应力对LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉热障涂层热稳定性的影响,探究引起涂层裂纹损伤失效的影响因素。结果 数值模拟结果显示,La Mg Al₁₁O₁₉热障涂层内部的残余热应力以径向应力为主,其值远大于轴向应力及剪切应力。退火中,径向残余热应力在径向距离0～2.4mm内缓慢增长到最大值,而在x=2.4mm至径向边缘范围内急剧降低。退火后,在涂层径向边缘位置出现应力集...     

Sm2Ce2O7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的残余热应力

目的研究基体材质、厚度及半径对Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层残余热应力的影响。方法采用ANSYS10.0软件中Plane13单元,通过直接耦合计算,系统分析了不同基体条件下,Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的残余热应力。结果在Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层中存在较大的残余热应力。涂层残余热应力随时间的增加而逐渐降低,900 s后基本维持稳定。涂层径向热应力从中心处到试样边缘逐渐递减。2Cr13对应的涂层应力最小。金属基体厚度在2~10 mm范围内,径向热应力虽然增加,但变化幅度不大。当基体厚度为20 mm时,涂层径向热应力则显著增加。金属基体半径对涂层的最大剪切应力并不产生影响,轴向热应力随基体半径的增加而逐渐降低,径向热应力随半径增加到一定值后趋于稳定。结论 2Cr13钢基体对应的涂层具有最小热应力,基体厚度为10 mm时比较合适,基体半径对涂层轴向热应力的影响最明显。     

热障涂层界面化合物与残余应力演变研究

用超音速氧燃料热喷涂在铁基合金上制备热障涂层粘结层,用大气等离子热喷涂技术制备陶瓷层。研究了高温氧化后其界面化合物和残余应力的演变。结果表明,随着高温氧化的进行,TGO和BC/基体界面均有氧化物生成,但生长形貌和趋势并不一致。TGO由Al2O3层与尖晶石层组成;BC/基体界面氧化物为单一Al2O3,且存在层状和块状两种形貌。合金的热化学动力学引起元素Co和Ni向基底扩散比较严重,Al元素扩散止于界面氧化物层,基本不向铸铁基底扩散,Fe元素会向粘结层方向扩散。TGO残余应力的演化分为0~15 h和15~100 h 2个阶段,且残余应力与TGO的凹凸生长形貌及其物相组成密切相关;而BC/基体界面单一氧化物的残余应力基本稳定,不受其生长形貌影响。     

等离子喷涂热障陶瓷涂层冷却累计残余应力的有限元模拟与验证

Plasma sprayed ZrO2 ceramic coating has been widely used in many industrial fields due to its simple manufacturing process, low cost, and good heat insulation effect. However, the structure and service conditions of thermal barrier coatings are complex, and residual stresses will inevitably occur during the preparation process as well as application. Residual stress has the most obvious influence on the life of thermal barrier coatings, seriously reducing the bonding strength between the coating and the substrate, and ultimately showing the cracking and spalling of the coating, greatly reducing the service time and stability of the coating during service. To realize the prediction and detection of the residual stress, it is necessary to seek a reliable detection method for thermal barrier coating to effectively predict the accumulated residual stress in the cooling process of coating and reduce the influence of residual stress on the stability of the coating. In this paper, the finite element model of plasma-sprayed ZrO2 coating was established by using the birth and death element method. Gauss heat source was used to simulate the heat source condition of plasma spraying, and the residual stress and its distribution of the coating cooling to room temperature were studied. The residual stress of ZrO2 coating prepared by plasma spraying was detected by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to explore the accurate detection method of residual stress in ceramic coating. Through the analysis of the finite element results, it is found that the number of elements is reasonable and the calculation time is short when the mesh unit size of the model is 1.75 mm. The maximum temperature of the coating temperature field obtained by simulation is consistent with the test temperature in the experiment, and the simulation results are accurate. It can be concluded that the residual stresses in the central region of the plasma spraying coating after cooling to room temperature are larger than those in the edge region, which are mainly concentrated in the central region of heat flow. There is large stress at the bonding interface of each layer, which causes the stress to change significantly along the thickness direction of the coating. The equivalent stress of the coating is 160-220 MPa. The X-ray method was used to detect the residual stress of plasma sprayed coating. To obtain an isolated, complete, high peak position and high peak intensity with enough diffraction peaks to avoid the influence of texture, (331) crystal plane with a high multiplicity factor was selected as the characteristic peak. The test results show that the residual stress in the coating will make the position of the characteristic diffraction peak shift to a high angle at 2θ=153°. The residual stresses of 180-185 MPa were detected by X-ray diffraction. The I6 peak in the Raman spectrum of the coating was used as the characteristic peak of the spectrum to represent the frequency shift of the Raman spectrum band. Compared with the original spraying powder, the position of the Raman characteristic peak of the ceramic coating shifted to the low-frequency direction, indicating that there was residual tensile stress after the coating was cooled. The Raman-stress factor of the ZrO2 coating was calibrated to be 8.33 (cm·GPa)-1, and the residual stress of the coating was calculated to be 174-180 MPa. In this paper, the finite element method can effectively simulate the residual stress inside the coating when the plasma spraying reaches room temperature. It has good matching with the XRD and Raman spectrum detection results. There is about 180 MPa residual stress inside the coating when the coating is cooled to room temperature, seriously affecting the stability of the coating. © 2023 Chongqing Wujiu Periodicals Press. All rights reserved.