残余奥氏体对马氏体球铁耐磨性的影响

针对马氏体球铁，研究了不同残余奥氏体量对两体磨损试验和冲击磨料损试验的影响。结果表明，残余奥氏体对耐磨性的影响与磨损机制及加载方式有关：当静载荷时，残余奥氏体对疲劳机制控制的磨损耐磨性有利，而对切削机制控制的磨损耐磨性的影响不大，；当冲击载葆尤其当冲击载荷大时，残余奥氏体的存在对耐磨性不利。     

激光冲击处理对曲轴磨损性能的影响

利用激光冲击波对曲轴球墨铸铁进行表面强化处理,利用摩擦磨损试验机研究激光冲击处理球墨铸铁QT700的磨损性能,利用金相显微镜分析激光冲击处理后其表面微结构,同时采用XRD分析激光冲击处理后球墨铸铁表面马氏体与残余奥氏体的含量。结果表明,激光冲击处理后球墨铸铁具有理想的表面形貌和较高的表面硬度,其抗磨性能大幅度提高,有利于提高其疲劳寿命。     

新型马氏体耐磨钢的冲击磨料磨损性能

对自行研制的新型ADVANS 450W马氏体耐磨钢分别进行了(900,1 050,1 200)℃×0.5 h油淬+300℃×2 h空冷处理,然后在MLD-10型动载磨料磨损试验机上,在3.5 J冲击能量下分别进行了石英砂和棕刚玉磨料下的冲击磨料磨损试验,并与ZGMn13钢进行了对比;用X射线衍射仪测定了试验前后钢中残余奥氏体含量的变化,用扫描电镜分析了磨损机理。结果表明:在900℃奥氏体化淬回火得到的试验钢能够获得较高的硬度,强韧性匹配较理想,在不同类型磨料下其耐磨性都优于其它处理条件和ZGMn13钢的,磨损试验后磨损面硬度明显提高,且存在一定深度的塑性变形层,钢中的残余奥氏体转变为马氏体;在棕刚玉磨料下,磨损机理以显微切削为主,在石英砂磨料下,磨损机理以塑变疲劳为主。     

无碳化物贝氏体钢的滚动接触疲劳磨损行为

通过滚动接触疲劳磨损试验和扫描、透射、X射线衍射等分析方法,研究无碳化物贝氏体钢的滚动接触疲劳磨损行为。结果表明,无碳化物贝氏体钢拥有较为理想的滚动接触疲劳磨损性能,其疲劳磨损失效形式为浅层剥落,试样表面产生的严重塑性变形层,有效地阻碍了疲劳裂纹向深处扩展;经过920℃奥氏体化处理40 min,随后350℃盐浴等温30 min比等温100 min处理的试样的滚动接触疲劳磨损性能更加优异,其滚动接触疲劳磨损寿命可达到8.0×10~6次;残余奥氏体能够有效地提高接触表面硬度,松弛裂纹尖端的应力集中,从而改善滚动接触疲劳磨损性能;在滚动接触疲劳磨损过程中,试样表面的硬度显著的提高,表面合金元素的再分配,对滚动接触疲劳磨损性能的提高有一定的促进作用。     

GCr15钢轴承残余奥氏体与疲劳寿命试验研究

分析滚动轴承表面疲劳剥落失效机理和残余奥氏体对疲劳寿命的影响。采用不同的热处理工艺,进行不同残余奥氏体含量对滚动轴承疲劳寿命影响的试验,给出了试验研究结果。     

M－B－A复相基体及M基体中铬铸铁湿态磨料磨损特性

着重对比探讨马氏体－贝氏体－奥氏体（Ｍ－Ｂ－Ａ）复相中铬铸铁和马氏体中铬铸铁的湿态磨料磨损特性。研究表明，冲击载荷、高应力湿态磨料磨损条件下（冲击功１．４７Ｊ，２．４５Ｊ），疲劳剥落是主要磨损机制，复相基体中铬铸铁的磨损速度低于马氏体中铬铸铁。而低应力湿态磨料磨损中显微切削是主要磨损机制，马氏体中铬铸铁的磨损失重低于复相基体中铬铸铁。     

残余奥氏体对2.25Cr-1Mo钢焊缝冲击性能的影响

比较2.25Cr-1Mo钢埋弧焊焊缝经过720℃保温2 h(工艺1)以及680℃保温12h(工艺2)的冲击性能,结果表明热处理工艺1具有更好的冲击韧度;进一步测试工艺1接头液氮处理后的冲击性能,发现冲击韧度降低,推测残余奥氏体质量分数是造成这不同热处理工艺冲击性能差异的因素.采用振动样品磁强计和电子背散射衍射技术分别研究两种热处理试样的磁极化强度和相分布,获得了两种热处理工艺处理后焊缝金属的残余奥氏体质量分数,磁法测量表明焊后经工艺1处理后存在约3％左右的残余奥氏体,而经工艺2处理后残余奥氏体为0.2％; EBSD分析结果:工艺1的残余奥氏体质量分数为3.49％,工艺2的质量分数为0.18％,证实了焊缝中残余奥氏体质量分数的变化对冲击性能具有一定的影响.     

论中碳结构钢的奥氏体非均匀化淬火

利用电子探针和X光衍射技术,研究了40Cr钢经不同保温时间淬火后的显微组织中碳及合金元素的含量、表层残余应力,并进行了淬透性试验。回火后进行拉伸,一次冲击弯曲、多次冲击弯曲、残余应力、示波冲击、磨损等试验。文中阐述了缩短淬火保温时间与组织和性能之间的关系,并从材料强度观点,论证了奥氏体非均匀化淬火是可采用。     

G115Cr14Mo4V和8Cr4Mo4V淬回火工艺及性能研究

采用不同淬回火工艺对高温不锈轴承钢G115Cr14Mo4V和高温轴承钢8Cr4Mo4V进行热处理,观察两者的显微组织,检测淬火、回火后的硬度和残余奥氏体含量,并对高温硬度、冲击功和滚动接触疲劳寿命进行测试。结果表明：淬回火后G115Cr14Mo4V钢的室温硬度稍高于8Cr4Mo4V钢,两者的残余奥氏体含量都可控制在3%以内;在高温硬度和滚动接触疲劳额定寿命L10方面,G115Cr14Mo4V钢优于8Cr4Mo4V钢;在冲击功方面,8Cr4Mo4V钢优于G115Cr14Mo4V钢。     

新型贝氏体钢与30CrNi4Mo钢力学性能和冲击疲劳性能的对比

为了用新型贝氏体钢替代30CrNi4 Mo钢,研究了两种钢在不同热处理后的显微组织、力学性能和多次冲击疲劳性能。结果表明:30CrNi4 Mo钢经奥氏体化后空冷和油冷+低温回火处理均具有高的强度和良好的冲击韧度;油冷后随回火温度的提高,组织由回火马氏体+残余奥氏体转变为索氏体,油冷+高温回火后具有良好的强韧性配合,且冲击疲劳总寿命高于空冷和油冷+低温回火的;新型贝氏体钢在水冷、油冷和空冷+低温回火后均具有良好的强韧性配合,空冷+低温回火的冲击疲劳寿命高于水冷、油冷+低温回火的;空冷+低温回火状态下新型贝氏体钢多冲疲劳寿命较高,可替代30CrNi4 Mo钢用作抗冲击载荷材料。     

Study on relative wear resistance and wear stability of high-speed steel with high vanadium content

In this work, a new concept of wear stability was put forward by authors, and it was quantitatively expressed by factor of wear stability. Different hardness, impact toughness and retained austenite content high-speed steel with high vanadium content samples were obtained by varying heat treatment conditions. The effects of hardness, impact toughness and retained austenite content on relatively wear resistance and wear stability were studied under abrasive wear condition. Results show that relative wear resistance increases with increasing hardness or decreasing impact toughness, whereas the wear stability rises with the increasing of hardness or impact toughness. The analyzing results reveal that mechanical behaviors are only apparent factors to influence wear behaviors. Relative wear resistance substantially depends on retained austenite content (Ar). At retained austenite content of about 30 vol.%, the relative wear resistance is optimal. However, wear stability is scarcely influenced by retained austenite content, which depends on the maximum changing amount of retained austenite under certain condition (ΔAr) in essence. With increasing ΔAr, wear stability linearly decreases.     

The dry wear resistance of a carbonitrided steel

Rolling-sliding tests on a low alloy carbonitrided steel were carried out in order to study its dry wear behaviour. The influence of different retained austenite contents was evaluated. Subsurface fatigue is considered to be the basic wear mechanism. The similar wear resistances shown in specimens with small and large amounts of retained austenite are attributed to the balancing effect on their mechanical properties of softening by dynamical recovery and hardening by plastic strain respectively.     

The influence of contact stress on the wear of a carburized steel case with a high content of retained austenite

The effect of contact stress on the action of retained austenite in the wear of a carburized steel case under conditions of rolling-sliding contact was investigated. There is a limiting contact stress for the negative and positive effects of retained austenite. Retained austenite has an inhibiting effect on the nucleation and propagation of fatigue cracks during frictional contact.     

Residual stresses and retained austenite evolution in SAE 52100 steel under non-ideal rolling contact loading

Residual stresses are introduced and modified during manufacturing as well as by normal use under rolling contact loading. Operations such as heat treatments, shot peening, grinding, etc., are known to alter the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses. Our work revolves around the changes in magnitude and distribution of residual stresses, as they relate to deformation and the strain induced transformation of retained austenite. The residual stresses and retained austenite measurements were carried out using X-ray diffraction techniques. The rolling contact fatigue lives of different variants of SAE 52100 bearing steel were evaluated in a 5-ball-rod rolling contact fatigue machine under testing conditions leading to surface nucleated failure, i.e. non-ideal rolling contact. The tests were accelerated by applying well controlled micro-indentations on the wear track. The contribution of the residual stresses and amount of retained austenite to the rolling contact fatigue life were analyzed.     

Plasma and vacuum carburizing processes and mechanical properties of SCM 415 steel

The plasma and vacuum carburizing processes are innovative surface modification techniques for potential applications in manufacturing processes of vehicle components. In this study, the influence of this relatively new process on the surface hardness of SCM 415 low-alloy steel (0.15% C) was investigated under various process conditions involving gas composition, gas pressure, plasma current density, temperature and time. The effective plasma carburizing temperature of SCM 415 steel was found to be higher than 850°C, and the case depth was proportional to the square root of carburizing time under the same current density. Also, high cycle fatigue and dry wear characteristics of vacuum carburized SCM 415 steel were evaluated after various heat treatments. Comparing the fatigue and wear characteristics of vacuum carburized specimens to those of hot annealed or reheat quenched specimens, the wear resistant property as well as bending fatigue limits were found to be substantially improved. The optimum amount of retained austenite exists for the maximum fatigue strength in vacuum carburized steels. Through quantitative analysis of the retained austenite using X-ray diffractometer, this value was found to be about 4%.     

Medium carbon steel alloy design for wear applications

The fracture characteristics of steels are strongly influenced by martensite substructure, retained austenite stability, and morphology. Attractive strength-toughness properties have been attained with Fe-Cr-C-Mn alloys. These alloys, when tested under sliding wear conditions, also exhibit good wear resistance which compares favorably with that of commercial wear-resistant alloys. The most significant finding is an apparently strong correlation between sliding wear resistance and retained austenite, which in turn appears to correlate with Charpy impact properties. Little correlation was observed between hardness and wear resistance for the experimental steels.     

Particle size effect on abrasion resistance of mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents

Effects of particle abrasive sizes on wear resistance of mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents were studied. Abrasive wear tests using a pin test on alumina paper were carried out, using abrasive sizes between 16 μm and 192 μm. Retained austenite content of the matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction. The wear surface of samples and the alumina paper were examined by scanning electron microscopy for identifying the wear micromechanism. The results show that at lower abrasive sizes the mass loss was similar for the iron with different austenite contents. However, at higher abrasive sizes the samples with higher retained austenite content presented higher abrasion resistance. For lower abrasive sizes tested, samples with higher and lower retained austenite content both presented microcutting. On the other hand, the main wear micromechanism for the samples with higher retained austenite content and higher abrasive sizes was microploughing. The samples with lower retained austenite content presented microcutting and wedge formation at higher abrasive sizes. Higher abrasive size induced more microcutting in samples with lower retained austenite. The iron with lower retained austenite content presented wider grooves for the different abrasive sizes measured. SEM on the abrasive paper used on samples with higher retained austenite showed continuous and discontinuous microchips and the samples with lower retained austenite showed discontinuous microchips at 66 and 141 μm. This research demonstrates the relation between abrasive size, wear resistance, groove width and wear micromechanism for mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents.     

The effects of retained austenite on dry sliding wear behavior of carburized steels

Ring-on-square tests on two kinds of low-alloy carburized steel which were AISI 8620 and 4140 were carried out to study the dry sliding wear behavior. The influence of different retained austenite level of 6% to 40% was evaluated while trying to eliminate other factors. Test results show that the effects of grain size and carburized steel species are negligible in dry sliding wear behavior. While the influence of retained austenite is negligible at 20 kg load condition, wear resistance is decreased at 40 kg load condition as the retained austenite level is increased from 6% to 30%. However, wear resistance is again increased above about 30% of retained austenite level at 40 kg load condition.     

Effect of retained austenite on rolling element fatigue and its mechanism

Experiments were carried out on a rolling contact fatigue testing machine with two rollers as specimens which were made of the commercial steel 18Cr2Ni4WA. Various treatments are conducted to obtain rollers with different amounts of retained austenite. The experimental results show that the contact fatigue resistance of the specimen with the largest amount of retained austenite is much better than that of the specimen with the smaller amount of retained austenite. It is considered that the precipitation particles from austenite, the deformation-induced martensite, the beneficial alteration of the residual stresses and the toughness of the austenite are the main reasons for the high contact fatigue resistance of this steel.     

Effect of cryogenic treatment on the matrix structure and abrasion resistance of white cast iron subjected to destabilization treatment

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the matrix structure and abrasion resistance of high chromium cast iron subjected to destabilization heat treatment has been investigated in this paper. The results show that, during the cryogenic treatment, the secondary carbides precipitate in austenite, which promote the transformation of retained austenite to martensite. The cryogenic treated alloys produced superior hardness and wear resistance (β) to the alloys without cryogenic treatment. When the bulk hardness and wear resistance (β) reach the maximum, there is still about 13% retained austenite in alloys. Cryogenic treatment cannot make retained austenite transform to martensite completely.